CC BY
47
CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES: THREATS, VULNERABILITIES AND PROTECTION
Danijela D. Protic
General Staff of Serbian Army, Department for Telecommunication and Informatics (J-6), Centre for Applied Mathematics and Electronics, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia e-mail: [email protected],
ORCID iD: ©http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0827-2863
DOI: 10.5937/vojtehg64-9986
FIELD: Electronics, Telecommunication, Security, Transportation ARTICLE TYPE: Review Paper ARTICLE LANGUAGE: English
Abstract:
This paper presents six critical infrastructure sectors: electric power systems, energy sources and supply, manufacturing, transport and storage of hazardous substances, traffic and transportation, information-telecommunication infrastructure, and supply with basic viands. The sources of adverse unwanted events due to accidents, technical faults, natural disasters, and human error are presented. Prediction and prevention of these events are explained in details.
Key words: transportation, protection, vulnerabilities, threat, critical infrastructure, hazards.
Introduction
Critical infrastructures are important infrastructures the destruction or incapacity of which can have tremendous consequences for national security, economy, environment and people. Critical infrastructure relates to assets, physical facilities, systems, communication networks, processes and supply chains which, if destroyed or degraded, would significantly affect the well-being of the nation. Disruption of critical infrastructure can result in catastrophic loss of life, adverse economic effects, etc.
Critical infrastructure protection involves programs and activities implemented by government, regulatory bodies, research institutions, users and owners, in order to reduce vulnerability in case of an unwanted
event. It also includes crisis management in order to strengthen resilience of critical infrastructure (Lewis, 2006). The European Union (EU) (2006) has adopted the action plan for the protection based on the prevention of incidents which may disrupt critical infrastructure security. The plan relates to detection and response to security breaches, recovery from accidents, and international cooperation. According to this plan, critical infrastructure consists of activities, networks, services, material goods and information technology that, if destructed, can have significant impact on health, safety and economic prosperity of the citizens and/or the economy of the member-states. Also, national critical infrastructures of member-states are defined as systems, networks and facilities of national importance whose disruption may have serious impacts to national security, health, property, environment, security, economic stability and governments (Protic, 2012, pp.82-101). In Great Britain, Sweden, Netherlands and Switzerland, the most common critical infrastructure is telecommunications. In Germany, one of the most important critical infrastructure sectors is also communication infrastructure, (O'Neil, Dempsey, 2000, p.12), Canada and Australia also included mass media. In the United States of America (US) critical infrastructure sectors are agriculture, food, water, public health, emergency services, government, defense industrial base, information and telecommunications, energy, transportation, banking and finance, chemical industry, postal and shipping (Kljajic et al., 2010, pp.75-78). Considering that disasters and adverse unwanted events most often occur locally, national strategies ensure that the first response to emergencies is local. On the other hand, federal authorities have responsibilities to manage emergencies at the national and global level (Sluzbeni glasnik, 86/2011). Also, their jurisdictions are laws and regulations in this field, as well as strategy for increasing resilience of critical infrastructures. In 2012, Gospic et al. summarized critical infrastructures in information and communications, electric power, transportation, oil & gas, banking and finance, water & emergency services, and government (Gospic et al., 2012, pp.51-59). Moreover, the authors refer to the standards in risk management which are also the scope of this work.
In accordance with the literature rewiev and the good practice, six critical infrastructure sectors are presented here, respectively: (1) electric power systems, (2) energy sources and supply, (3) manufacturing, transport and storage of hazardous substances, (4) traffic and transportation, (5) information-telecommunications infrastructure, and (6) supply with basic viands (NIPP, 2013). Threats, vulnerabilities and protection of these infrastructure sectors are shown in the following text, respectively. The last chapter concludes the paper.
CO
oo I
CM OD
c
cp
t£ o
U—' o <u o cr
T3 c ro </>
i5
<D
:3 >
ro
<D
I—
tti <D 13
o
tn ro
O Q
o CL
co
"o >
CD
O CM
of
UJ
a.
Z)
o
o <
o
X
o
LU
H ^
a. <
H
<
CD >Q
X LU H O
O >
Electric power systems
Electric power systems belong to the world's most complex man-made systems. Power generation, long-distance transmission lines and local distribution systems must all work together to deliver electricity to a range of users (https://mitei.mit.edu/). Electrical power outages significantly affect society and economy, causing cascading effects. Protecting this critical infrastructure implies the preservation of its basic functions in a way that is consistent with appropriate risk assessments, which are carried out in several phases. First, the sources of risks are examined. They may be technical or mechanical, natural disasters, human errors, and the like. Then, the following impacts of accident are estimated: 1) rapidity (constant, slow, fast speed), 2) duration (intermittent, continuous), 3) spread effects (local, national, global), 4) frequency (event happens frequently, sometimes, again), 5) reliability (deterministic, heuristic, unknown), etc. The protection is carried out at power sources, generators, transmission lines, distribution systems, information and communication systems, etc. Protective equipment is used, as well as mechanisms for switching electrical circuits, protective relays, protective chambers and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems, for generator monitoring, whereas consoles which monitor production no longer have to be in the vicinity of the manufacturing plant (Inductive automation, 2016). The problem that arises is a cyber-attack.
Production and distribution of electrical energy
Electrical energy is generated by production plants where the primary source of energy is converted into electrical energy. Conventional power plants can be hydro, thermal and nuclear power plants (Rajkovic, Kukulj, 2011). Hydroelectric energy is converted by hydraulic turbine coupled with a generator. In a thermal power plant, fuel is burned in steam boilers in which high-pressure steam is produced. A steam turbine converts steam into mechanical energy. A nuclear power plant consists of a nuclear reactor which generates heat by nuclear fission of uranium. Heat passes to liquid carbon dioxide, water or sodium. Processes that follow are similar to those in thermal power plants. Figure 1 gives a diagram of a typical system for the generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy from power plants to industrial, commercial and residential users, i.e. consumers (www.kids.eb.com).
Picture 1 - Production and distribution of electrical energy Рис. 1 - Производство и распределение электрической энергии Slika 1 - Proizvodnja i distribucija elektricne energije
Electric power networks consist of a distribution system that includes low-, medium-, and high-voltage networks, substations, information and telecommunication systems, and other energy facilities for maintenance and management of the network and equipment.
Safety in the production and distribution of electrical energy is based on the resilient system and surveillance, guard, duplication of the most important equipment, because the outage of any part of the system may cause long-term losses and consequences on health and environment. Losses can be (1) related to the IT sector, (2) material (3) destruction of equipment, (4) various damage in urban areas, etc.
Renewable energy
Hydropower, wind, solar energy, biomass energy and geothermal energy are all renewable energy sources (Jovanovic, 2013). In contrast to energy sources such as coal, oil, or gas that pollute environment and cause the greenhouse effect, renewable energy sources are inexhaustible and do not pollute the environment. Protection of renewable sources is identical to the principles of the protection of other energy power systems (physical security, monitoring, SCADA). Special attention is paid to possible damage of pipelines for hot water in urban areas.
Energy sources and supply
Energetic stability is a subject of growing global concern because a large number of countries do not have their own sources to ensure energy independence (Kolev, 2013, pp.31). Instead, they often rely on energy sources located in other countries, which are often away and sometimes unstable. Today, considering complicated modern energy security challenges, decision-makers of every state should first learn scientific approaches to the new field of protection in energy policies in order to be able to deeply understand the national-level cooperation on economic, political, infrastructure and military aspects. In this regard, energy planners are responsible for critical energy infrastructures regarding the protection of energy facilities and infrastructures in state territories (see Figure 2), involving measures oriented to prevent damage and restore safe and reliable energy supply sources under the best conditions. (Hazard strateji enstitutsu, 2014).
Picture 2 - Energy sources and supply chains Рис. 2 - Энергоисточники и сети истемы снабжения Slika 2 - Izvori energije i lanci snabdevanja
Measures and actions taken in order to achieve a reliable and safe energy supply, qualitative distribution of electricity, environment projects, cooperation with other countries, market development, etc. represent the energy policy of any state and are preventive measures for protection. Three paragraphs that follow describe the protection of gas supply, oil and petroleum product supply and supply of solid fuels, respectively.
Gas supply
From an economic and ecological point of view - gas is the most acceptable energy source. It is produced by dry distillation of coal, byproducts of agricultural waste or by gaseous fuel from other gases by purification, or blending. Gas supply is a chain that consists of natural or synthetic gas production, pipelines and distribution network. In this chain, a big role is also given to dealers who organize the sale of gas through the distribution network to customers. Gas supply does not include the extraction of natural gas, coke ovens operation, manufacturing petroleum derivatives and technical fuel, and distribution of gaseous fuels through transport pipelines. Customers of natural gas, the facilities of which are connected to the distribution system and customers who buy small quantities of gas are entitled to public supply, and the rest of the customers buy gas from the licensed supplier (Agencija za energetiku RS, 2015).
To connect to a pipeline, one should have a house connector, a control/measurement set, gas installation and a consumption counter. Communal inspectorate, sanitary inspectorate and fire police are responsible for safety of gas distribution and gas supply. The very fact that these inspectorates exist clearly indicates the system with a high risk. The prevention measures needed for this system are the following: employees have to be familiar (or educated) with technical regulations, connectors and distribution network, they need to know protective measures against fire, first aid, etc.
Oil and petroleum products supply
In accordance with the objectives of energy policy, it is necessity to increase supply of oil and petroleum products and thus facilitate development of a competitive market, which encourage the development of economy and at the same time retain economic control in the transport via pipelines, and transport of derivatives through product pipelines. The overall structure of petroleum products is dominated by motor fuels (gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, liquid petroleum gas), fuel oil, etc. (Komisija za zastitu konkurencije RS, 2012).
Facilities for oil and petroleum derivatives must be constructed to follow technical rules for manufacturing space, equipment, devices, storage, and sale. Protection is performed as follows: the fuel pump must have indoor and outdoor space, the surface must be built on solid materials (concrete, stone, asphalt), the space should be illuminated, and the pumping machine must be marked clearly and connected to the tanks for dispensing. Facilities for wholesale trade of oil must be fenced having tanks whose volume depends on the derivative.
co
"o >
CD
O CM
of
UJ
a.
Z)
o
o <
o
X
o
LU
H ^
a. <
H
<
CD >Q
X LU H O
O >
Storage of oil, petroleum products and biofuels are in a direct relation with trade so economic entities engaged in this activity must have appropriate permissions to trade (Sluzbeni glasnik RS, 57/2011). However, since the requirements for obtaining such licenses are rigorous in terms of security measures, this is the first line of defense against accidents, errors or malicious attacks on supply and storage.
Solid fuels supply
Solid fuels are used for electricity generation in thermal power plants, in agriculture, industry, heating plants, and in households as firewood (Markovic, 2011). The combustion of solid fuels has one of the largest impacts on health and the environment. Solid fuels are a complex combination of chemical and biological substances so their combusting result in the emission of sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, flying particles of ashes, organic materials, gases, microelements, and halogens (fluorine and chlorine).
Large-scale fires are rare in solid fuels supply chain. Nevertheless, industry has to apply the prevention measures by training personal for fire protection, the first aid, handling combustible materials, maintenance of storages, and similar.
Manufacturing, transport and storage of hazardous substances
Critical infrastructure that consists of manufacturing, transportation and storage of dangerous, hazardous materials, is one of critical infrastructures that influence economy and relate to other critical infrastructures. One of the reasons is that hazardous materials, during manufacturing, transportation, storage or handling, can be extremely dangerous to the health and environment. On the other hand, hazardous substances are important and used on a daily basis in households, agriculture and industry. Depending on their chemical characteristics, their aggregate state, and a degree of hazard, dangerous substances are classified in 13 classes as follows: (1) Class 1 - explosives and objects with explosive materials, (2) Class 2 - gases, (3) Class 3 - flammable liquids, (4) Class 4.1 - flammable solids, self-reactive substances and de-sensitivity explosives, (5) Class 4.2 - substances liable to spontaneous combustion, (6) Class 4.3 - substances that emit flammable gases in contact with water, (7) Class 5.1 - oxidizing materials, (8) Class 5.2 - organic peroxides, (9) Class 6.1 - Toxic
materials, (10) Class 6.2 - infectious substances, (11) Class 7 -radioactive substances, (12) Class 8 - corrosive substances and (13) Class 9 - other dangerous substances (Zakon o prevozu opasnih materija, 2002). Chemicals are classified as elementary, special, agricultural, pharmaceutical and those for consumer usage (Sluzbeni glasnik RS, 36/2009, 88/2010 and 92/2011).
Products of chemical industry are used as fertilizers, chlorine for water treatment, polymers for oil derivatives manufacturing, product for households, industry and many more. Considering the diversity of industry, it is very difficult to determine the profile of protection in general. Instead, risks are assessed for each production-consumption chain, due to the variety in manufacturing technology, design of products and relevant manufacturing processes. Vulnerabilities are related to: 1) terrorist attacks and the release of dangerous chemicals that could potentially endanger human lives, 2) chemical weapons or products that can be used as weapons, and 3) psychological effects of the consequences of accidents on the population. Threats can be natural disasters, caused by human factors, technical threats or malfunctions, disruption of electricity, and similar. Natural disasters can be earthquakes, eruptions, windstorms and hurricanes. Human accidental or intentional errors can be terrorism, cyber attacks, explosions, bombing, as well as traffic accidents, breakdowns, etc. Law, rules and standards regulate safety of manufacturing, usage and storage of hazardous materials in order to reduce the probability of accidents. Attacks on critical infrastructure, technical errors and malfunctions result in large pollution so it is extremely important to ensure all processes from manufacturing to consumption. Numerous raw materials, by-products and final products are carriers of risks in the manufacturing and handling hazardous substances. Accidents concerned with them cannot be predicted. For that reason, the necessity is education in areas related to a specific vulnerable system, hazardous substances, policies, standards and regulations. Additional education of personnel should be performed periodically during their professional engagement.
Production of hazardous substances
A large number of manufacturing plants which use various raw materials and products based on highly toxic chemicals are a serious threat to a broad territory, with unforeseeable consequences for people, environment and the economy, if an accident happens (Gacesa, 2012, pp.312-315). For these reasons, production of hazardous substances has to be ensured from any occurrence of incidents. That is why manufacturing processes are separated one from another. (To prevent a
co
"o >
CD
O CM
of
UJ
a.
Z)
o
o <
o
X
o
UJ
H ^
a. <
H
w <
CD >Q
X UJ
H O
O >
possible cascade effect that could affect other parts of the industry process.) For this purpose, a control system for monitoring and alerting can be very useful and important. Also, a major role in a crisis that arises from an unwanted event such as malfunction, technical errors, human error, or similar, is played by staff trained to react quickly to accidents (calling emergency services, fire fighting, first aid, etc). Panic in working with hazardous substances must be reduced to a minimum.
Transport of hazardous substances
One of the risks of handling hazardous substances is moving them from one place to another. Hazardous substances are transferred by roads, railways, waterways and through the air, in accordance with internationally agreed rules, recommendations and predefined procedures for carrying out safe transport (Sluzben glasnik SRJ, 15/1995, 28/1996 and 37/2002). Senders, carriers and recipients participate in the transport of hazardous materials and follow several steps: senders determine whether the substances are classified in accordance with standards and give information about them to carriers. Carriers must have permission to transport goods. In addition, they are obliged to use appropriate packaging for the transport and to ensure that empty packages are cleaned and properly marked. Carriers note that hazardous materials fulfill legislations, provide transport documents, visually inspect and check that everything is according to standard, note if all permits are valid, verifiy that a vehicle is not overloaded, etc. Recipients shall not postpone the receipt of goods without any particular reason and must confirm receipt of hazardous substances. They examine goods and documentation and provide unloading only if there were not failures in transport. Finally, they clean and decontaminate vehicles or containers. If there are changes in goods, the recipient can refuse reception.
Storage of hazardous substances
Warehousing of hazardous substances ensures maximum protection and minimum risks of serious injuries and damage to the environment (Sluzbeni glasnik RS, 92/2010). Storage of hazardous materials is performed by qualified personnel, responsible and licensed for handling dangerous substances. The warehouse must be built in accordance with regulations, standards, technical requirements, government planning, and construction of warehouses. Access to the warehouse must be protected from accidents. The space for storage must meet requirements for humidity, temperature, air pressure and lighting. The warehouse must
be cleaned, while explosive and flammable materials must be arranged by type and kept at distance. Empty containers must be stacked according to the type and packed to be sealed with the proper lids, and resistant to the chemicals inside.
Traffic and transportation
Economy and quality of life depend on traffic and transportation systems that function well. Traffic and transportation connect people to jobs, family, medical care, education, and goods needed for everyday life. As with other major critical infrastructures such as water or electricity supply, the importance of traffic and transportation systems become apparent only when problems arise (Transportation Research Board, 2005). Maintenance and protection of this critical infrastructure is one of the key prerequisites for achieving sustainable economic and social development.
Although the terms traffic and transportation are often used interchangeably, in essence they do not have the same meaning. Transportation is a commercial service activity were goods, passengers or energy are moved, conveyed or carried from one place to another. On the other hand, traffic is organized passage of people and vehicles along routes of transportation, which is the result of applied technology and transportation needs. It is a public service, which is tasked to meet the needs of society, i.e. traffic is broader term than transportation.
Traffic and transportation belong to critical infrastructure because of the function of connecting points/destinations, in order to transport people, goods, products, semi-products and derivatives, in a variety of transportation means. Roads, ports, railways, airports, power systems and telecommunications in traffic and transport are most vulnerable to physical damage. A significant part of this infrastructure is an information system for accessing and processing information, maintaining communication during transportation, accessing databases, positioning and other services vulnerable to cyber attacks.
Traffic and transportation networks
Traffic covers provision of transportation services of passengers and freight via roads and railways, waterways and air, as well as services on terminals, parking lots, covering storage and handling cargo. Transport refers to the land infrastructure (highways, bridges, tunnels, and viaducts), aviation (planes and other aircraft, air traffic control, airports, heliports, runaways), waterway infrastructure (coast, ports, waterways, intermodal terminals) and rail transport (highways, secondary active rails,
co
"5 >
CD
O CM
of
UJ
a.
Z) O O
_l <
o
X
o
LU
H >-
OU <
H
<
CD >o
X LU H O
O >
freight wagons, locomotives). In addition, postal transport is one of the essential parts of the transport system.
Bridges, viaducts and tunnels are assessed as high-risk infrastructure for transport. The protection is performed by building flexible bridges with embedded systems for flood and fire protection, help-lines, etc. Modern bridges are equipped with sensors for monitoring the structure to avoid a crisis if the sensors detect the vibrations of the cables, for example. Detectors can be accelerometers, strain gauges, anemometers, temperature sensors, etc. The same principles of protection apply to viaducts since they are bridges over the ground. Tunnel protection is mainly carried out in the process of planning, in accordance with standards for constructions and materials.
Airport operations rely on complex, bounded and stacked infrastructures. An airport is a part of aviation that includes aircraft, air-traffic control, commercial airports, additional airports, heliports, and landing strips. Aviation also includes civil and joint use military airports, heliports, short takeoff and landing ports and seaplane bases (Homeland Security). Four types of events are closely associated with the airport infrastructure: (1) a planned event, (2) an incident, (3) a disaster that causes a lot of damage, but can be managed with an appropriate assistance and (4) a large-scale disaster (catastrophe) that completely disables communities or regions in which it has appeared. Catastrophes can be caused by natural disasters (gale-force winds, floods, earthquakes, landslides, eruptions, wild fires, ice storms), accidents (falls, industrial accidents, infrastructure failures, mechanical failures, human errors), pandemics (SARS, biological weapons), unrests (riots, strikes, demonstrations, boycotts, sabotage), terrorism (explosives, hostages, kidnapping, cyber-crime), and the like. What is most important in protecting airports is to ensure continuity of operations in urgent situations (prevention, preparedness, mitigation, response to crisis, recovery from crisis and reconstruction). A quick reaction is the task of response teams; however, the structure of the airport, organization, management policies and defense must ensure normal functioning in an emergency as well.
Communications, energy, transportation, water supply and other critical infrastructures largely depend on computer networks whose functions of generation, processing, storage and data transmission are very vulnerable to malicious attacks that can extremely destabilize the
Information and telecommunication infrastructure
economy, jeopardize national security and disrupt the quality of daily life. Generating, processing, and exchanging information are now fast and efficient, which significantly reflects modern business and life in general. At the same time, all the benefits provided by development and implementation of new technologies have become a source of potential attacks on sensitive information that can be available to unauthorized users, modified, or destroyed. Figure 3 presents the architecture overview of the interoperable communications platform that links together police, fire, hospitals, schools, mails, and other community assets (www.mutualink.net, 2009). This platform is one of various tools for improving community safety and readiness.
Picture 3 - Mutualink platform Рис. 3 - Мутуалинк платформа Slika 3 - Mutualink platforma
The Mutualink is a comunity wide inter-operable multimedia platform which links together two-way radios, telephones, and public address systems is such a way that video and data files can be shared among parties on a real-time incident basis, which enhances preparedness and effectiveness in an emergency.
Telecommunications network
A telecommunications network is a structure of computing telecommunication resources for communication and information between distant locations. Telecommunications networks include
co
"o >
CD
O CM
of
UJ
a.
Z) O
o <
o
X
o
UJ
H >-
OH <
H
<
CD >o
X UJ
H O
O >
terminals (for accessing the network), computers (that process information and are interconnected by the network), links (that form a channel through which information is transmitted from a sending device to a receiving device), telecommunications equipment (that facilitates the transmission of information), and telecommunications software (that controls message transmission over the network) (http://www.umsl.edu/).
Two principal types of telecommunications networks can be distinguished from the point of view of their geographical scope: Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN), each of them containing active equipment (switches, routers, PBX equipment, wireless communications, optical converters), and passive equipment (optical and copper cables, antennas, sockets). Telecommunications networks can be public, mobile, cable, hybrid, optical access networks, low voltage networks, etc (Vujic, Dukic, 2015). The first one is used between stationary terminal points. In a mobile network, terminal points are not at specific locations and the terminal-points connections are carried out via the radio. Cable networks are primarily designed for TV signals transmission to the terrain where the classic reception is not possible (a large number of users receive the same content). In the hybrid network, the access network is realized with coaxial cables, while fiber optic cables are used to connect the central hub and peripheral hubs. The optical network provides a broad access solution with transmission based on multiplexing. A low-voltage power network can be used as a telecommunications network in suburbs or villages, with approximately equal distribution of housing facilities throughout the territory, where substations must be close to each other. A low-voltage network is a poor transmission medium, having low bandwidth and high interference.
Telecommunications networks connect other critical infrastructures, so that any potential vulnerability of these networks is a threat to telecommunication networks and vice versa. Vulnerabilities occur at devices, network infrastructures, data content, etc. so combating threats requires a cooperation between manufacturers, operators, providers, suppliers, users and the state, which must be focused on the prevention and awareness of threats.
Information and communication system
The information and communication system consists of personnel, hardware, software, cable connections, wireless connections, power supply, and equipment. Each of the assets plays a role in maintaining transmission between users or between other systems. For that reason, processing and distribution of information have to be carried out in real
time, thus meeting the needs of users, business and public services, whose activities are related to the online communication.
The structure of the information and communication system indicates the vulnerability of a large number of elements that can be classified into: physical threats (architecture, hardware, power supply) and cyber threats (information processing, decision-support systems, and services). The information and communication system can be impacted by natural disasters (physical destruction), industrial accidents (construction collapse, fire), product or service failures (communication failure, data centre failure), public relations (unwelcome media attention, adverse publicity of media), business and management (hostile takeover, sudden strike, competitor launches new product), etc. It is impossible to protect information and communication systems from all threats. However, prevention of some accidents (before they happen) and response to them (after they occur) can be done. There are four steps to ensure business continuum: (1) planning (getting business in the best position to react to, and recover from, an emergency), (2) incident response (processes put in place to ensure that business reacts properly and orderly to an incident as it occurs), (3) accident management (coordination of responses to an incident that threatens to harm, or has harmed, people, structures, ability to operate valuables and reputation), (4) business continuity (restore system to normal functions) (Holman, Houser, 2011).
Absolute protection of information and communication systems is impossible to achieve, but it is possible to achieve a high level of security within a network, operating systems, applications, databases and procedures. For information and communication systems, security can be achieved by the CIA Triad (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability). Moreover, protection are authentication, accountability, access control, non-repudiation, intrusion-detection, Denial of Service, etc. (IBM, 2005). That provides access control, identity verification, encryption, confidentiality, etc.
Attacks to the information and communication infrastructure can be diverse: passive and active, internal (insider) or external, and similar. The most known attacks are (l) Denial of Service - the legitimate users are not allowed to use the network because of overloaded network services. This attack paralyzes the functions of the server, or a web site. The attack reduces bandwidth and damages information about configuration. The protection can be carried out by turning off some network services, back upping, etc. (2) Phishing is a form of fraud in which the attacker tries to learn information such as log in credential, or accounting information, by masquering as a reputable entity or person in e-mail, instant message, and other communication channels. A gateway e-mail
CO
oo I
CM 00 c
cp
c o
U—' o <u o cr
T3 c ro </>
i5
<D
:3 >
ro
<D
I—
tti <D 13
o
tn ro
O
(0
□L
co
"o >
CD
O CM
of
UJ
a.
Z) O
o <
o
X
o
UJ
H >-
OH <
H
<
CD >o
X UJ
H O
O >
filter can trap many targeted phishing e-mails. A web security gateway can also provide another security layer by preventing users from reaching the target of malicious link. (3) Botnet is a collection of compromised computers often referred as zombies infected with malware that allows an attacker to control them. Botnet owners are able to control the machines in their botnet by means of covert channels such as Internet Relay Chat, issuing commands to perform malicious activities such as sending spam mail, and information theft. (4) Spam is an electronic version of junk mail. An unsolicited e-mail involves sending unwanted messages to a large number of recipients. To-do measures against spam are installing spam filtering/blockage software, deleting emails suspected as spam, reading e-mails in plain text, keep software and security patches up-to-date, etc. (5) Sniffing and spoofing refer to listening to a conversation. Sniffer is an application that can capture network packets using a sniffer. Once the packet is captured, the contents of packets can be analyzed. Sniffers are used by hackers to capture sensitive information such as passwords, account information, etc. The attacker can follow the path until he finds the switch to which he is connected. From there, the attacker can enable a monitor port as the port to which he is connected. Switch security is the first line of network security from internal hacking. Switch security is the path attackers must go through to get to the rest of the network (Tetz, 2015). Spoofing refers to actively introducing network traffic pretending to be someone else. It is typically used in a scenario where one generates network packets that say they originated by computer A while they are really originated by computer B. (6) Malicious software (malwer) is any software that gives partial to full control of one's computer to do whatever malware creator wants. Malwares are categorized as viruses, worms, trojans, and backdoors. Adware and spyware seek to embed themselves to watch what the user does, and act upon that data. Root kits seek to give full access of one's machine to the attacker to do what they want (http://www.seas.ucla.edu).
Supply with basic viands has critical dependencies with transportation systems, energy sector, water systems, chemical and dams. This critical infrastructure comprises manufacturing, processing and delivery systems,which consist of farms, restaurants, warehouses, etc. Critical infrastructure of basic viands supply consists of two substructures. One supplies people with water and the other one supplies them with food. These two infrastructures are described in the chapters that follow.
Supply with basic viands
Water supply
Water supply and quality of drinking water are indicators of population's health, thus confirming their important role in daily life. Changes in water supply cause discomfort and anxiety in people, reduce hygiene and affect life and economy in general. Consequently, water supply is a critical infrastructure. The sector of water supply is sensitive to a number of possible attacks including contaminations, physical attacks, or release of toxic gases. The results of attacks are sick or dead people, and disabled services such as fire fighting, working of hospitals, storage of meat products, etc.
Water supply is a complex system that consists of hydraulic structures, i.e. (1) wells (water supply systems that have water reservoir and water distribution and fountains), (2) systems for raw water transportation, (3) water treatment plants, and (4) distribution networks consisting of tunnels for primary transport, water supply networks, pumping stations and reservoirs.
The protection is carried out through prevention, control and maintenance. Water used for public supply must be safe to drink, according to the predescribed standards, recommendations and directives, which are mandatory in the country. Water quality is determined by inspection of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. During each inspection, data is taken from (1) sources (2) reservoirs, and (3) distribution networks. Principles of risk assessment are monitoring and reporting on water pollution indicators. Pollution is a chemical, physical or biological change in water that has a negative impact on people and/or environment. Water pollutants can be concentrated facilities such as urban areas, industrial facilities, landfills, or can be spread out such as land with pesticides and fertilizers, or dumps.
Food suply
Production, distribution, storage, and supply with food is one of the most critical infrastructures that depends on many other critical infrastructures, such as production and distribution of water, transportation, energy, chemicals' supply and others. Bases of this critical infrastructure are (1) acquisition of raw materials, cultivation of crops and livestock (2) manufacturing, processing and packaging of food, (3) storage, and (4) transportation and distribution of products.
The protection is implemented in the food supply chains for livestock and livestock food, in vegetable production chains (seeds, fertilizers), and in other parts of infrastructure for manufacturing, storage and distribution of
food. The focus of food safety is to protect the food supply from chemical, biological, radiological and other contamination. Deliberated actions on the food supply chain are unpredictable but accidental contamination can be prevented or early detected to minimize the consequences of an accident.
Conclusion
Critical infrastructures have a significant role in national strategies of many countries, which increasingly intensifies efforts in protection of these vulnerable systems. Strategies for the protection of critical infrastructures have become strategies of sustainability of government, economic stability, prosperity, industry, public health and environment. In the last two decades, the most important critical infrastructures were electric power systems, transportation, water and food supply, agriculture, and vital industrial plants. In the modern world, information and telecommunications technology, mass media, banking and finance, and the environment have also become critical infrastructures.
Each state determines its own critical infrastructures in accordance with the requirements of its national policy. Unions, such as the EU, have certain criteria for the Union, while each state is free to estimate their critical infrastructures. Results from practice show that the most known critical infrastructures are electric power systems, energy supply, manufacturing, transport and storage of hazardous substances, traffic and transport, information and telecommunication infrastructure and the supply of basic viands, described in this paper.
Depending on the type of infrastructure, threats to critical infrastructures can be classified into two groups: physical threats, and cyber attacks. Pipelines, substations, warehouses, communications infrastructure and industrial plants are mostly exposed to physical threats. Cyber threats jeopardize systems for monitoring and control, databases, operating systems, software, automated production facilities, and the like.
Vulnerabilities of critical infrastructures are determined by their functions. Generators, distribution networks and information and telecommunication networks are vulnerabilities of electrical power systems. In energy sources and distribution networks, these are gas and oil pipelines, manufacturing and warehouses. In the production and treatment of hazardous substances, vulnerabilities are products as well as transportation and storage of substances. In traffic and transportation, the most vulnerable structures are airports, bridges and tunnels. Physical infrastructure is one of the two vulnerabilities in the information and telecommunication systems. The other one is related to the communications. Manufacturing, supply and storage of food and water are vulnerabilities of viands.
Protection of critical infrastructures has to be carried out for each infrastructure depending on its threats and vulnerabilities. It is necessary to protect all parts of the critical infrastructure considering various functions and physical infrastructure. It is essential that a risk is assessed and that all employees are well trained. Physical protection of systems is performed by fencing, guarding, blockades, or separation of production processes because of the domino effect. Protection against cyber attacks is important in infrastructure components which are controlled by computer networks, connected to the Internet, or based on automated production processes.
References
Agencija za energetiku Republike Srbije. . Trziste energije. Prirodni gas. Retrieved from http://www.aers.rs/Index.asp?l=1&a=42&tp=TEG 2016 Jan 5.
Commission of the European communities. 2006. Communications from the Commission on a Europe Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection.Brussels: Commission of the European communities.
Gacesa, N. 2012. Prikaz monografije "Opasne materije" autora Vlade Radica. Vojnotehnicki glasnik/Military Technical Courier, 60(1), pp.312-315.
Gospic, N., Muric, G., & Bogojevic, D. 2012. Managing critical infrastructure for sustainable development in the telecommunications sector in the Republic of Serbia. E-society Journal, 51.
Holman, E., & Houser, K. 2011. Managing a Disaster: Getting Started with IT Crisis Management and Emergency Response Teams, IBM, SHARE in Orlando. Session 10388..
Introduction to z/OS Security 2005. IBM Corporation.
Jovanovic, B.. Obnovljivi izvori energije. Retrieved from http://www.raris.org/download/Prezentacija_0krugli%20sto_%200bnovljivi%20izvori%20 energije.pdf 2016 Jan 4.
Kljajic, Z., Mandzuka, S., & Skorput, P. 2010. Primjena ICT-a u upravljanju kriticnom infrastrukturom u tranzicijskom zemljama. Telekomunikacioni forum TELFOR, 18, pp.75-78.
Kolev, D. 2013. Globalni aspekt energetske bezbednosti. SVAROG, 6, pp.18-31. DOI 107251/SVR1306018K.
Komisija za zastitu konkurencije Republike Srbije. . Izvestaj o sektorskoj analizi trzista trgovine na veliko i trgovine na malo derivatima nafte u 2011. godini. Retrieved from http://www.kzk.org.rs/kzk/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Sektorska-analiza-trziste-nafte_2011-godina_ZA-SAJT.pdf 2016 Jan 5.
Lewis, G. 2006. Critical Infrastructure Protection in Homeland Security: Defending a Networked Nation.New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc..
Markovic, D. 2011. Procesna i energetska efkasnost.Beograd: Univerzitet Singidunum.
NIPP. . Partnering for Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience. Retrieved from http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/NIPP%202013_Partnering%20for%20C ritical%20Infrastructure%20Security%20and%20Resilience_508_0.pdf 2015 Dec 15.
Official web site of the Department of Homeland Security, Transportation System Sector. Retrieved from http://www.dhs.gov/transportation-systems-sector 2016 Jan 5.
Official web site of the Department of Homeland Security, Food and Agriculture Sector. Retrieved from http://www.dhs.gov/food-and-agriculture-sector 2016 Jan 8.
O'Neil, M.J., & Dempsey, J.X. 2000. Critical infrastructure protection: Threats to privacy and other civil liberties and concerns with government mandates or industry. Depaul Business Law Journal, 12, pp.97.
Protic, D. 2012. Strategija razvoja informacionog drustva u Republici Srbiji do 2020. godine - bezbednost i kriticna infrastruktura. Vojnotehnicki glasnik/Military Technical Courier, 60(4), pp.82-101.
Rajkovic, D., & Kukulj, N. 2011. Proizvodnja i pretvorba energje.Rudarsko-geoloski-naftni fakultet, Sveuciliste Zagreb.
Sluzbeni glasnik RS, 92/2010, Pravilnik o nacinu skladistenja, pakovanja i obelezavanja opasnog otpada. JP „Sluzbeni glasnik", Beograd.
Sluzbeni glasnik RS, 86/2011. Nacionalna strategija zastite i spasavanja u vanrednim situacijama. JP „Sluzbeni glasnik", Beograd.
Sluzbeni glasnik RS, 57/2011. Zakon o energetici. JP „Sluzbeni glasnik", Beograd.
Sluzbeni glasnik RS, 36/2009, 88/2010, 92/2011. Zakon o hemikalijama. JP „Sluzbeni glasnik", Beograd.
Sluzbeni list SRJ, 15/95, 28/96, 37/2002. Zakon o proizvodnji i prometu opasnih materija. JP „Sluzbeni glasnik", Beograd.
Tetz, E.. Common Network Attack Strategies: Packet Sniffing. Retrieved from http: //www. dummies. com/how-to/content/common-network-attack-strategies-packet-sniffing.html 2016 Jan 11.
Transportation Research Board. 2005. Critical Issues in Transportation. Retrieved from http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/general/CriticalIssues06.pdf 2016 Jan 11.
Vujic, D., & Dukic, M. 2015. Telekomunikacione pristupne mreze. Retrieved from http://www.telfor.rs/telfor2002/radovi/2-7.pdf
Zakon o prevozu opasnih materija 2002. Retrieved from http://www.mup.gov.rs/domino/zakoni.nsf/Zakon%20o%20prevozu%20opasnih%20materi ja.pdf 2016 Jan 5.
Retrieved from https://mitei.mit.edu/research/innovations/electric-power-systems-policy 2016 Jan 11.
Retrieved from www.umsl.edu/~joshik/msis480/chapt07.htm 2016 Jan 6.
Retrieved from http://www.seas.ucla.edu 2016 Jan 11.
Retrieved from https://inductiveautomation.com/what-is-scada 2016 Jan 4. What is SCADA . Inductive automation.
КРИТИЧЕСКАЯ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРА: УГРОЗЫ, УЯЗВИМОСТЬ И ЗАЩИТА
ДаниелаД. Протич
Генеральный штаб Вооруженных сил Республики Сербия, Управление информатики и телекоммуникаций ^-6), Центр прикладной математики и электроники, Белград
ОБЛАСТЬ: электроника, телекоммуникации,
безопасность, транспорт ТИП СТАТЬИ: обзорная статья ЯЗЫК СТАТЬИ: английский
Резюме:
В данной работе приведены шесть видов критической инфраструктуры: электроэнергетические системы, сети распределения и снабжения энергоносителей, производство, сбыт, складирование и хранение опасных материалов, первозка и транспорт, информационно-телекоммуникационные сети, снабжение продуктами питания.
В статье также представлены источники возникновения потенциальных аварий, чрезвычайных ситуаций, несчастных случаев, технических ошибок, опасных природных явлений и влияние человеческого фактора. Подробно описаны мероприятия по предотвращению и профилактике приведенных рисков.
Ключевые слова: транспорт, защита, уязвимость, угроза, критическая инфраструктура, случай, риски.
KRITICNE INFRASTRUKTURE: PRETNJE, RANJIVOSTI I ZASTITA
Danijela D. Protic
Generalstab Vojske Srbije, Uprava za telekomunikacije i informatiku (J-6), Centar za primenjenu matematiku i elektroniku, Beograd, Republika Srbija
OBLAST: elektronika, telekomunikacije, bezbednost, saobracaj VRSTA CLANKA: pregledni clanak JEZIK CLANKA: engleski
Sazetak:
U radu je prikazano sest kriticnih infrastruktura: elektroenergetski si-stemi, mreza distribucije i snabdevanje energentima, proizvodnja, promet i skladistenje opasnih materija, saobracaj i transport; informaciono-teleko-munikaciona infrastruktura i snabdevanje osnovnim zivotnim namirnica-ma. Prikazani su izvori mogucih nezeljenih dogadaja usled nezgoda, ne-sreca, tehnickih gresaka, kvarova, prirodnih nepogoda i uticaja ljudskog faktora. Detaljno su objasnjene prevencija i predikcija ovih dogadaja.
Uvod
Kriticne infrastrukture su toliko vazne da njihova destrukcija ili zau-stavljanje rada moze imati ogromne posledice po nacionalnu bezbednost, ekonomiju, zivotnu sredinu i ljude. Kriticna infrastruktura odnosi se na sredstva, sisteme, komunikacione mreze, procese i lance snabdevanja koji, ukoliko su unisteni ili privremeno onesposobljeni za rad, mogu znatno da uticu na dobro stanje nacije. Prekid rada kriticne infrastrukture moze da rezultira ogromnim gubicima zivota, da ima razlicite ekonomske efekte, itd.
Zastita kriticne infrastrukture ukljucuje programe i aktivnosti vlade, re-gulatornih tela, naucnih institucija, korisnika i vlasnika, kako bi se smanjila
co
"5 >
CD
0 CM
Qf UJ
01 Z) O
o <
o
X
0
LÜ
H ^
01 <
H
<
CD >o
X LÜ H
o
o >
ranjivost usled nezeljenog dogadaja. Ona, takode, ukljucuje krizni me-nadzment za podizanje otpornosti kriticne infrastrukture. Evropska unija usvojila je akcioni plan zastite koji je baziran na prevenciji pojave incidena-ta koji mogu da naruse bezbednost kriticne infrastrukture, detekciji i odgo-voru na krizu i medunarodnoj saradnji. Kriticne infrastrukture u EU su de-latnosti, mreze, usluge, materijalna dobra i informacione tehnologije ciji bi kvar ili unistenje znatno uticao na zdravlje, ekonomski prosperitet i ekono-miju vlada drzava clanica. Nacionalne kriticne infrastrukture su sistemi, mreze i objekti od nacionalnog znacaja koji mogu imati uticaj i ozbiljne posledice na zdravlje i zivote ljudi i ekonomsku stabilnost drzava clanica. U Velikoj Britaniji, Svedskoj, Holandiji i Svajcarskoj primarne infrastrukture su telekomunikacije, u Nemackoj je dodata i komunikaciona infrastruktura, koja vazi i za Australiju i Kanadu koje su ukljucile i masmedije. Kriticne infrastrukture u SAD su elektroenergetski sistemi, telekomunikacije, skladi-stenje nafte i gasa, bankarstvo i finansije, prevoz, sistem snabdevanja vo-dom, hitne sluzbe, kontinuitet vlasti, informacije i komunikacije.
U skladu sa navedenim, kao i principima dobre prakse, u ovom radu su prikazane sledece kriticne infrastrukture: elektroenergetski sistemi, mreza distribucije i snabdevanje energentima, proizvodnja, promet i skla-distenje opasnih materija, saobracaj i transport, informaciono-telekomuni-kaciona infrastruktura i snabdevanje osnovnim zivotnim namirnicama.
Elektroenergetski sistemi
Elektroenergetski sistem jedan je od najkompleksnijih svetskih sistema. Napajanje elektricnom energijom utice na drustvo i ekonomiju i izazi-va domino efekat, ukoliko dode do prekida napajanja. Zastita ove kriticne infrastrukture podrazumeva zastitu njenih funkcija od fizickih i elektronskih pretnji, na nacin koji je u skladu sa odgovarajucim procenama rizika. Prvo se proveravaju izvori rizika koji mogu biti tehnicki, prirodni ili izazvani ljud-skim faktorom, a zatim se proverava uticaj moguceg rizika na funkcionisa-nje elektroenergetskog sistema. Za zastitu se koriste uredaji da se sprece ostecenja u slucaju kvarova, mehanizmi za prekid rada elektricnih kola, zastitni releji, zastitne komore i veliki sistemi tipa SCADA.
Elektricna energija nastaje u hidroelektranama,,termoelektranama ili nuklearnim elektranama. Mreze za proizvodnju elektricne energije sa-stoje se od distributivnog sistema, podstanica, informaciono-telekomuni-kacionog sistema i drugih sistema i opreme potrebnih za odrzavanje elektroenergetskog sistema. Bezbednost u proizvodnji i distribuciji elek-tricne energije bazira se na primeni otpornog sistema, uz kombinaciju aktivnih i pasivnih mera bezbednosti.
Snaga vode, vetar, Sunceva energija, biomasa i geotermalna energija takode mogu da proizvedu elektricnu energiju, s tim sto su to obnovljivi izvo-ri energije, koji ne zagaduju okolinu i ne izazivaju efekat staklene baste.
Izvori energije i snabdevanje
Energetski stabilnost je tema rastuce svetske zabrinutosti, jer veliki broj drzava nema svoje izvore energije vec energetsku stabilnost obez-beduje iz drugih drzava koje su cesto na nestabilnim podrucjima.
Ekonomski i ekoloski najprihvatljiviji energent je gas. Gasovodi i snab-devanje gasom obuhvataju proizvodnju i distribuciju gasa distributivnom mrezom do potrosaca, ukljucujuci prodavce i posrednike, a iskljucujuci va-denje zemnog gasa, rad koksnih peci, proizvodnju derivata nafte, itd. Za pri-kljucenje na gasovod potrebni su kucni prikljucak, mernoregulacioni set, in-stalacija u objektu, gasno trosilo i gasno brojilo. Za nadleznosti su odgovor-ne komunalna i sanitarna inspekcija, i protivpozarna policija. Ove sluzbe su elementi preventivnih mera, uz striktno postovanje tehnickih propisa za iz-gradnju gasovoda, razvodnih i distributivnih mreza i kucnih prikljucaka.
U ukupnoj strukturi proizvodnje naftnih derivata dominira proizvod-nja motornih goriva, loz-ulja, i dr. U objektima za trgovinu naftom i naft-nim derivatima neophodno je postovati minimalne tehnicke uslove u po-gledu prostora, opreme, uredaja i nacina prodaje. Zastita se izvodi na sledeci nacin: stanica za snabdevanje mora imati zatvoren i otvoren deo, podloga mora da bude izgradena od cvrstih materijala, prostor dobro osvetljen, a pumpni automati jasno obelezeni i povezani sa rezervoari-ma za istakanje. Skladistenje nafte, derivata i biogoriva u direktnoj je ve-zi sa trgovinom, pa privredni subjekti koji se bave ovom delatnoscu mo-raju posedovati odgovarajuce licence. Uslovi za dobijanje licenci su rigo-rozni u pogledu mera bezbednosti.
Cvrsta goriva koriste se za proizvodnju elektricne energije u termo-elektranama, poljoprivredi, industriji, toplanama, za grejanje i u domacin-stvima kao ogrevno gorivo. Sagorevajne cvrstih goriva ima veliki uticaj na zivot i zdravlje ljudi i zivotnu sredinu. Sagorevanjem se u atmosferu izbacuju opasne materije kao sto su oksidi sumpora i azota, ugljen-mo-noksid, leteci pepeo, organske materije i drugi elementi koji izazivaju efekat staklene baste. Zastitu od pozara u industriji cine postovanje pro-cedura i obucavanje personala koji radi na utovaru, transportu, istovaru i skladistenju cvrstih goriva.
Proizvodnja, promet i skladistenje opasnih materija
Kriticna infrastruktura koju cine hemijska industrija i proizvodnja i tret-man opasnih materija deo su svake nacionalne ekonomije i prozimaju dru-ge kriticne infrastrukture. Opasne materije u toku proizvodnje, transporta, skladistenja i rukovanja mogu da budu opasne po zdravlje i zivotnu sredinu. U zavisnosti od hemijskih osobina, agregatnog stanja i stepena opasnosti opasne materije su grupisane u devet klasa (eksplozivne materije, gasovi, zapaljive tecnosti, cvrste materije, samoreagujuce materije i cvrsti desenziti-visani eksplozivi, materije sklone samozapaljenju i one koje u dodiru sa vo-dom emituju zapaljive agense, oksidirajuce materije i organski peroksidi, otrovne, infektivne, radioaktivne materije, korozivne materije i ostale opasne materije i predmeti). Rezultat proizvoda hemijske industrije jeste osnov dru-gih privrednih grana i mogu biti dubriva, hlor, itd. Problemi u hemijskoj indu-striji mogu izazvati velika zagadenja zivotne sredine, pa je bitno osigurati svaki proces od proizvodnje opasnih materija do njihove potrosnje. Pretnje i ranjivosti ovih sistema vezani su za potencijalne teroristicke napade, hemij-sko oruzje ili proizvode koji mogu biti korisceni kao oruzje i dr.
CO
00 I
01 oo
c
cp
c
o +-<
o <u o cr
T3 c ro </>
i5
<D
:3 >
ro
<D
I—
ui <D :3
o
tn ro
O d
O CL
co
"5 >
CD
O CM
of
UJ
a.
Z) O O
_l <
o
X
o
LU
H >-
OU <
H
<
CD >o
X LU H O
O >
Jedan od segmenata rizika od nezeljenih dogadaja pri rukovanju opasnim materijama jeste i njihov transport. Opasne materije transportu-ju se i prevoze drumskim, zeleznickim, plovnim i vazdusnim putem, a za svaki tip transporta vaze pravila za sprecavanje akcidenata. Postoje regulative koje moraju da zadovolje posiljalac, prevoznik i primalac.
Skladistenje opasnih materija vrsi se na nacin na koji se obezbeduje maksimalna zastita i najmanji rizik od povreda i ugrozavanja zivotne sredi-ne, u skladu sa zakonom i propisima. Obavljaju ga kvalifikovana lica odgo-vorna za postupanje sa opasnim materijama. Skladiste mora biti izgradeno u skladu sa planovima, a prostor za skladistenje mora da ispunjava zahteve koji se odnose na vlaznost, temperaturu, vazdusni pritisak i osvetljenje.
Saobracaj i transport
Ekonomija i kvalitet zivota zavise od saobracaja i transporta. Kao i kod drugih kriticnih infrastruktura, kao sto su snabdevanje vodom ili elek-tricnom energijom, znacaj saobracaja i transporta uocljiv je tek kad do problema dode. Odrzavanje i zastita ove kriticne infrastrukture jedan je od kljucnih preduslova za ostvarivanje privrednog i drustvenog razvoja. Saobracaj je privredno-usluzna delatnost u okviru koje se prevoze roba, putnici ili energija, u odredenom intervalu izmedu zadatih tacaka - desti-nacija. Transport je, na drugoj strani, organizovano kretanje prevoznih jedinica po zadatoj ruti. To je javna sluzba koja ima zadatak da zadovo-ljava potrebe drustva. Saobracaj je siri pojam od transporta.
Saobracaj obuhvata pruzanje usluga prevoza putnika i tereta u drumskom i zeleznickom prevozu, u prevozu plovnim putevima i vazdu-snim putem, kao i pruzanje usluga na terminalima i parkinzima, kao i skladistenje i manipulisanje teretom. Transportni deo kriticne infrastrukture sadrzi kopnenu infrastrukturu, vazduhoplovstvo, plovnu infrastruktu-ru i infrastrukturu zeleznice. Jedan od bitnih elemenata ovog sistema je i postanski transport.
Mostovi, vijadukti i tuneli su kriticne tacke saobracaja i transporta. Zastita se izvodi izgradnjom elasticnih mostova, ugradenim sigurnosnim sistemima, itd. Aerodrom je, takode, visokorizicna infrastruktura na koju mogu uticati prirodne nepogode, nesrece, pandemije, nemiri u drzavi, te-rorizam, rat i slicno. Ono sto je najbitnije u zastiti aerodroma jeste da se obezbedi kontinuitet operacija u toku nezeljenog dogadaja prevencijom, pripravnoscu, odgovorom na krizu, ublazavanjem posledica krize, oporav-kom i rekonstrukcijom. Brza reakcija na dogadaj je zadatak tima za brza dejstva koji treba da obezbedi normalno poslovanje na aerodromu.
Informaciono-telekomunikaciona infrastruktura
Komunikacije, energija, transport, vodosnabdevanje i druge kriticne infrastrukture zavise od racunarskih mreza koje su ranjive na maliciozne napade. Sve prednosti koje nudi savremena informaciona tehnologija istovremeno predstavljaju izvor potencijalnih napada. Telekomnikaciona mreza je skup resursa koji omogucuju prenos podataka na daljinu. Komponente telekomunikacione mreze su cvorovi, pristupna oprema i spojni
put, jezgro mreze i krajnji sistem i sistem za nadzor i upravljanje. Teleko-munikacioni sistem cine hardver, softver, komunikacioni kanali i podsi-stemi za prenos podataka izmedu lokacija. Sistem sadrzi aktivnu opre-mu (svicevi, ruteri, centrale, oprema za bezicnu komunikaciju, opticki konvertori) i pasivnu opremu (opticki i bakarni kablovi, antene, uticnice).
Informaciono-komunikacioni sistem, koji cine personal, hardver, soft-ver, zicne i bezicne mreze i prateca oprema, imaju svaki svoju ulogu u prenosu podataka i informacija izmedu korisnika ili izmedu drugih sistema. Struktura sistema ukazuje na dve grupe ranjivosti: fizicke pretnje po arhi-tekturu, hardver i napajanje i sajber ugrozenost informacionih procesa i odlucivanja, sistema za podrsku i usluge. Potpuna zastita ovih sistema ni-je moguca, ali je dobro primeniti mere prevencije planiranjem, odgovorom na incidente, upravljanjem nezeljenim dogadajima i kontinuitetom poslova-nja. Stite se mrezni nivo, operativni sistemi, aplikacije, baze podataka i procedure. Kod komunikacije treba odrediti mere autentikacije, autorizaci-je, kriptozastite, neporecivosti, itd. Napadi mogu biti pasivni ili aktivni, unu-trasnji ili spoljasnji. Najpoznatiji su DoS, Phishing, Botnet, Spam, Sniffing, Spoofing i maliciozni softveri tipa virusa, crva ili trojanskog konja.
Snabdevanje stanovnistva osnovnim zivotnim namirnicama
Snabdevanje osnovnim Zivotnim namirnicama zavisi od transporta, energije, proizvoda hemijske industrije i slicno. Cine ga proizvodnja i prerada prehrambenih proizvoda i stoke, farme, objekti za preradu i skla-distenje hrane i vode.
Promena u snabdevanju stanovnika vodom izaziva prestanak rada privrede, zabrinutost gradana, smanjenje higijenskih uslova i slicno. Sektor vodovoda osetljiv je na niz mogucih napada kao sto su kontaminacija smrtonosnim agensima, fizicki napadi, ispustanje toksicnih gasova i dru-go. Rezultat napada su Zrtve ili bolesni i prestanak bazicnih usluga tipa rada bolnica, pripreme i prerade hrane, itd. Vodovod je moguce zagaditi na cetiri nivoa infrastrukture. To su: izvorista, sistemi za transport sirove vode, postrojenja za preciscavanje vode i distributivna mreza. Zastita se izvodi prevencijom, kontrolom, odrzavanjem, izgradnjom nove i rekon-strukcijom postojece distributivne mreze, odrzavanjem kvaliteta vode, itd. Kvalitet vode utvrduje se pregledima inspekcije i utvrdivanjem mikro-bioloskih i fizicko-hemijskih faktora i pokazatelja.
Proizvodnja, distribucija, skladistenje i snabdevanje hranom je kri-ticna infrastruktura ciju osnovu cine nabavka sirovina, gajenje poljopri-vrednih kultura i stocnog fonda, proizvodnja, prerada i pakovanje, skladi-stenje i transport, kao i distribucija gotovih proizvoda ili poluproizvoda. Zastita se izvodi u lancima snabdevanja hranom za zivotinje i proizvodi-ma zivotinjskog porekla, biljnim proizvodnim lancima, i u onim kompo-nentama infrastrukture koje podrazumevaju preradu, proizvodnju, pakovanje, skladistenje i maloprodajnu distribuciju. Fokus je u zastiti uskladi-stene hrane od hemijske, bioloske, radioloske ili nuklearne kontaminaci-je. Zastita se izvodi analizom rizika, monitoringom i revizijom, uzorkova-njem, nadzorom nad prometom hrane, nadzorom u fazama proizvodnje, hitnim merama, itd.
co
00 I
01 oo
C p
c
o +-<
o <u o er
T3 c ro </>
i5
<D
:3 >
ro
<D
I—
ui <D :3
o
tn ro
O d
O CL
co
"5 >
CD
O CM
of
UJ
a.
Z) O O
_l <
o
X
o
LU
H >-
OU <
H
<
CD >o
X LU H
o
o >
Zakljucak
Kriticne infrastrukture imaju znacajnu ulogu u nacionalnim strategi-jama mnogih drzava, pa se sve vise paznje posvecuje zastiti ovih ranji-vih sistema. Strategije zastite kriticnih infrastruktura postale su strategije odrzivosti vlasti, ekonomske stabilnosti, prosperiteta, industrije, zdravlja stanovnistva i zastite zivotne sredine. Dve decenije najznacajnije kriticne infrastrukture bile su elektroenergetski sistemi, prevoz, snabdevanje vo-dom i hranom, poljoprivreda i vitalna industrijska postrojenja. U savre-menom svetu kriticne infrastrukture su postale i informaciono-telekomu-nikacione tehnologije, masmediji, bankarstvo i finansije,kao i zivotna sre-dina.
Svaka drzava odreduje svoje kriticne infrastrukture u skladu sa zahtevima njene nacionalne politike. Zajednice drzava, kao sto je EU, imaju odredene kriterijume za zajednicu, dok svaka nacija moze da pro-ceni svoje kriticne infrastrukture. Rezultati iz prakse pokazuju da su naj-cesce kriticne infrastrukture elektroenergetski sistemi, izvori i snabdevanje energijom, proizvodnja, transport i skladistenje stetnih materija, sao-bracaj i transport, informaciono-telekomunikaciona infrastruktura i snabdevanje osnovnim zivotnim namirnicama.
U zavisnosti od tipa infrastrukture, pretnje kriticnim infrastrukturama mogu se podeliti u dve grupe: fizicke pretnje i maliciozni (sajber) napadi. Fizickim pretnjama izlozeni su uglavnom cevovodi, podstanice, skladi-sta, komunikaciona infrastruktura i industrijska postrojenja za preradu vode. Sajber pretnjama ugrozeni su sistemi za nadzor i upravljanje, baze podataka, operativni sistemi, softver, automatizovane proizvodne hale i slicno.
Ranjivosti kriticne infrastrukture odredene su njenim funkcijama. Kod elektroenergetskog sistema ranjivi su generatori, distributivna mre-za i informaciono-telekomunikacioni sistem. Kod izvora energije stite se gasovodi i naftovodi, proizvodni procesi i skladista, a u proizvodnji i obla-sti tretiranja opasnih materija stite se proizvodi, transport i skladista. U saobracaju i prevozu ranjivi su transportna mreza, posebno aerodromi, mostovi i tuneli. Informaciono- telekomunikacioni sistem ranjiv je na dva nivoa: fizickom i nivou komunikacija, dok su u oblasti snabdevanja osnovnim zivotnim namirnicama ranjivi proizvodnja, snabdevanje i skladistenje poluproizvoda i proizvoda.
Zastita kriticnih infrastruktura izvodi se u zavisnosti od pretnji i ranjivosti, za sve delove kriticnih infrastruktura ponaosob. Neophodno je da postoji procena rizika i da personal bude adekvatno edukovan. Fizicka zastita sistema izvodi se ogradivanjem, cuvarima, blokadama ili odvaja-njem proizvodnih procesa zbog domino efekta. Zastita od sajber napada je bitna u svim onim delovima infrastrukture koji su kontrolisani racunar-skom mrezom, povezani na internet ili su bazirani na automatizovanim proizvodnim procesima.
Kljucne reci: saobracaj, zastita, ranjivosti, pretnja, kriticna infrastruktura, hazardi.
Paper received on / Дата получения работы / Datum prijema clanka: 14. 01. 2016. со
Manuscript corrections submitted on / Дата получения исправленной версии работы / Datum dostavljanja ispravki rukopisa: 21. 02. 2016. ^
Paper accepted for publishing on / Дата окончательного согласования работы / Datum konacnog prihvatanja clanka za objavljivanje: 23. 02. 2016.
CP CP
© 2016 The Author. Published by Vojnotehnicki glasnik / Military Technical Courier o
(www.vtg.mod.gov.rs, BTr.MO.ynp.cp6). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs/). -a
© 2016 Автор. Опубликовано в "Военно-технический вестник / Vojnotehnicki glasnik / Military <л Technical Courier" (www.vtg.mod.gov.rs, втг.мо.упр.срб). Данная статья в открытом доступе и
распространяется в соответствии с лицензией "Creative Commons" ъ
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs/). 2
© 2016 Autor. Objavio Vojnotehnicki glasnik / Military Technical Courier (www.vtg.mod.gov.rs, втг.мо.упр.срб). Ovo je clanak otvorenog pristupa i distribuira se u skladu sa Creative Commons licencom (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs/). "Й
re rh
I—
s: e
ro о
О d
о CL
