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Section 3. Geography
Table 1. - Soil moisture at the beginning of the growing season and the amount of rainfall from October to March, mm.
Years Moisture Precipitations X-III
2001 178 99,7
2002 176 134,5
2003 186 204,8
2004 192 253,2
2005 181 208,4
2006 196 101,5
2007 197 148,2
2008 176 78,2
2009 210 150,4
2010 173 135,4
2011 200 76,2
2012 193 189,7
2013 193 111,6
2014 199 103,5
2015 180 134,8
As for the case of a large amount of precipitation than the moisture in the soil, it may be noted the increased intensity of rainfall in
2003-2005. As is known, when rain is less than 0.5 mm/min to couple infiltration is observed, all evaporates, and infiltration of the plow is 55%; at an intensity of 0.75 mm/min, and steam, and the plow -70-80% at 1.0 mm/min, respectively 19 and 29% with 1.5 mm/min — 15 and 28%, with 2.0 mm/min — 12% and 22 [6]. The possibility of increasing the intensity of the rainfall in these years limited infiltration into the soil.
And so, we can conclude that in the arid conditions of the Fergana Valley to the beginning of the vegetation in the first meter of soil due to precipitation, condensation and adsorption accumulates pretty solid moisture — 150-200 mm. In order to use this moisture at most to grow crops it is necessary to drastically reduce the amount of moisture evaporation. As is known, this can be accomplished by using a plastic mulch film, the buried layer 3-5 cm of soil. Such experiments have been carried out by us in 2011-2013 in Chartak district of Namangan region of Uzbekistan. Which are given positive results [3; 8].
Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that condensation and adsorption of atmospheric moisture makes a significant contribution to the formation of soil moisture. This is when mulching allows you to grow crops in arid conditions.
References:
1. Аполлов Б. А. Учение о реках. - М.: Изд. - МГУ - 1963. -423 с.
2. Бабушкин Л. Н. Основы агрометеорологии в Узбекистане - Т.: УзГИМЕТ, - 2004. - 288 с.
3. Камалов Б. А., Абдурахманов С. Т. О возможности развития растениеводства в аридных условиях без ирригации//Устойчивое развитие горных территорий. - № 1. - 2015. С. 57-61.
4. Лебедев А. Ф. Почвенные и грунтовые воды. - М.-Л.: Изд. АН СССР, - 1936.
5. Машуков П. М. Суточный ход уровня на малых горных реках как новый источник гидрологической информации. Тр. САНИГМИ. - в. - 32 (47). - 1968. - С. 34-41.
6. Роде А. А. Водный режим почв и его регулирование. - М.: Изд. АН СССР, - 1963. - 112 с.
7. Роде А. А. Вопросы водного режима почв А.: Гидрометеоиздат, - 1978. - 213 с.
8. Kamalov B.A, Abdurahmanov S.T, Koriyev M. Possibility of crop in arid conditions without irrigation. European applied sciences. -№ 11. - 2015. - Р. 13-17.
9. Kamalov B. A. The Ancient Methods ofWater Enhancement from the Atmosphere and their use//Seventh WMO scientific conference on weather modification (Chiang Mai, Thailand, 17-22 February 1999), - 1999, WMO/TD, - № 936, - Geneva, - 154-155 бетлар.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-16-9.10-36-37
Rajapov Furkat Turakulovich, Scientific researcher, the Geology and Geography, the National university of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan E-mail: [email protected]
Development Uzbekistan farm enterprises and specialization of the geographical factors
Abstract: This article highlights development geographical factors and specialization of farm enterprises in the regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Keywords: agriculture, farm enterprises, land area, development, specialization, agricultural products.
The Republic of Uzbekistan became independent in 1991. It was been paid lot of attention as priority level for implementation of large-scale reforms in agriculture of the leading sector of the national economy.
Introduction
In particular, on basis of the Directives of the first President of the Republic of Uzbaksitana — Islam Karimov and on international experience were been created farm enterprises. In addition, it was been paid special attention to optimize farm
enterprises. Currently, it is developing more the reforms on the farm enterprises.
Development and specialization of agricultural enterprises are conducted in accordance with different natural and socio-economic factors in the various regions of the country. In this case, most of all: a) the natural geographical situation, the relief of the place (surface structure), the provision of land and water resources, ecological situation, agroclimatic resources: humidity, temperature and soil cover;
Development Uzbekistan farm enterprises and specialization of the geographical factors
b) the economic geographic factors — the development of cities and urbanization, transport infrastructure;
c) the demographic situation — population density, employment, age and ethnic composition;
g) the market supply and demand relations;
d) strengthen the export potential of countries and regions and have an impact on the investment.
Therefore, almost all indicators has regional properties. In particular, the number of farm enterprises on January 1, 2015 is more than 79100. From these, 20% or one fifth were been established in Samarkand and Ferghana regions. In this regard, a large number in the regional Kashkadarya and Namangan too, the lowest rate is in the Navoi region, it is 1835.
In the Republic of Uzbekistan have been provided for Farm interprises 5809.8 thousand hectares of land, from this Bukhara, Kashkadarya, Surkhandarya and Karakalpakstan are leaders. The provided area of lands for farmer interprises in these regions are almost half of the country's total lands in this category. At the same time, Andijan, Khorezm, Surkhandarya regions have the least quantities in reference and Navoi regions has a large land area, that the area of irrigated land (steppe zone) is not a lot. [2].
The number of employees working on farms in the country a total of 1245.0 thousand people, and this trapped water resources and a relatively well-developed, and on this basis agroiqtisodiy-otida intensive agriculture in Andijan, Ferghana, Samarkand and Tashkent regions; they have an average of 20 people working on the farm. This figure Khorezm, Bukhara and the Republic of Karakalpakstan, is much greater than 16-18. On the contrary, Navoiy, and the regions farms an average of 6-9 people. We can say the same geographic features, such as small farmers, is also observed [3].
Farming, economic indicators, the gross agricultural production share of 34.4%. In this respect, the Syr Darya (40.6%), Samarkand (36.8%) and Kashkadarya (36.5%) of the above regions, Navoiy, Bukhara, Namangan, Surkhandarya regions, agricultural production is more than 70 per cent of the farms will be created.
It should be noted that farms more strategic leadership in the cultivation of agricultural products. For example, 99.1% cotton, 79.2% of the grain, grapes and melon are produced by more than half. The share farmer farming sectors of potatoes, vegetables and fruit higher. High livestock production, farmers are obvious. This form of ownership, milk, meat 96.1 95.1 82.8 fleece, karakul skin 67.6 corresponds to 58.0% of the egg (2015). In addition, the num-
ber of cattle farms 93.4 79.2 76.6 pigs, sheep and goats, and poultry kept to 59.8 percent.
Natural conditions in different regions, where farmers specialization has its own importance. In particular, countries with vast deserts, the low and high mountain chain that agro-climatic and water resources and the provision of different reasons. As a result, significantly different from each other 2 major natural and agricultural areas, it formed [1], and farm specialization. First, in the mountain and foothill areas of land, used or old. This area is mainly horticulture, viticulture, horticulture and specialized mountain-pasture farming. Second, the plain areas, which is a relatively new development (the second half of the twentieth century), the desert region. This is the region's farms are mostly cotton, grain, horticulture, specializing in the desert and pasture farming.
Farms have a direct impact on the regional characteristics of their specialization. A market economy and efficient use of available resources, regional organization and specialization of production processes based on the natural and economic characteristics of each region to perform its intended purpose. Specialization, known for the company he understood, or participation in the production of this type of commodity products. There undertakings to improve the specialization of resources and effective use of its production activities mainly in directing the preparation of goods [4]. The sustainable development of agriculture in the regions of the country and its future development and improving the efficiency of the service. In addition, to reduce production costs and increase the export potential of the agricultural sector to solve the problems of seasonal unemployment importance.
Intensification of agriculture specialized in each area's unique natural and socio-economic conditions is required to be conducted. For this reason, felt the need to learn the process georafik. However, in the context of the liberalization of the economy, specialization in the agricultural sector can not be used directly to produce. Because this kind ofproduct to create a system based on supply and demand of the market.
Conclusion
At the same time, the country's agriculture, especially in the areas of natural farming conditions and the state of agroclimatic resources to improve the regional organization and specialization of complexity is explained by the presence of government procurement of cotton and wheat cultivation. In this context, the relationship between market specialization to develop scientific-theoretical foundations of today's farmers are among the urgent tasks of the day.
К^егепв:
1. Виктор Н. Ф. Устьевые оазисы Средней Азии: опыт комплексного сравнительно-типологического исследования. - Т., - 2013.
2. Ражабов Ф. Т. Фермерские хозяйства Узбекистана: развитие и региональные особенности//Позиционирование России и её регионов в современном мире: общественно-географический анализ и прогноз. Санкт-Петербург, ЦУП, - 2014. - С. 152-157.
3. Солиев А. Узбекистан географияси (Узбекистан и^тисодий ва ижтимоий географияси). - Т.: "Университет", - 2014.
4. Фармонов Х. Т.: Фермер хужаликларини ривожлантириш исти^боллари. - Т.: Янги аср авлоди. - 2004.
