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Section 9. Chemistry
Bejanidze Irina Zurabovna, doctor of chemistry, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University, Full Prof. of chemistry department E-mail: irina-bejanidze@live.ru Tavdgiridze Gultamze Niazovna, doctor of biology, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University Assistant professor department of chemistry E-mail: tavdgiridze-46@mail.ru Kharebava Tina Shalvovna, doctor of chemistry, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University Assistant professor of chemistry department, E-mail: t.kharebava@mail.ru
DETERMINATION OF AMINO ASID CONTENT DEPENDENCE OF ORANGE FRUITS "WASHINGTON-NAVEL" ON AGROCHEMICAL ACTIONS AND STORAGE PROCESS"
Abstract: The article examines the amino acid composition of orange fruit of the Washington-Navel variety, the effect of fertilizers on its composition, and the change in the quantitative composition of amino acids during the storage of fruits. Keywords: amino acid, fertilizer, citruses.
Proteins are an important part of the body. They exist in various forms and participate in all the processes of the vital activity of the organism. Proteins are part of tissues, bones and liquids, all organs, hair, nails, glands, muscles, tendons are formed from them; In the form of hormones and enzymes, they catalyze and regulate almost all the processes occurring in the body, and are specific and unique, each has its own purpose and function in the body. When there is a lack of proteins in the body, the water balance is disturbed and effusions appear.
In the body, proteins are synthesized from amino acids, which are the result of the cleavage of proteins obtained by a person with food. Amino acids contain up to 16% nitrogen, which distinguishes them from such vital elements as carbohydrates and fats. Amino acids serve as neurotransmitters (neurotransmitters), some are necessary for normal brain function, others contribute to the fact that vitamins and minerals adequately perform their functions, and some amino acids directly supply energy to muscle tissue.
A human needs only twenty amino acids out of 150 existing in nature. An organism can independently synthesize 12 amino acids, the remaining eight amino acids are not synthesized. In the human liver are synthesized: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, citrulline, cysteine, y-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, ornithine, proline, series, taurine, tyrosine. However, some of them can not be synthesized in the body, so a person must neces-
sarily get them with food. Such amino acids are called irreplaceable: isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine.
The protein in the body is synthesized constantly. If even one indispensable amino acid is absent, the formation of proteins is suspended, the body begins to consume amino acids from connective tissue proteins, muscles, blood and liver, which causes such serious problems as digestive disorders, depression and growth retardation. Deficiency of essential amino acids can cause a violation of absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, infection, trauma, stress, the intake of certain medications, the fascination with fast-food, the aging process and the imbalance of other nutrients in the body. Nowadays, essential and substitutable amino acids can be obtained in the form of biologically active food additives.
In this case, preference should be given to products containing L-crystalline amino acids, which are suitable for the biochemical processes of the human body. This is especially important in various diseases and in the application of reduction diets. Vegetarians need supplements that contain essential amino acids, so that the body gets everything they need for a normal protein synthesis. Free or unbound amino acids do not need digestion and are absorbed directly into the bloodstream, absorbed very quickly and do not cause allergic reactions. As follows from the above, not proteins are the most valuable elements of nutrition, but amino acids.
The purpose of this work is to determine the amino acid composition oforange fruit varieties "Washington-Navel", the influence on the composition of fertilizers, which were used to cultivate soil to improve the yield and the quality of fruits, as well as changing the quantitative composition of amino acids in the process of fruits storage.
Washington-Navel (Washington Navel), belongs to the group of seedless umbilical oranges, having inside the fetus another small underdeveloped fruit. It is grown up since 1650. The most common variety, differs with early maturation, high yield, frost resistance, as well as keeping capacity and transportability. One of the few varieties that can grow in the subtropics of the Transcaucasus. Fruits weigh 170-300 g or more. The shape of the fruit is spherical or oval, with easily separable thick skin. Peel has orange color, tightly attached to the pulp. Pulp is dense, light orange, juicy, sweet and sour, pleasant to taste and with a small amount of pits [1].
The research was conducted on the fruits of orange "Washington-Navel", grown in Adjara (Georgia), at an altitude of50 meters above sea level. The amino acid composition of the fruit was determined before and after storage, the dependence of the qualitative and quantitative composition of amino acids on soil composition, in particular, on soil treatment with various fertilizer compositions: background (PK-CaO-phosphorus potassium + calcium oxide), background + NH4NO3 (ammonium nitrate), Background + urea, background + MFU (urea - formaldehyde fertilizer) - 1 and 2 doses, background + (NH4) 2SO4.
Determination of amino acids was carried out on the amino acid analyzer AAA 400. The obtained data on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the amino acids of the fruit are presented in Fig. 1.3. Figure 2. 4 shows the change in the composition of amino acids during the storage of fruits.
Figure 1. Amino acid composition of orange fruits "Washington-Navel"
It has been established that soil cultivation positively affects the amino acid composition of orange fruits: in fruits ripened on treated soils, the content of amino acids is 10 times higher than in untreated ones.
As can be seen from the data given (Fig. 1), the highest amino acid content was observed when the soil was treated with ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3).
In order of increasing content, the amino acids are located in the following order: glutamine - ornithine - arginine - tyrosine - histidine-glutamic acid - serine - y-aminobutyric acid - alanine - aspartic acid-proline (maximum content).
Almost the same effect on the amino acid composition of ammonium nitrate and MFA (2 doses) was found, but it is preferable to use MFIs, since this fertilizer is well absorbed and retained by the soil, hence it can be added less frequently than ammonium nitrate.
Figure 2 shows the change in the composition of amino acids during the storage of orange fruits. It is established that during storage, the qualitative composition of amino acids does not change, but their content falls quantitatively.
Figure 2. Change in the amino acid composition of orange fruit "Washington-Navel" in the process of storage
From Fig. 2 it also follows that the fruit is better stored when treating the soil with (NH4)2SO4. From the obtained data it is seen that the content of the amino acid proline is higher than the content of other amino acids before and after storage.
Amino acid - proline is of great importance for the human body. Proline increases the formation of collagen and promotes its retention with age, resulting in an improved skin condition. Proline also takes part in the restoration of the cartilaginous surfaces of the joints, strengthens ligaments and cardiac muscle. In combination with vitamin C it is used to strengthen connective tissue. Proline enters the body mainly from meat products, but its content is also sufficient in the fruit of orange.
The relatively high content of y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in Washington-Navel orange is 10% lower than proline. In the body, y-aminobutyric acid is formed from another amino acid, glutamine. It is indispensable for the metabolism of the brain, it functions as a neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, reduces the activity of neurons and prevents overexcitation of nerve cells, removes excitement and has a calming effect; it can also be taken as tranquilizers (diazepam, phenazepam, etc.), but without the risk of addiction. This amino acid is used in the complex treatment of epilepsy and hypertension. Since it has a relaxing effect, it is used to treat disorders of
sexual functions. Y-aminobutyric acid is prescribed for attention deficit disorder [2].
Slightly different from each other are the data obtained for serine, aspartic and glutamic acid. They play an important role in human life, in particular, like y-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid and aspartic acid also transmit impulses to the central nervous system, i. e. Is a neurotransmitter. This amino acid plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism and promotes the penetration of calcium through the blood-brain barrier. Cells of the brain use glutamic acid as an energy source. In the process of formation of another amino acid - glutamine, glutamic acid detoxifies ammonia, taking away nitrogen atoms, which is the only way to neutralize ammonia in the brain. Glutamic acid is used in the correction of behavioral disorders in children, as well as in the treatment of epilepsy, muscular dystrophy, ulcers, hypoglycemic conditions, complications of insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus and mental development disorders.
Serine is synthesized in the body from glycine. It is necessary for the normal metabolism of fats and fatty acids, the growth of muscle tissue and the maintenance of the normal state of the immune system. Serine is used as a moisturizer, it is part of many cosmetic and dermatological preparations.
Figure 3. The content of essential amino acids in fruits of orange "Washington-Navel"
Figure 4. Change in the content of essential amino acids in fruits of orange "Washington-Navel" in the process of storage
Figure 3-4 shows the amino acid composition of orange fruit of independent amino acids and their change during the storage.Be-fore and after storage, fruits contain the most threonine, the content of which increases 2.5-3 times during the storage. The maximum amount of threonine is contained in the fruits when treating the soil with ammonium nitrate and urea-formaldehyde fertilizer MFU-2 doses. An analogous dependence on the type of fertilizer was observed for all independent acids. In order of decreasing the quantitative content, the essential amino acids are arranged in the following order: threonine-valine-lysine-leucine-phenylalanine-isoleucine-methionine.
After storage, this series of dependencies is preserved.
Threonine regulates tissue metabolism, increases mental performance, suppresses pathological attraction to alcohol, stops alcohol withdrawal syndrome, improves the cardiovascular system, liver, central nervous system and immune function. Threonine allows you to strengthen the muscles (including the myocardium) and ligaments, makes the bones less brittle, increases the strength of the enamel of teeth, along with methionine improves lipotropic function of the liver, that is, the breakdown of fats and fatty acids. From threonine, glycine and serine can be synthesized in the body [3].
The daily requirement for threonine for an adult is 0.5 g, for children about 3 g.
Conclusion. It is established that:
• Soil treatment positively affects the amino acid composition of orange fruits: the content of amino acids increases ~ 10 times;
• The highest amino acid content is observed when the soil is treated with ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and in order of increasing content, the amino acids are located in the following order: glu-tamine-ornithine-arginine-tyrosine-histidine-glutamic acid-serine-a-aminobutyric acid-alanine-aspartic acid- Proline;
• Ammonium nitrate and MFU (2 doses) have an almost identical effect on the amino acid composition of fruits, however, in our opinion, it is preferable to use MFIs, since this fertilizer is well absorbed and retained by the soil and can be introduced less often than ammonium nitrate;
• Fruits are better preserved when the soil is treated with ammonium sulfate (NH4) 2SO4;
• During the storage, the threonine content increases 2.53 times;
• In order of decreasing the quantity content, the essential amino acids are arranged in the following order: threonine-valine-lysine-leucine-phenylalanine-isoleucine-methionine.
After the storage of fruits, this series of relationships is preserved.
From the data given, it follows that with the appropriate agro-chemical processing of the soil, it is possible to obtain fruits of the orange "Washington-Navel" with a high content of interchangeable and essential amino acids, thereby replenishing the daily requirement for them.
References:
1. Bejanidze I., Nakashidze N. Influence of climatic factors on the keeping capacity of citrus fruits.Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The theoretical journal "Storage and processing of agricultural raw materials", - 2006, - No. 1, - P. 41-4.
2. Bejanidze I., Nakashidze N. The influence of the timing of the release on the ability of citrus fruit. Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The theoretical journal "Storage and processing of agricultural raw materials", - 2006, - No. 8.
3. Bejanidze I., Lominadze S., Dolidze R. Influence of the norms, forms and methods of introducing nitrogen fertilizers on the qualitative characteristics of the lemons of the Meyer variety. Georgian Agricultural Academy. Proceedings of the Batumi Institute of Biotechnology and Business. Batumi, - 2006. P. 65-68.
