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Yuldashev Gulom, doctor of agricultural science, professor of soil science department Fergana State University, E-mail: [email protected] Khaydarov Mavlon Mashrabovich, researcher of soil science department Fergana State University, E-mail: [email protected]
AMINO ACIDS IN SOIL THEIR PROPERTIES AND PROBLEMS
Abstract: The given data on the content of soil amino acids in soils and soil-forming rocks of sierozems and chernozems shows that the relative accumulation or their increased formation varies depending on the type and subtype, the horizon of the soils and the soil-forming rocks. The dependence of the amino acid content in sierozems on their relative height and landscape-geochemical conditions was determined.
Keywords: Dark sierozems, chernozem, bedrock, loess, neogene, oasis, soil fertility, irrigation, free amino acids, humus, landscape, group composition of humus.
Education and the oasis irrigated sierozem during organic substance. The initial accumulation of organic
long time have led to the need to recognize them for separate unit as an independent education in elementary and geochemical landscapes. Geochemical parameters which are determined not only natural, but agrogeobio-chemical conditions. In arid and semi-arid regions in the supergene zone biogeochemical and biochemical processes occur very rapidly. The geographical position determines their average type climate region of this landscape, in which there is accumulation of elements active migrants in these soils.
Climatic features determine the activity of weathering processes and soil formation. In conditions of high air temperature and soil there is an intensive destruction of primary minerals and rocks, rapid mineralization of organic remains and the relative partial accumulation of humus. In such circumstances, the gray soils are formed. In the gray soil of high biogenic activity leads to active tumor various classes of compounds, nutrients and other chemical elements.
High soil geochemical activity associated physico-chemical and biogeochemical soil processes.
The presence of organic matter is a characteristic feature of soils that distinguish them from the parent rocks. The ground becomes soil only when it appears an
matter occurs as a result of life of lower organisms settling on the rocks and contributing to the transformation of these rocks in the soil. Biogeochemical processes play an important role in weathering. The breed is loosened, acquire high moisture content. Gradually the conditions for the growth and development of higher plants, especially demanding nutritional regime and physical properties of the soil to form organic matter, which contain amino acids and other substances.
Among them soil amino acids occupy a special place in the organic complex of the soil. They play an important role in soil fertility as a source of nitrogen nutrition and biologically active substances, as well as an integral part of humus substances. The formation and accumulation of amino acids is closely related to the activity of soil microorganisms and the root system of plants, and depends on the soil and environmental condition [1]. The presences of amino acids in soils in larger or smaller amounts greatly affect the level of effective soil fertility and yield of many crops.
In the soil constantly contains a certain amount of bound and free amino acids. The role of various amino acids in common organic complex of the soil varies. Usually, only a few have a pronounced impact. Amino acids
largely replace each other therefore functionally similar communities may have different amino acid. Different soils can vary significantly in the set and the quantitative ratio of amino acids, so that the complex can serve as a diagnostic sign. To quantitatively characterize the complex of soil amino acids it is possible to use approaches used in General ecology to comparative characteristics of community structure, in particular different diversity indices.
For example, a study of typical chernozem shows the content of humus in the 0-20 cm layer ranged from 2,50 to 3,11%. The reaction of the soil medium is slightly alkaline, a pH of 7,8. The specific weight of soil of 2,60 g/cm 3, a porosity of 50-60%, the bulk of 1,06 to 1,30 g/cm 3 The studies were conducted in the second rotation crop rotation forage rotation during the field experience on the experimental base of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova "Biotron". Only in soils was, discovered 18 amino acids in typical black soil: aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, alanine, methionine, serine, valine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, threonine, histidine, arginine, phenylalanine, cystine, tyrosine and y-aminobutyric acid [2].
In the area between the Chirchik-Keles, occupying the foothill plains in Western Tien-Shan has in the right Bank of the middle reaches of the river Chirchik, where the studied soils formed on tertiary sediments and Neogene sediments ofloess in the upper horizons was found 20 free amino acids [3].
Research shows that virgin, irrigated, rain fed, fallow soil also differ on the total number and composition of amino acids under various crops. They differ also within the same crop as organic and mineral fertilizers. In virgin soils, formed on tertiary red beds sediments in the upper levels of the amino acid content is 3,25-3,56 mg, fallow 1,63-of 2,56 in non-irrigated areas of 1,94-3,15 in, irrigated from 3,54-4,36 to 6,02-8,11 mg/100 g of soil. The use of fertilizers, i. e. agricultural land use differently affects amino acid content in the soil. In dry soil there is some increase in amino acids due to application of mineral fertilizers, residues of roots and straw of wheat in the irrigated soil of amino acids becomes even more due to the greater biomass. They are the result of the cultivation of wheat and activation of biological processes in the soil due to irrigation, and in deposits of amino acid content decreases in the absence of receipt of plant residues of wheat which is rich in amino acids and due to
the lack of irrigation and fertilizers. The results of the research show that different crops have different impacts on the content and composition of free amino acids. The content of free amino acids in the upper horizons of soils under vineyards are not washed out version to 1,99-3,15, under the wheat of2,43-4,98, under the cotton 3,30-4,82 under alfalfa 2nd year 3,33 to 4,97, near lucerne 3-year 4,36-of 5,98 under soybean cultivation 4,00-of 6,48 mg/100 g of soil.
This difference in total content of amino acids due to the specifics of each crop, its biomass composition, basal biological activity, etc. it Should be noted that under the crops of cotton, soybeans, the total content of free amino acids are not washed away in soils decreases with depth bole smoothly compared to other cultures, especially compared to wheat. The content and composition of free amino acids in virgin, rain fed, irrigated land vary. A study of rain fed soil under wheat showed that the amino acid content in the upper horizons was in the spring of 2,43-4,98 mg/100 g of soil. Here in the greatest numbers alanine 0,30-of 0,678; glycine 0,37-0,66; glutamic acid 0,32-0,51; aspartic acid 0,31-0,49; leucine 0,10-0,32; valine 0,19-0,24; threonine 0,19-0,22; proline 0,19-0,21; methionine 0,10-0,20; lysine 0,10 to 0,21 mg/100 g of soil.
It should be noted that the content of such amino acids at the beginning of next horizon is dramatically reduced. The profile is valine, methionine, leucine, lysine, cysteine, isoleucine, tryptophan, the content in the layer 20-41 cm is reduced compared to 0-20 cm layer 3-4 times, which is apparently related to patterns of development and biomass accumulation, distribution of root system of wheat. In the middle of the profile the amino acid content decreases sharply and is 1,25 mg/100 g of soil. In the lower part of the profile the content of all amino acids does not exceed 0,01-0,03 mg/100 g of soil. In the autumn period, the total number of amino acids in the upper horizons is 1,4-1,6 times less than in the autumn period 1,86-2,82 mg/100 g of soil [3].
When studying irrigated soil revealed that the total content of, free amino acids is higher than that of virgin and non-irrigated soils, probably due to irrigation and fertilizer and to improve soil properties, accumulation of greater biomass and the intensification of biological processes. So, in the upper horizons of the irrigated soils, the content of amino acids made up 3,00-5,24 mg/100 g
of soil. The study of soils under wheat showed that the total number of amino acids is of 2,43 to 4,08 mg/100 g of soil. These amino acids affect both biochemical and physiological-biochemical features ofplants and animals.
In connection with this, all amino acids included in the composition of natural organisms, are divided into two groups: essential and nonessential amino acids. Essential amino acids valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, lysine, histidine [4]. Nonessential amino acids are glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, cystine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, cysteine and arginine. Complete protein foods contain all essential amino acids. Their absence in the diet leads to disease and death of the animal crop rotation lag plant growth and development.
Amino acids included in proteins and most other natural compounds belong to the L-series, D-form amino acids are relatively rare, and not mastered by animals [4]. The diversity of peptides and proteins are built up from a-amino acids. The total number of a-amino acids, their component, closes to 70. Among them is the group of the 20 most important amino acids are constantly occurring in all the proteins (sometimes this group expand to 22-25 by including related derivatives). a-amino acids are crystalline substances, soluble in water. Many of them have a sweet taste.
Glycine NH2CH2COOH, also known as glycine, is found in the muscles of the lower animals and in some plants (in sugar beet). In a large number formed during the hydrolysis of proteins of silk. In alanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine hydrogen atom is substituted with glycine, respectively, methyl, isopropyl phenyl, isobutyl-ene or sec-butyl residues; isoleucine has an asymmetric carbon atom is not only in a-position, but in the side chain. Proline a-carbon atom and the amino group optionally are connected by a three carbon chain, and thus, this amino acid is pyrrolidine-alpha-carboxylic acid [5].
Asparagine and glutamine represent mono amide acidic amino acids aspartic and glutamic. For peptides these amino acids characterized by good solubility in water.
In irrigated conditions with conventional cultivation techniques notes irrigation gliniana of gray in the middle. Where there is an increase in the factor of dispersion and destruction of the structure and porosity as a result of which change the redox potential of the soil, where there are soil free and bound amino acids. But it should be
noted that in these processes involved more active amino acids. In these horizons the rise of the density of the soil, its deviation from the optimal parameters causes a reduction of seed germination, inhibition of root growth and the plants, etc., which changes the composition and properties of amino acids.
It must be remembered that many of the physic-chemical properties of soil, such as redox properties associated with the content of organic substances composed of amino acids. This loss of organic matter leads to a decrease in the contents of individual amino acids, where there is a qualitative change.
Every soil forming organic matter is characterized by physic-chemical conditions, soil pH and other properties.
Amino acids, as in proteins, and free, is found in various living organisms. So NH2CH2COOH glycine is found in the muscles of the lower animals and in some plants such as sugar beets. In the form of lycine (CH3)3N+CH2COO-, a fully inner salt, it is found in some plants. Glycine can be formed by protein hydrolysis. On the basis of glycine obtained is low-toxic systemic herbicide "roundup" (OH)2OP-CH2-NH-CH2-COOH, which is perfectly destroys broad-leaved weeds in plantations of fruit-berry cultures [6]. Therefore, it can be assumed that in our garden soil, provides, and also formed glycine and as a result of the hydrolysis of proteins during the period of application of phosphorus fertilizers, it is possible to expect reduction of contamination of garden broad-leaved weeds such as burdock, plantain, etc.
Years of our observations in the gardens and farms of the Fergana district made large provisions of phosphate fertilizers on the order of 250-350 kg/he of phosphorus in the early days of the introduction of the observed wilting and then the death of the plantain and burdock, which is obviously associated with the above mentioned reasons. Given show that the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and mineral elements in plants varies in wide limits and depends not only on the type and soil and climatic conditions and the group and fractional humus composition, and mineralogical composition of soils and soil-forming rocks and a number of other documented and undocumented factors that need to be addressed.
One must be aware that amino acids contain bound nitrogen in the form of H2N-, HN= this potential nitrogen nutrient for plants. For example, under the
action of the enzyme arginase, arginine can turn into a, ^-distinovalerian acid and urea. Education urea is nitrogen fertilizer.
Observations have revealed that in the field experience with the cultivation of potatoes, on the options, which was made of fertilizer in the amount N150P120K25 kg/he in the fruit contains the protein to 1,75%, in the second embodiment, the introduction N200P160K100 kg/he protein contained 1,92 percent, in the third embodiment, where the introduction N250P200K125 kg/he, the protein content increased to 2,04% at the same infestation of broadleaf weeds decreased with increase of phosphorus in the soil, which leads to an increase in the number of roundup. But the growth of nitrogen fertilizers at the same time led to their growth in the fruits, therefore, negatively affecting the ease of potato.
With the growth of the amount of mineral fertilizers on the rise, wet shivering to 2,6% before 0,7% for control variant [7]. Wet decaying potato hydrolysis of protein and the formation of a number of amino acids such as glycine, alanine etc. As set forth above formed, a glycine as the result of biogeochemical processes turns roundup, which is affected by consuming the above mentioned weeds. From the above small review implies that
soil amino acids should be examined comprehensively until their use in agriculture.
The main emphasis needs to be directed to their quantity and quality and their organic, inorganic complex compounds in a variety of irrigated and non-irrigated soils of the arid zone.
1. The influence of the quantity and quality of amino acids on the quantity and quality of humus and the humus condition of the irrigated and rain fed virgin gray soils and other soils.
2. Changes in amino acids composition of the soil depending on the type and subtype of soils and their degree of culture net, and condition of cultivated plants.
3. The influence of the elemental composition of soils on the quantity and quality of amino acids and their individual, group correlation.
4. Changes of amino acid composition of irrigated soil under the influence of mineral, organic fertilizers and crop rotation.
5. The influence of amino acid composition of soils on the quality and quantity of weeds in orchards, cotton, wheat.
6. The relationship of amino acid composition of soils and plants and their content of nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients.
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