CC BY
26
ОТРАСЛЕВЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ОСВОЕНИЯ ЗАСУШЛИВЫХ ЗЕМЕЛЬ =
УДК 576+574.46
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME LOCAL ENDEMIC PLANTS OF THE EGYPTIAN NUBIA: BASED ON TOTAL PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION
© 2007. S. Heneidak*, A.S.M. Shaheen**
*Biological Sciences Department, Suez Faculty of Education, Suez Canal University, Egypt * * Botany Department, Aswan Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Egypt,
E-mail: abudshaheen@yahoo.com
Abstract. Plant diversity of the Egyptian Nubia is of critical importance to the quality of life of local nomadic population. Some nutritional characteristic and biological value of the seeds of ten taxa (five trees, two shrubs and three herbs) from the Egyptian Nubia (mostly local endemic) were studied based on total protein, essential (EAA) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) composition. The seed contain a range of a minimum of 2.1% in Medemia argun to a maximum of 20.3% in Lupinus digitatus of total protein. Several EAA profile of the seed protein of the studies species are reported and compared well with FAO/WHO reference pattern, and the nutritional quality of proteins as measured by their essential amino acids chemical scores ranging from 4.66% for lysine in Moringa peregrina seed protein to 220% for methionine in Rhynchosia minima seed protein. EAA of the seed protein of Rhynchosia minima register higher values than the FAO/WHO (1990) recommended pattern (threonine, 4.39; valine, 4.32; methionine, 5.50 & tyrosine 6.67g/100g protein). Sulphur containing amino acids such as methionine and cystine are the first limiting amino acids in all plants. There is a significance variation of total protein and amino acids contents between seeds of trees, shrubs and herbs. Fruits of Hyphaene thebaica and Medemia argun (trees of Aracaceae) show a unique pattern of total protein, EAA as well as, NEEA profiles; being there is no significant variation between them. Hence, some taxa can serve as a valuable fodder for sheeps and camels (Acacia nilotica, Fahidherbia albida, Rhynchosia minima and Salsola imbricata) as well as, as alternative protein source among the economically weaker section of populations especially tribal people (nomadic) living in Western and Eastern deserts of Egyptian Nubia {Hyphaene thebaica, Lupinus digitatus, Medemia argun and Sesamum alatum).
Key words: Amino acids, Aracaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Egyptian Nubia, Leguminosae, Moringaceae, Pedaliaceae, total protein.
Introduction
To a large extent, livestock feed in arid African lands (Egyptian Nubia is part of it) is based on grazing senescent grasses, cereal crop and trees residues (Van Soest, 1988), which are deficient in protein but have high fiber contents that limit intake and digestibility of cell wall carbohydrates (Rittner, Reed, 1992). Lake of reliable dietary protein sources is one of the greatest problems facing inhabitants of these areas (Rittner, Reed, 1992).
Some plants growing in Nubian lands are widely used in folk medicine and have proved to be effective against many diseases (Boulos, 1983; Mabberley, 1997). Also some Plants are edible, and some others are used for fodder, as fuel, in making lawns, mats, furniture, building materials, and many household items (El-Hadidi, Boulos, 1988; Boulos, 1994). Many species in Egyptian Nubia are known to be of potential value and useful for both domestic and wild animal grazing (Springuel, Mekki, 1994; Briggs et al., 1999; Shaheen, Hammed, 2003).
The search for novel high-quality but cheap sources of protein and energy has continued to be a major concern of governments and bodies charged with the responsibility for food and nutrition in many parts developing countries (Balogun, Fetuga, 1986). The problems of poor livestock nutrition is magnified by the fact that most studies attempting to address Africa's forage shortage problems usually ignore wild vegetation (Bayer, 1990).
Many research efforts are being directed to identify and evaluate under exploited seed food sources as alternative protein crops for the future (Daussant et al., 1983; Nwokolo, 1987; Egbe, Akinyele, 1990; Rajaram, Janardhanan, 1990; Davis, 1992; Heneidy, 1995; Lock, 1998; Lewis et al., 2005). M.A. Badri and A.I. Hammed (2000) as well as, A.M. Shaheen and A.I.Hammed (2003) reported the usefulness of some desert and weedy species collected from Wad Allaqi and Nubian Nile valley as a fodder; their seeds are very rich with protein and some essential amino acids.
The present study determines the total proteins and amino acids contents of seeds and fruits of ten local endemic species collected from the Egyptian Nubia in order to evaluate the nutrition value of these plants for fodder production. Obtained results were compared with the FAO/WHO reference pattern to define the usefulness of these species for both the human and animal consumption.
Materials and Methods
Mature seeds of the studies taxa are collected from Nubian Nile Valley, Nubian Eastern Deserts as well as, Nubian Western Deserts (Table 1) from 2005-2006. The most of seeds and fruits represented the local endemic species which are native to the Nubia (Boulos, 1999; 2002; 2005; Lock, 1998; Lewis, 2005). The identification of the seed was achieved by the morphological comparison with herbarium specimens kept at ASW herbarium (Aswan Herbarium, Faculty of Science, Botany Department, South Valley University, Egypt).
Protein content
Protein was determined according to improved Kjeldahl methods of AO AC (1970) modified by distilling the ammonia into boric solution and titrated with standard acid according to A.L. Page et al. (1982) at Central Laboratory of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University.
Amino acids
Samples of 50-100 mg taken from different studied species dried seeds (fruits in Hyphaene thebaica and Medemia argun) were defatted and weighed in the screw-capped tubes; 5 ml of HC1 6.0 N were added to each tube and 0.2% Mercapto ethanol. The hydrolysis was attached to a system, which allows the connection of nitrogen and vacuum lines without disturbing the sample. The tubes were capped 7 mol placed in an oven at 110°C for 24 h. (AOAC 1995). The content of each tube was filtered and then evaporated in a rotary evaporator. Ready made buffers HI (4-buffer system) was added to each dried film of the hydrolyzed sample. After all soluble materials had been completely dissolved the samples were filtered using a 0.2 |im membrane filter, (Winder, Eggum 1966). The samples were analyzed using High Performance LC 3000 Amino Acid Analyzer, Eppendorf, Biotronik (Hydrolysate Programme) at The Regional Centre for Mycology and Biotechnology, Al-Azhar University. Separation of a hydrolysate standard, 4 n mol/Amino Acid; and conditions; LC 3000 Standard Program HI, Column H 125 x 4 mm, Pre-column type H60 x 4 mm. Data analysis of chromatogram apparatus, which was done by EZChrom™ Chromatography Data System Tutorial and Users Guide-Version 6.7.
The contents of the different amino acids recovered were expressed as g per 100 g protein and were compared with the FAO/WHO (1990) reference pattern (Vijayakumari et al., 1997; Shaheen, Hamed, 2003).
The essential amino acid score was calculated as follows:
essential amino acid in 100 g of the test protein x 100
Essential amino acid score =------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
g of essential amino acid in 100 g of FAOAVHO reference pattern
Table 1. Classification (after Boulos, 1999; 2002; 2005), source, life form and palatability status (according to Heneidy et al., 1999) of the studied species. Таблица 1. Таксономическая принадлежность (no Boulos, 1999; 2002; 2005), источник, жизненная форма и степень съедобности (по Heneidy, et al., 1999) изученных растений.
Family Species Source Life form Palatability status
Dicotyledoneae
Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Subfamily Mimosoideae
Acacia nilotica subsp. tomentosa (Benth.) Brenan (= Acaia arabica (Lam.) Willd.) AL-Agaba; 18 km north Aswan. (Na) Trees Highly palatable
Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev. (Acacia albida Delile) First Cataract Island; Aswan (Na) Trees Highly palatable
Mimosa pigra First Cataract Island Aswan (Na) Shrubs Low palatable
Subfamily Papilionoideae
Lupinus digitatus Forssk (= Lupinus varius L.) Wadi Egate (E.Dn) Herbs Highly Palatable
Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. (= Dolichos memnonius Delile) Kubbanya island, 15 km north Aswan (Na) Herbs Palatable
Moringaceae Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori (= M. aptera Gaertn.;M arabica Pers.) Wadi Um Sheha (E.Dn) Trees Palatable
Chenopodiaceae Salsola imbricata Forssk. (= S. baryosma (Roem. & Schult.) Dandy Wadi Allaqi (E.Dn) Shrubs Highly palatable
Pedaliaceae Sesamum alatum Thonn. Wadi Egate (E.Dn) Herbs Highly palatable
Monocotyledoneae
Aracaceae (Palmae) Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart. (=H. sinaitica Furtado) Dungul Oasis (W.Dn) Trees Highly palatable
Medemia argun (Mart.) Württemb. Ex H. Wendl (= Hyphaena argun Mart.ex H. Wendle) Dungul Oasis (W.Dn) Trees Highly palatable
E.Dn: Eastern Nubian Desert; W.Dn: Western Nubian Desert; Na: Nubian Nile Valley.
Results and Discussion
The natural variation can occur in the protein content of the fruits and seeds of the different species as a result of extraneous factors such as nutrient availability. There is notable variation in crude protein, essential amino acids (EAA) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) values of the seeds and fruits of the ten studied taxa. The data are represented in Tables 2 and 3 as well as, Figs. 1 and 2.
Total protein percentages
The results of the total protein of the studies species presented in Table 2 and Figure 1. The minimum crude protein is 2.1% in the seeds of Medemia argun and the maximum is 20.3% in Lupinus digitatus. Seeds of Lupinus digitatus, Faidherbia albida and Rhynchosia minima show a
higher percentage of crude protein (20.3, 19.1, 17.8% respectively) than those required for lactation (15%>) during the lactation period (Norton, 1981). In contrast, protein seeds of Acacia nilotica, Mimosa pigra, Salsola imbricata, Hyphaene thebaica and Medemia argun is less than those essential for lactation. These results agree with those obtained by M.A. Badri and A.I. Hammed (2000) as well as A.M. Shaheen and A.I. Hammed (2003) who reported that some species (Xanthium spinosum, Astragalus vogelii and Cardiospermum halicacabum) collected from Nubian Eastern Desert & Nubian Nile Valley have a higher value of protein (more than 15%) and others {Citrullus colocynthis and Ipomaea eriocarpa) have less than the lactation level. In this connections, Daussant et al. (1983) found that the protein content of some legumes ranged from 19-30%), notably the soybean at over 30%>. Furthermore the total protein content ranged from 14.22 to 17.42%) in four species of Senna (Amer & Sheded, 1998); from 39%> to 53%> in five species of Lathyrus (Hassan, 1999); from 7.7 to 21.5% in two species of Leguminosae and four species of Solanaceae (Shaheen, Hammed, 2000); from 8.25 to 22.0% in three true weeds and three transitional weeds (Shaheen, Hammed, 2003); or from 10.9% to 42.1% in seven species of Phaseolus (Hassan, 2004).
Table 2. Mean values of total protein and essential amino acids content existing in the studied species, expressed as g/100 g protein, Practice values = essential amino acid score. Таблица 2. Среднее содержание общего протеина и основных аминокислот в изученных растениях, выраженных в г/100 г протеина, реальная величина = количеству основных аминокислот.
EAA —» Species X %of total protein Leucine (Leu) Threonin e (Thr) Valine (Val) Lysine (Lys) Methionine (Met) Tyrosine (Tyr)
Acacia nilotica 12.7 3.11 (47.12) 1.45 (42.65) 0.75 (21.43) 0.84 (14.48) 1.51 (60.40) 1.16 (18.41)
Faidherbia albida 19.1 3.35 (50.76) 2.07 (60.88) 1.43 (40.86) 1.13 (19.48) 1.23 (49.20) 1.04 (16.51)
Mimosa pigra 13.6 3.57 (54.09) 1.13 (33.24) 1.39 (39.71) 2.92 (50.35) 1.68 (67.20) 1.36 (21.59)
Lupinus digitatus 20.3 5.62 (85.15) 2.08 (61.18) 1.12 (32.00) 0.87 (15.00) 2.00 (80.00) 2.62 (41.59)
Rhynchosia minima 17.8 4.83 (73.18) 4.39 (129.12) 4.32 (123.43) 5.39 (92.93) 5.50 (220.00) 6.67 (105.87)
Moringa peregrina 14.4 4.01 (60.76) 2.10 (61.77) 1.45 (41.43) 0.27 (4.66) 1.62 (64.80) 3.54 (56.19)
Salsola imbricata 9.4 4.17 (63.18) 3.11 (91.47) 1.81 (51.71) - 2.27 (90.80) 2.49 (39.52)
Sesamum alatum 13.8 3.61 (54.70) 1.92 (56.47) 1.60 (45.71) 0.31 (5.35) 1.52 (60.80) 3.14 (49.84)
Hyphaene thebaica 3.4 4.25 (64.39) 3.32 (97.65) 3.72 (106.29) - 2.58 (103.20) -
Medemia argun 2.1 4.78 (72.42) 3.72 (109.41) - - 2.97 (118.80) -
FAO/WHO (1990) - 6.6 3.4 3.5 5.8 2.5 6.3
Amino acids
The amounts of different amino acids (EAA & NEAA) in the ten studies species as well as, EAA score of total seed protein are given in Tables 2 and 3 and Histograms (Figs. 1, 2).
Table 3. Mean values of non essential amino acids existing in the studied species (mg/g D.Wt., expressed as g per 100 g protein). Таблица 3. Среднее содержание неосновных аминокислот в изученных растениях (мг/г сухого веса, выраженные как г на 100 г протеина).
NEAA Proline Glutamic Aspartic Histi- Glycine Cystine Serine Alanine Phenyla Argi-
(Pro) acid acid dine (Gly) (Cys) (Ser) (Ala) -lanine nine
Species -i- (Glu) (Asp) (His) (Phe) (Arg)
Acacia nilotica - 12.89 17.42 7.50 12.79 29.04 4.94 3.95 2.30 0.32
Faidherbia albida 24.32 15.37 12.05 7.11 6.23 15.84 4.20 3.11 1.01 0.51
Mimosa pigra 16.86 11.36 13.38 18.98 6.54 6.37 3.76 2.88 2.24 5.59
Lupinus digitatus 27.66 18.80 11.77 6.76 6.03 3.19 4.88 2.97 2.78 0.91
Rhynchosia mínima 21.61 5.42 4.90 5.72 2.77 8.85 3.87 3.28 6.08 6.42
Moringa peregrina 38.42 16.66 6.74 3.39 7.48 3.72 3.25 3.65 3.02 0.68
Salsola imbrícata - 14.34 23.59 17.16 11.49 4.73 6.86 - 7.99 -
Sesamum alatum 29.72 14.67 9.08 3.90 6.90 2.79 4.00 3.38 2.58 10.89
Hyphaene thebaica - 16.07 20.69 12.94 16.06 2.70 7.85 9.81 - -
Medemia argun - 17.49 21.38 14.95 15.30 3.67 8.16 7.58 - -
Total protein
Leu
■ Acacia nilotka
El Moringa peregrina
■ Medenda atgtut ^ Salsola imbrícata Щ Rítynchosia minima □ FAO WHO (1990
■ Faidherbia albida S Hypftaene thebaica I Mimosa pigra
■ [м(япш digitatm □ Sesamum alatum
Thr
Val
Lys
Met
Туг
Fig. 1. Essential amino acid percentages in the studied species. Рис. 1. Процент основных аминокислот в изученных растениях.
■ Acacia nilotica В Moringa pewgrina Ш Medemia argun S S al sola imbricata
■ FaùOterîaa аПнйа
■ Hyphaene thebaica i Mimosa pigra
S Г.щияш digit niti,s
S Rhynchosia minima □ Sesamum aiatum
Pro Glu Asp His Gly Cys Ser Ala Phe Arg
Fig. 2. Non-essential amino acid percentages in the studied species. Рис. 2. Процент неосновных аминокислот в изученных растениях.
Essential amino acids (ЕАА)
The results of the present studies (Table 2 and Fig. 1) showed that the most essential amino acids of seed protein in Rhynchosia minima register higher values than the FAO/WHO (1990) recommended pattern (threonine, 4.39; valine, 4.32; methionine, 5.50 and tyrosine 6.67g/100g protein respectively). The methionine (sulphar containing amino acid) is present at high levels in Rhynchosia minima, Medemia argun and Hyphaene thebaica (5.50, 2.97 and 2.58 g/100 g protein, respectively) compared with the FAO/WHO (1990) recommended pattern (2.5 g/100 g protein). Furthermore, leucine, threonine, valine and tyrosine are present in higher values in the studies taxa compared with other species studied from the same area (Shaheen, Hammed, 2003) In contrast, the levels of leucine (aliphatic amino acid) and lysine (basic amino acid) from the seeds or fruits of all studies taxa show lower values than those of FAO/WHO (1990) recommended pattern). In addition, lysine (basic amino acid) is found to be the first limiting amino acid with a corrected score of 0.27 g/100 g protein in the seed protein of Moringa peregrina\ it is present at a low level thus resulting in a low chemical score (4.66%). Hyphaene thebaica and Medemia argun (trees of Aracaceae) are lacking of lysine and tyrosine and have a unique pattern of accumulation of other essential amino acids in their fruits protein. Also, seed protein of Salsola imbricata show lacking of lysine, while valine is absent in fruits of Medemia argun. The present study indicates that the seed protein in some trees are rich with leucine and threonine while in herbs the seed protein are rich with tyrosine, methionine, lysine and valine. These results are in agreement with those of Vijayakumari et al. (1997) who reported that the essential amino acids of seed protein from Bauhinia purpurea registered higher values than the FAO/WHO (1990) recommended pattern. In this connection, some essentials amino acids (tyrosine, valine, methionine) composition of some studied species (Rhyncosia minima, Faidherbia albida) seems to be higher (especially sulfo-amino acid methionine) than the previous findings of E. Nwokolo (1987), W. Amer and M. Sheded (1998), N. Rajaram and K. Janardhanan (1990), S.Z. Heneidy (1995), A.M. Shaheen and A.I. Hamed (2000; 2003). On the other hand, deficiency of some essential amino acid had been registered in some unique grasses as well as, some shrubs and trees (Badri, Hammed, 2000; Shaheen, Hammed, 2003).
Non-essential amino acids (NEAA)
Arginine (basic amino acid) is the limiting amino acids in all protein of the different species; Acacia nilotica (0.32 g/100 g), Faidherbia albida (0.51 g/100 g), Moringaperegrina (0.68 g/100 g) and Lupinus digitatus (0.91 g/100 g protein). However, the content of glutamic (acidic amino acid) is high in all studies species, ranges from 5.42 g/100 g protein in Rhynchosia minima to 18.80 g/100 g protein in Lupinus digitatus. As well as, the other acidic amino acid; aspartic acid show the same result in all taxa, ranges from 4.90 g/100 g in Rhynchosia minima to 23.59 g/100 g in Salsola imbricata. Trees seed protein of the studies taxa demonstrate the high content of glutamic, aspartic acids and glycine, however seed protein of Faidherbia albida and Acacia nilotica contain high values of cystine (15.84 and 29.04 g/100 g, respectively). As well as, Hyphaene thebaica fruits protein contain the high amount of the two aliphatic amino acids; alanine and glycine (9.81 and 16.06 g/100 g); Moringa peregrina with high content of proline (heterocyclic amino acid 38.42 g/100 g); and Medemia argun with high content of serine (hydroxylated amino acid, 8.16 g/100 g). Shrubs seed protein like Salsola imbricata have the higher values of aspartic acid (acidic amino acid, 23.59 g/100 g) and phenylalanine (aromatic amino acids, 7.99 g/100 g); or like Mimosa pigra have the higher values of histidine (basic amino acid, 18.98 g/100 g). Moreover, herbs seed protein like Rhynchosia minima and Sesamum alatum have higher values of basic amino acid; arginine (6.42 and 10.89 respectively), while Lupinus digitatus has a high content of proline and glutamic amino acid (27.66 and 18.80 g/100 g, respectively). In addition, seeds and fruits protein of Acacia nilotica, Hyphaene thebaica and Medemia argun (trees) and Salsola imbricata (shrubs) show lacking of proline. Furthermore, seed protein of Hyphaene thebaica and Medemia argun (trees of Aracaceae) show lacking of phenylalanine and arginine. These results to somewhat agree with those of A.M. Shaheen and A.I. Hammed (2000; 2003) who reported that there is a variation of the non-essential amino acids content between some trees and shrubs which collected from Wadi Allaqi (Nubian Eastern Desert). However, M.A. Badri and A.I. Hammed (2000), A.I. Hammed (2000) reported that there is no significant variation of the amino acids between the grasses, herbs and trees on their investigation for some species collected from Wadi Allaqi biosphere reserve.
Palatability status and economic importance
S.Z. Heneidy (1995) described the fooder palatability dividing it to three scales; highly palatable, palatable and low palatable. According to such classification, the seeds of Acacia nilotica, Faidherbia albida, Salsola imbricata and Rhynchosia minima are highly palatable, and can serve as a valuable local fodder for cheeps, camels and some wild animals. The fruits of Hyphaene thebaica (doum palm) and Medemia argun have high palatability with nutrient edible fruits eaten like dates. Lupinus digitatus is highly palatable, and can be cultivate for locally eaten (seeds) and cattle food (whole plant). Also, Sesamum alatum seeds have high palatability sprinkled on bread and cakes, and containing most important vegetable oil (Mabberley, 1997). Furthermore, Hyphaene thebaica, Lupinus digitatus, Medemia argun and Sesamum alatum can be used as alternative protein source for nomads living in Nubian desert. Moringa peregrina seeds (14.4 g/100 g) are palatable with important oil used as salad oil (Mabberley, 1997). Only Mimosa pigra seeds are low palatable, and potent drink extracted from its roots rich in tryptamines (Mabberley, 1997).
Summary
The variable content of total protein, essential and non-essential amino acids composition of the seeds and fruits of ten species (mostly show local endemic to the Egyptian Nubian flora) was investigated. The results obtained could be outlined as follows:
The trees seed protein (five taxa) contain several essential amino acids with high chemical scores (excepting lysine) compared with those of FAO/WHO, however, Hyphaene thebaica and Medemia argun fruits (trees of Aracaceae) show lacking of lysine and tyrosine. As well as, the trees seed protein of the studies taxa record high content of non-essential amino acids glutamic, aspartic (acidic amino acids), glycine (aliphatic amino acid) and cystine (sulphar containing amino acid).
The herbs seed protein show a deficiency of sulphar containing amino acids (cystine and methionine) while they accumulated in the seed protein of Salsola imbricate shrubs. The herbs seed protein particularly Rhynchosia minima contains the higher amounts of the most essential amino acids than the FAO/WHO (1990) recommended pattern. The nutritional quality of proteins as measured by their essential amino acids chemical scores ranging from 4.66% for lysine in Moringa peregrina (trees) seed protein to 220% for methionine in Rhynchosia minima (herbs) seed protein.
Considerable amounts of hydroxylated amino acids (threonine and serine) are accumulated more in the seed protein of Medemia argun and Hyphaene thebaica, moreover, their seed protein show lacking of tyrosine (aromatic amino acid). In addition, seed protein of Medemia argun show lacking of valine (aliphatic amino acid).
There are no significant variations in contents of the amino acids (EAA & NEAA) between Hyphaene thebaica and Medemia argun, their seed protein show lacking of lysine, tyrosine (EAA), proline, phenylalanine and arginine (NEAA).
From the preceding results and discussions, it appears that the seeds and fruits of the studies species (especially trees) are rich in crude protein and several essential amino acids (compared well with FAO/WHO 1990 recommended pattern). Hence, these species can serve as a cheap source of protein for both animal and human consumption particularly to nomadic population living in Nubian part of the Eastern and Western deserts and its livestock.
Acknowledgement. We would like to thank Dr. Irina Springuel professor of ecology, Faculty of Science, Botany Department, South Valley University, Egypt for her critical reading of the manuscript. Also we would like to thank Ekramy Abassery and Tarek Radwan for collecting seeds of Lupinus and Moringa.
LITERATUTE CITED
1. Amer W. M., Sheded M. Relationships within genus Senna in Egypt, based on variations in protein, free amino acid and RAPD markers // J. Union Arab Biol. 1998. 6 (B). P. 47-61.
2. Official Methods of Analysis. 11th Ed., AO AC INTERNATIONAL, Gaithersburg, MD. 1970. P.63-70.
3. Official Methods of Analysis. 16th Ed., AOAC INTERNATIONAL, Gaithersburg, MD. 1995. P. 22 - 32
4. Badri M.A., HamedA.I. Nutrient value of plants in an extremely arid environment (Wadi Allaqi Biosphere Reserve, Egypt) // J. Arid Envir. 2000. 44. P. 347-356.
5. Balogun A.M., Fetuga B.L. Chemical composition of some under exploited leguminous crop seeds in Nigeria//J. Agric. Food Chem. 1986. 34. P. 189-192.
6. Bayer W. Use of native brows by Fulani cattle in central Nigeria // Agroforesty Sys. 1990. 12. P. 217-228.
7. Boulos L. Medicinal Plants of North Africa. Reference Publications. Inc., Algonac, Michigan 48001, USA. 1983. 286 p.
8. Boulos L. The Weed Flora of Egypt. The American University Press, Cairo. 1994. Vol. 361 p.
9. Boulos L. Flora of Egypt. Vol. 1 (Azollaceae-Oxalidaceae). A1 Hadara publishing, Cairo, Egypt. 1999. 419 p.
10. Boulos L. Flora of Egypt, vol. 3. (Verbenaceae-Compositae). A1 Hadara Publishing, Cairo, Egypt. 2002. 373 p.
11. Boulos L. Flora of Egypt. Vol. 4. (Alismataceae-Orchidaceae). A1 Hadara Publishing, Cairo, Egypt. 2005. 617 p.
12. Briggs J., Badri M, Mekki A. Indigenous Knowledges and Vegetation use among Bedouin in the Eastern Desert of Egypt //App. Geog., 1999. 19. P. 87-103.
13. Daussant J., Mosse J., Vaughan J. Breeding for protein quantity and protein quality in seed crops / In seed protein. Berlin: Springer. (1983). P. 223-249.
14. Davis A.M. The Phytochemistry of the Flora of Qatar. The Scientific and Applied Research Centre, University of Qatar. Richmond, Great Britain: King-Print. 1992. 582 p.
15.Egbe I.A., Akinyele I.O. Effect of cooking on the anti-nutritional factors of lima beans {Phaseolus lunatus). Food Chem., 1990. 35. P. 81-88.
16. El-Hadidi M.N., Boulos L. The Street Trees of Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press, 2nd ed, 1988. P. 44-53.
17. FAO/WHO. Protein quality evaluation. In: Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 1990. 23 p.
18 .Hammed A.I. Assessment of the protein quality of plants in an extremely arid environment, using amino acid analysis (Wad Allagi biosphere reserve, Egypt) // Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Biol. (ICBS). Fac. Sci., TantaUniv., 7-8 May, 2000. 1. P. 861-871.
19. Hassan A.E. Identification of some Lathyrus species by electrophoretic analysis of seed protein //Egypt. J. Appl. Sci. 1999. 14 (12). P. 16-29.
20. Hassan A.E. Use of protein electrophoresis and amino acids for some Phaseolus species // Egypt. J. Appl. Sci. 2004. 19 (12B). P. 400-416.
ll.Heneidy S.Z. Palatability and nutritive value of some common plant species from the Aqaba Gulf area of Sinai, Egypt. J. Arid Envir. 1995. 34. P. 115-123.
22. Lewis G.P., Schrire В., Mackinder В., Lock M. Legumes of the world. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2005. 577 p.
23. LockJ.M. Legumes of Africa. A check-list. Royal Botanic Gardens, Ke, 1989. 619 p.
24. Mabberley D.J. The Plant-Book: A portable dictionary of the higher plants . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2nd ed. 1997. P. 396-399.
25.Norton B.W. Difference between species in forage quality // Nutritional limits to animal production from pastures. Ed.: Hacker J.B. Proceeding of an International Symposium, held at St. Lucida, Qeensland, Australia. 1981. P. 89-110.
26. Nwokolo E. Nutritional evaluation of pigeonpea meal // Plant Food Hum. Nutr. 1987. 37. P. 283-290.
27. Page A.L., Miller R.H., Keeney D.R. Methods of soil analysis part 2: Chemical and microbiological properties // 2nd ed., American Society of Agronomy. Madison, 1982. P. 149-430.
28. Rajaram N., Janardhanan K. Chemical composition and nutritional evaluation of certain under-exploited Vigna species //Food Sci. Nutr. 1990. 42. P. 213-221.
29. Rittner U., Reed J.D. Phenolics and in-vitro degradability of protein and fiber in West Africa browse // J. Sci. Food Agric. 1992. 58. P. 21-28.
30. Shaheen A.M., Hammed A.L. Implications of Total Proteins Content and Amino Acid Composition on the Relationships of some Genera in Leguminosae and Solanaceae // Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Biol. (ICBS). Fac. Sci., TantaUniv., 7-8 May, 2000. 1. P. 256-265.
31. Shaheen A.M., Hammed A.L. Comparative studies and nutritional values of some weedy species collected from newly reclaimed areas (Western shore of Lake Nasser, Aswan, Egypt) // Egypt. J. Biotechnol. 2003. 13. P. 176-186.
32. Springuel /., Mekki A. Economic value of desert plants // Acacia trees in Wadi Allagi Conservation areea. Envir. Conservation. 21(1). 1994. P. 41-48.
33. Van Soest P.J. Effect of environment and quality of fiber on the nutritive value of crop residues // Plant breeding and nutritive value of crop residues. Ed. Reed JD, Capper BS, Neate PJH.ILCA. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1988. P. 71-94.
34. Vijayakumari K., Siddhuraju P., Janardhanan K. Chemical composition, amino acid content and protein quality of the little-known legume Bauhinia purpurea L. // J. Sci. Food Agric. 73. 1997. P. 279-286.
35. Winder K., Eggum O.B. Protein hydrolysis. A description of the method used at the department of animal physiology in Copenhagen // Acta Agric. Scandinavia. 1966. 16. P. 1115.
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ НЕКОТОРЫХ МЕСТНЫХ ЭНДЕМИЧНЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ ЕГИПЕТСКОЙ НУБИИ: НА ОСНОВЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ОБЩЕГО
ПРОТЕИНА И АМИНОКИСЛОТ
© 2007 г. С. Хенейдак*, А.С.М. Шахин**
*Кафедра ботаники, факультет прикладных наук, Университет Суэцкого канала, Суэц, Египет, E-mail: samia.heneidak@gmail.com **Кафедра ботаники, Асуанский факультет наук, Университет Южной Долины, Египет,
E-mail: abudshaheen@yahoo.com
Реферат. Разнообразие растений в Египетской Нубии имеет особое значение для качества жизни местного кочевого населения. Некоторые питательные свойства и биологическая ценность семян десяти растений (пять видов деревьев, два вида кустарников и три вида трав) из района Египетской Нубии (главным образом эндемичных) были исследованы нами с точки зрения содержания общего протеина, основных (ЕАА) и неосновных (NEAA) аминокислот. Содержание общего протеина в семенах колеблется от минимума в 2.1% в Medemia argun до максимума в 20.3% в Lupinus digitatus. В работе представлены несколько диаграмм распределения основных аминокислот в семенах изученных растений и дано сравнение их распределения с данными ФАО/ВОЗ. Также представлены питательные свойства протеинов в зависимости от содержания основных аминоксилот, количество которых колеблется от 4.66% для лизина в Moringa peregrina до 220% для метионина в Rhynchosia minima. Содержание основных аминокислот в Rhynchosia minima выше, чем в рекомендациях ФАО/ВОЗ (1990) (треонин, 4.39; валин, 4.32; метионин, 5.50 и тирозин 6.67 г/100 г протеина). Серосодержащие аминокислоты, такие как метионин и цистин являются определяющими питательные свойства во всех растениях. Выявлены значительные различия в содержании общего протеина и основных аминокислот между семенами деревьев, кустарников и трав. Плоды Hyphaene thebaica и Medemia argun (деревьев из семейства Агасасеае) обнаруживают необыкновенно высокое содержание общего протеина, основных и неосновных аминокислот. Таким образом, некоторые виды могут быть ценными кормовыми культурами для овец и верблюдов {Acacia nilotica, Fahidherbia albida, Rhynchosia minima и Salsola imbricata), а также альтернативным источником протеинов для экономически слабых слоев населения, в особенности для племен (кочевых), проживающих в западной и восточной пустынях Египетской Нубии {Hyphaene thebaica, Lupinus digitatus, Medemia argun и Sesamum alatum).
Ключевые слова: Аминокислоты, аракациевые, маревые, Египетская Нубия, бобовые, моринговые, кунжутовые, общий протеин.
