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Kholnazarova V.B. intern teacher
Uzbekistan State University of World Languages
Uzbekistan, Tashkent
CONTEXTUAL SEMANTICS OF MODAL WORDS IN ENGLISH
Annotation. Modality is the basic unit of speech, the most important feature of sentence semantics. In linguistics, modality is usually understood as a grammatical-semantic category that expresses the speaker's attitude to the idea being expressed, or the speaker's attitude to the content of the speech. It takes this objective reality as a verbal assessment, reflects it in the mind, and expresses its relation to reality using various semantic categories.
Keywords: modality, modal verbs, modal category, context, semantics, analysis, object, author, adressee.
Verbs that express other meanings such as obligation, possibility, necessity, trust, desire, or permission, assumption, presumption, affordability, and so on are called modal verbs. Modal verbs are semantically different from other verbs because they do not show action. Modal verbs are always used in conjunction with basic verbs in the infinitive form to add modal meaning to the main verbs. For example:
I go home - I must go home I have to go home - I have to go home.
Basic grammatical description of modal verbs. The peculiarities of modal verbs are:
1) Modal verbs are used only with verbs in the infinitive form. The infinitive used with the modal verb can be divided into:
a) not perfect infinitive:
Well, you can go out to the flat then, that's all right (Th. Dreiser).
So you may say he's in Government even before he's in the house, (Chesterton).
But you might keep chickens (Ibid)
b) perfect infinitive:
But he must have worked his way through this fortune also with marvellous rapidity (I. R. Chesterton).
You ought to have seen the tie he had on (Th. Dreiser).
c) Perfect infinitive in continuous aspect: The look in his eyes might well have been disquieting to anyone left alone with him on an island in the middle of a lake.
g) an infinitive not a perfect in the continuous aspect: "She oughtn't to be thinking about spending her money on theaters already, do you think?" he nodded (Th. Dreiser).
d) infinitive in passive calculation:
All this must be changed (K. Aldington).
It must not be thought that one could have her mistaken for a nervous sensitive, high strung nature, cast unduly upon a cold, calculating, and unpoetic world (Th. Dreiser).
e) passive ratio perfect infinitive: It might have been considered beautiful at one time.
2) The main verb after the modal verbs is aged without the preposition to, i.e. they are always in the predicative form. But the equivalent of modal verbs is an exception: he come to read - he can read.
3) The third person singular suffix -s is not used in the unit:
"You must go out in the fresh air all you can" (A. E. Coppart).
You can get a nice room here and some clothet and then you can do something (Th. Dreiser).
4) Some of the modal verbs come in two tense forms (can- could, may-might, will-would, dare-dared, shall-should) and some come in only one invariant form (must, ought, need):
Clyde could scarcely prevent her voice from trembling (Th. Dreiser).
«Perhaps» she thought, they may want some one (Th. Dreiser).
Between ourselves, I might say fled the country (I. K. Chesterton).
Then we can go. We will go to the house first and look over these weapons of which you speak (Galsworthy).
5) It is impossible to make participle forms from modal verbs.
6) New words are not formed from modal verbs using suffixes or prefixes because the modal verbs themselves are not formed from other words using the word formation method.
The modal verb does not take the preposition to, because the infinitive form of modal verbs is formed from the present tense form, not from the infinitive form of preterit-present verbs.
The meaning of the modal verbs can, may must, can also be given by means to have, to have got, to be obliged, to be. These infinitive forms are specific synonyms of modal verbs and are called equivalents of modal verbs. The meaning of the modal verb san can also be given in some cases to be able. The modal verb may has an equivalent such as sea to be allowed (to).
The equivalents of modal verbs do not replace all vast and modal verbs. Although these equivalent verbs are used in almost all grammatical categories, they are often lexically and stylistically limited.
Since the modal verb Can can only be used in two tenses, it has the forms san in the present tense and could in the past tense. When the verb san is used in the negative form, a note load is added to it: san - cannot. The use of to be able (to), which is the equivalent of the modal verbs san and could, is not limited to a particular tense or grammatical category. The negative form of to be able (to) is also made using the note load: Ne is able to do it he is not able to do it. It is also possible to express the un-prefix denoting negation by adding the predicative part
to able. For example: Ne is not able to do, it. He is unable to do it... and this I was unable to explain. (R. L. Stevenson).
Can (could) and its equivalent to be able (to) have the following lexical meanings:
1) physical ability, that is, the performance of an action
to be able to, to be able to or not:
I won't be able to pull you up, "the boy said" (J. Aldridge)
They could scarcely restrain her tears (Th. Dreiser).
2) the mental ability needed to do a job: (This group also includes the ability to buy and not to buy):
I can't understand it is sickening monstaous! (A. Hixley).
Carrie saw the drift but could not express her thoughts (Th. Dreiser).
3) to be able or not to do a job, to believe and not to believe:
"He could go along," said Carrie (Dreiser).
No, I'm afraid I can't help you (I. K. Chesterton).
Sir Harland Fisher could believe that he had ever been called Harry (Ibid).
4) pyxcat, permission - prohibition, permission or prohibition, command and similar meanings:
I can't go about naked can I? (A. Huxley).
What can I do for-you (I. K. Chesterton).
Can you give me something to do? - said Carrie (Th. Dreiser).
5) to assume, believe and disbelieve (here the meaning of the modal verb also depends on the words that come together):
I guess we can't use you (Th. Deeisetf)
I've so many misfortunes I suppose I can bear this loo (A. E. Coppard).
6) Surprise, surprise, etc.:
Why couldn't he speak? (G. K. Chesterton)
How could you be you stupid, Sophie (A. Huxtey).
7) whether the action occurred or not, the origin is doubtful: "If I could only get something, to do," she said (Th. Dreiser).
8) can (could) not help indefinitely, using a verb in the form to indicate that something has happened, even if he does not want it to happen.
A: I couldn't help smiling - I couldn't help but smile.
She couldn't help feeling feeling pleased as she looked at herself (Ibid).
9) Can (could) + see (or understand, think etc) can be performed in the Uzbek language by performing the initial function of complementary adverbs is done. In a sense, this construction means to come to a conclusion, to understand.
One could see that the furniture was of that poor, hurriedly quality sold by the installment houses (Th. Dreiser).
He could, see the flash of big guns followed long after by a solemn deep boom (R. Aldington).
It should be noted that see can also retain a specific lexical meaning. For example: From the pavement below she could see that their room was lit (A. E. Coppard).
This modal verb is also used only in two tense forms, and its past tense form may be the past tense form might. In the following, tense, and other categorical forms, the equivalent of the verb may be used to be allowed (to):
The patient is allowed to walk. The patient was allowed to walk. The patient was allowed to walk. The patient was allowed to walk. The patient will be allowed to walk in a week. Kasabnr is allowed to walk after a week.
It can also use the to be permitted (to) construct in the equivalent class of May (might). This construction does not differ from the to be allowed (to) construction in meaning:
No one is allowed to be late No one is allowed to be late
No one is allowed to stay late.
The verb May has the following lexical meanings:
1) there is no resistance to the possibility of an action lkgini:
But you might keep chickens (G. K. Chesterton). I might show you round (Th. Dreiser).
2) Permission, permission and permission, request permission:
You may convey the assurance, said their host gravely (G. K. Chesterton). May I ask, sir, by what right it has been taken from me? It is my private property (R. Aldington),
3) probability, whether the action occurred or not, whether or not it will
occur:
Perhaps, she thought, they may want someone, and crossed over to enter (Th. Dreiser).
It was my idea that a gang of thieves might have broken in and be now runningsacking Northmour's cupboards (R. L. Stevenson).
If you will find the facts perhaps others may find the explanation (Conan Dayle).
The equivalents of the verb may to be allowed (to) and to be permitted (to) basically mean permission, permission, or prohibition. For example:
Do you know why we're not allowed in the Chrysler Building after eleven at night? (B. J. Friedman).
He was to be allowed to ride home just, like any man coming home to his family (Ibid).
Must is used only in the present tense form, and in other tense forms its equivalents are used - to have (to), to be obliged (to), to have got (to), to be (to). Must can be semantically and stylistically different in modal verb equivalents. In modern English, the verb must has the following meanings: 1) necessity or obligation:
Some day I really must go to the Louvre and see my portrait (A. Huxley).
I must find some clean linen (P. Abrahams).
I must have made some tart rejoinder (Ya. L, Stevenson).
He knew lie must go (D. H. Lawrence).
2) order, advice, recommendation, strict request:
You must go out in the fresh air all you can (A. E. Coppard).
You must see her, miss Sarrie (P. Abrahams).
3) Prohibition:
He must not know he has to fly it The thought will scare him stiff (J. Aldridge).
Then Cat pretended to be sorry and said "Must I never come into the cave? Must I never sit by the warm fire? Must I never drink the warm white milk? " (R. Kipling).
4) probability, probability or confidence:
"It must be a cleverer family," said Harold March with a smile. (G. K-Chesterton)
But she must be lonely (P. Abrahams).
to have (to), to have got (to) and its meanings. The verb to have, which is used as an equivalent of the modal verb must, means to be compelled, to be compelled to do, because it is used with the infinitive. to have to is mainly used to denote dependence on a particular condition, event. For example:
Ne had to see her tonight (P. Abrahams). "He had to see her tonight."
Why did old Tante have to live on the other side of the farm? (Th. Dreiser). "Why did old Tante have to live on the other side of the farm?"
I just have to go to Smith's (P. Abrahams). "I have to go to the Smiths."
to have (to) can be used in all three tenses.
a) at the present time:
But I have to think of you. (A. E. CopparJ).
I have to be in London for some days (0. K. Chesterton).
b) in the past tense:
Stern had to walk through using a porket flash-light and not really sure whether he was on some one's property (B. J. Friedman).
She had to bend and strain at it in order to pull it out (A. Hux-ley).
c) in the next tense:
I think I shall have to go (A. E. Coppard).
"It's only our secret's price, Mummy clear, and we'll tell you all about it the very, minute it's done; but please don't ask me what it is now, or else I'll have to tell (R. Kipling).
to have (to) can also be used in the conditional tense:
One day in early summer it seemed, miraculously, that Stern would not have to sell his house and move away (B. J. Friedman) She would have to go home, that was all 'Th. Dreiser).
to have (to) can also be used instead of to have got (to): You've got to have friends he screamed at her (B. J. Friedman). The interrogative and infinitive forms of the verb to have (to) in the past and present tense are formed using the auxiliary verb do. Subsequent interrogative and non-interrogative forms are made with the participation of a note denial:
Does he have to go right now? He doesn't have to go right now.
She will not have to come so early tomorrow.
to be (to) indicates the necessity, the obligation to do something, agreed in advance. to be (to) is an action speech understood from the verb. occurs after the time being spoken, and is therefore not used in the modal sense in the future tense form. The verb to be (to) is used in both indicative and conditional tenses.
My mother said that when I meet a Hedgehog I am to drop him into the water and then he will ancoil, and when I meet a Tortoise I am to scoop him of his shell with my paw (R. Kipling).
If I were to die I shouldn't idle here? (Flemming).
If to be (to) is used in the negative form, it means that there is no need to perform the action or that the speaker is opposed to the occurrence of the planned action.
You're not to go! I object (A. E. Coppard).
No, murmured Lally, you're not to come with me (A. E. Coppard).
Need can be used in modern English both as a modal verb function and as a non-modal, correct verb function. The modal verb function is used only in the present tense and often means that there is no need to perform an action. Since the modal verb Need is used only in interrogative and non-interrogative sentences, it is translated into Uzbek using the following words:
You needn't stand on any such ceremony as that, said Ralph (James).
She may bring her husband if she likes but she needn't bring you (Ibid).
You need not answer. I can see (P. Abrahams).
«Ah» said Isabel, to enjoy that pleasure I needn't be so terribly emancipated (H. James).
Need comes in two different forms when it comes to the correct verb function.
3) probability, assumption;
You should have seen me at eight. (B. J. Friedman).
I should rather guess that the other people are blackmailing him about It
(Ibid).
He should have been more careful to get a long range weather forecast when he left (Aldridge).
Should + like means not wanting to join:
"I should like to walk up and see Halstead street if it's not too," said Garrie, after a time (Th. Dreiser).
How I'd like to go there (Ibid).
What's for? I should like to know? (A. Huxley).
Shall can be used not only to create a future tense form, but it can also become a modal verb, signifying modality. Shall is used in the same way in all individuals when it comes to the function of a modal verb, meaning meanings such as desire, promise, warning:
You shall not go there if I can help you (I.K. Chesterton).
Musgrave shall leave it to Musgrave till the heavens fall (Ibid).
So your children shall be lazy (R. Kipling).
They shall be the laziest people in the world (Ibid).
They shall be called the Malazy - the lazy people (Ibid).
The verb will, like the verb shall, means to be determined to do something:
We will go up to the house first and look over these weapons which you speak (C. Doyle).
We will go out seven times a day, and the waters shall never be still (K. Kipling).
So I will go down to Somerset, said Home Fisher (G. K- Chesterton).
I will go and fetch it (Ibid).
If you won't let me work now while we're together then I must leave you and work for myself (A D. Coppard).
Would verb. The modal verb would would mean desire, desire, exhortation, and supplication when it comes to fidelity. For example:
I would cut up a big estate like this into small estate for everybody, even for poachiers (I. K. Chesterton).
But she would never be able to get her packing done by herself (Huxley).
What would he say? How would he explain it? How would he resist that inevitable passionate fury? (A. E. Bates).
O, she would go mad then (O. E. Coppard). If I did, do you know what I would do with it (Ibid).
a) Used at all times as proper verbs with horses.
I need the money and it's near home (P. Abrahams).
I'll need sombody to take Mable's place (Ibid).
I don't need the did of a clever man to teach me 'how to live (H. James).
Bringing education to people who need it (P. Abrahams).
You will need help Mable (P. Abrahams).
b) used with other verbs, it comes with the preposition to:
I don't have enough. That's the perfect extra thing I need to carry (B. J. Friedman).
Need can also come in the form of a horse:
But one has no need of a reason for that (H. James).
There was no need for words (P. Abrahams).
The verb Dare also belongs to the group of modal verbs and corresponds to the Uzbek verbs such as dare, dare. The verb dare is divided into two groups according to its use: 1) like modal verbs, in the present tense it does not change in all persons, and in the past tense it changes to dared (or durst). The form without
division is daren't. 2) are interpreted as correct verbs. When taken as a verb, it takes -s in the third person, and the auxiliary verb do can be used in the present and past tense without interrogative and participle forms.
The verb dare often does not change in interrogative and non-interrogative sentences. For example:
We daren't touch what you propose with a barge pole (G. K. Chesterton).
I daren't go and tell him, you go and tell him (H. L. Bates).
I dare you to wear it (B. G. Friedman).
But she had vanished and she dare not ask for her (H. E. Bates).
The compound I dare say is used in modern English in the sense that I think I can say it with ease. For example:
But, I dare say I shan't miss it (H. James).
"I dare say you think me very irreverent" Isabel returned (H. James).
"I dare say he might let one or two of his houses," said the other (H. James).
Dare's past tense form of durst is now considered obsolete: "If I durst," said the captain, I would stop and pock off another man (K. L. Stevenson).
The modal verb ought is used only in the present tense form and has the following meanings:
1) Means zaruriyat. Ought is translated into Uzbek using modal words such as necessary, necessary, necessary, condition:
"I know how he ought to die," said Granby (I. K. Chesterton). I understand how he should give it his life,"Granby said.
She ought to send her to bed (A. Hixley).
«She oughtn't to be thinking about spending her money... (Th. Dreiser).
You ought not to be working tor those people (Th. Dreiser).
«I ought to have warned you that he is a man of infinite resource - and sagacity (R. Kipling).
2) Indicates the probability:
"I don't know," said the Ethiopian, "but it ought to be the abo riginal Flora (R. Kipling).
It ought to be made impossible, and then there'd be some sence in Christianity (0. E. Coppard).
And there ought to be a corner for me (R. Kipling).
Should is used with the infinitive that comes without a preposition, meaning advice, obligation, prohibition, necessity, probability, conjecture.
1) should represent the following meanings: necessity:.
At seven o'clock Mr. Alobaster and Ar. Sulky tossed up to who should pay for supper... (0. E. Coppard).
You shouldn't do that (Kipling).
2) Tips:
You shouldn't do it, you know, grumbled Repton (A. E. Coppard).
You should not be cruel even to a cat (R. Kipling) It should be noted that in analyzing the modality category in English, most linguists focus on the
semantic properties of modal words. Modal words, as well as devices (turns) that come with a modal meaning, can be divided into several groups based on their semantic characteristics. Here we give the classification of modal words as follows:
1) Modal words expressing confidence through affirmation:
a) modal words that express the exact affirmation probably, possibly, etc.;
b) modal words that express unambiguous affirmation at the same time
c) modal words that come in the sense of an assumption representing an affirmation of a visible being are probably, and so on.
2) Modal words denoting assumption, insecurity, and doubt are certainly modal words denoting trust by way of doubtfully denying.
Among the words of the second group, it is expedient to distinguish perhaps the words which express doubt. The third group of modal words would be correct to include in the negative group. In general, this classification creates an affirmative (affirmative) system in the sentence about the meanings of the modal words that are part of the sentence and their interconnection and expression with verb forms and gives a clear idea about them. It is also possible to remove the words of the first group from the ran structure to change their general meaning. As a result, the content of the sentence may become narrower and narrower. It should be noted that if the words of the second and third groups cannot be excluded from the sentence without changing the general meaning of the sentence, the sentence creates insecurity - indecision, but the general meaning of the sentence remains unchanged. A similar situation can occur in other modal words. The most commonly used modal words in the middle of a sentence are 70%, the words that come at the beginning of a sentence are 20%, and the cases that come at the end of a sentence are 10% (modal words that use more negation are used here). The author points out that modal words used in isolation are rare. They do not exceed 5.4% of the sample size collected by the author alone.
We were the first to explain in detail the category of modality in English in compound sentences. In our opinion, the constructive features of speech are predicative and modal. Predicativeness and modality are inextricably linked, but they do not need to be identified. The essence of predicativeness is revealed when comparing affirmation and denial. Modality is a syntactic category that represents the relationship between the swimmer's thought and objective reality. Modality is manifested in two categories, namely, the reality-noreality (or potential-hypothetical modality) relationship.
"If reality has a single monolith, then the potential-probabilistic modality is manifested in three categories: 1) potential-unreal modality; 2) command modality; 3) predictive modality. Each of these categories can be further subdivided into more specific meanings. According to the author, modality is the basis of speech, which exists on the basis of three tendencies - indicative real category, which includes a number of meanings of conjunctive and imperative potential-probabilistic modality. Based on the modal nature of adverbial
conjunctions, we divided them into bimodality and monomodality types. Analyzing adverbial conjunctions, we note "the primary means of utilizing different modal meanings is inclination. Substituting an indicative for a conjunctive does not change the modality; on the contrary, in some cases they become synonymous with each other.
References:
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3. Сафаров Ш.С. Прагмалингвистика. Фан, 2008, 300 б
4. Юсупов У.К. Сравнительный анализ английских и узбекских сложноподчиненных предложений с придаточными условными. - Дисс. канд. Филол. Наук. -Ташкент. 1971.
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6. Adger D. (1997), Back to modals: some cross-linguistic generalisations. Talk delivered at the Department of Linguistics, University College London.
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