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17DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OF KHOREZMSHAH STATE WITH
THE QORAKHITAYS Nurmamatov J.K.
Nurmamatov Jasurbek Kuromboy o g li - Student, HISTORY FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, URGENCH STATE UNIVERSITY, URGENCH, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article contains a description of diplomatic relations with the Qorakhitays, who were their ancient and dangerous rivals during the Khorezmshah State of the Anushtegins' dynasty. At the beginning Khorezmsh State was directly dependent on the Seljuk state. Unlike his father Qutbiddin Muhammad, during his rule, Otsiz sought to get rid of the Seljuks. The Seljuks were one of the most powerful states of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and it was a difficult task for Otsiz's state to escape. In his turn, there have been several attempts by the father to do so.
Keywords: Karakalpak, Katvon, Khurasan, Iskandari Soniy, tax.
The realization of this ancient dream of Khorezmshah was connected with the weakening of the powerful Seljuk state, but it seemed impossible. But soon there was a spark of hope for Otsiz, ie, a strong rival to the Seljuks, the Qorakhitays. Initial attacks did not cause the problem. The first Qorakhitays attack on Sanjar's lands began with the invasion of Qashqar in the east in 1128. Later, the Qorakhitays started to fight hard against the Seljuks. The decisive battle took place in the Katvon Desert, near Samarkand, in 1141, when the Seljuks were defeated and totally weakened. The defeat of Sultan Sanjar from the Qorakhitays caused Otsiz to rise again. After the death of Sultan Sanjar, the Qorakhitays became even more active and made Khorezm to pay the annual taxes. This was also the case with El Arslan, the father of Otsiz. El Arslan began to intervene in Movarounnahr's internal affairs with the help of nomadic Turkmen and Kipchak tribes, subordinated to Khorezm during his father's lifetime. In 1158 he invaded Movarounnahr with a large army. At that time, the Qorakhoniys, who were vassals to the Qorakhitays, were fighting against the nomadic tribes-karluks. El Arslon helped karluks in their battles for Bukhara and Samarkand. However, with the help of the Qorakhitays' troops, El Arslon had to return to Khorezm. Although he attacked several times to Khurasan, he could not succeed. Because at that time Khurasan was under the control of the Qorakhitays. In 1171-1172, a large Qorakhitays' army marched on Khorezm on the grounds that Khorezmshoh did not pay taxes in time. A large dam in Syrdarya was destroyed and a large area was flooded by the order of El Arslon. This made it difficult for the Qorakhitays to move their troops, and kept the capital of Khorezm, Gurganch (Urgench) from plundering. But during this Qorakhitays' invasion, El Arslon died. Then his son Sultanshoh was succeeded by the throne of Khorezm. But Takash, eldest son, ignored Sultan's authority, claiming to be the legitimate owner of the throne, fought for the throne and asked for help from the Qorakhitays. The Qorakhitays agreed to help Takash on the condition that Khorezm had to pay the customs duties again. As a result, the Qorakhitays invaded Khorezm. At that time, it was very difficult and hard for the fate of the country, Takash (1172-1200) rose to the throne of Khorezm.During his reign Khorezmshahs' state reached its highest point and became one of the great states. However, in this way, Takash had to deal with a great deal of difficulty in the early years of his reign. These difficulties were, first and foremost, a family problem, that is, the struggle for the throne between the brothers continued until the death of Sultanshah (1193). The next challenge was the external enemies that concerned Takash. Takash, following his father, tried to develop Khorezm state. Although his marches against Bukhara and Movarounnahr were not successful, he was not discouraged. This was because the Korakhitays were interfering.
Relations with the Korakhitays worsened during the recent years of the reign of Khorezmshah Takash. Meanwhile, Takash died, and Khorezmshah Alouddin Muhammad
ibn Takash became shah after the death of his father in 1200 and ruled the country until the Mogul invasion (1220). After his reign, Alouddin Muhammad tried not to sever ties with his opponents until he strengthened his power. For example, in 1203, Alouddin Muhammad conquered Khuroson with the help of the Korakhitays. Conquered Herat and its vicinity, and in 1207 he returned to his capital and began preparing for the conquest of Movarounnahr.
Earlier this year, Alouddin began a military campaign against Movarounnahr. The reason was a people's rebellion in Bukhara. Bukhara's sadr (a political level) seeked help from the Korakhitays. However, Khorezmshah Alouddin Muhammad moved ahead of the Korakhitays and invaded Bukhara, and thus began the incorporation of Movarounnahr into Khorezm. After this event the people of Movarounnahr met Khorezmshah as a rescue force from the Korakhitays' oppression. Muhammad Khorezmshoh succeeded in establishing a friendly relationship with Usman, the governor of Samarkand (from the Karakhaniy dynasty), the server of the Qorakhitays. When the Qorakhitays learned of the event, they invaded Samarkand and occupied the city. But this process did not last long. This was due to the fact that the Naiman tribesmen of the Mongol tribes invaded the Qorakhitays' land of the Yettisu. That is why the Qorakhitays have to hurry back. Taking advantage of this situation, Khorezmshah occupied Samarkand and marched against the Qorakhitays. The first battle of Muhammad Khorezmshah against the Qorakhitays ended in 1207 with failure. The failure of the war made the Qorakhitays more active, and they began to do what they pleased in Khorezm. Feding up with situation, Alouddin Muhammad put the ambassador of the Qorakhitays (who came for gathering taxes) to death and enter into a decisive battle with the Qorakhitays in 1209. Khorezm's forces defeated the Qorakhitays' army in the Talas Valley in 1210. As a result of this victory Muhammad Khorezmshoh's situation became much stronger.Movarounnahr was completely subdued by Khorezmshah, and faithful men are appointed as governors everywhere. The victory over the Korakhitays' was described as a "great victory" for Muslims against "non-Muslims", and according to the Sultan's decree, special pronouncements were distributed throughout the Muslim world. Inspired by this victory, Sultan Muhammad Khorezmshoh received the title of "Iskandari Soni" and "Sultan Sanjar", imitating the great Sultan of the Seljuk. He ordered the state seal to be written "zil Allohi fil ard" (the shade of Allah in the earth). Thus, the defeat of the Korakhitays would further increase Khorezm's power and Alouddin Muhammad would become a powerful, unrestrained global ruler. This power, in turn, made Muhammed Khorezmshah a disastrous end, and this process had a negative effect on the future of the Khorezmshah's state. However, the bloddy pages of Khorezm history also began in his reign.
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