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COGNITIVE-PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF INCENTIVE MODALITY AND MEANS OF ITS EXPRESSION IN MODERN KYRGYZ AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES
Ch.M. Asperdieva, Senior Lecturer Z.R. Toktosunova, Lecturer U.Zh. Turgunbaeva, Lecturer Zhamshit uulu Bayastan, Graduate Student Osh State University (Kyrgyzstan, Osh)
DOI:10.24412/2500-1000-2024-2-2-192-195
Abstract. The problem of the evolution of modality in different languages acquires special significance at the present stage of linguistic development, since modality is a central linguistic category and has a universal character. The article considers the category of inductive modality and ways of its expression in modern English and Kyrgyz languages. The lexical meanings of conveying this category are given.
Keywords: language, modality, modal expression, English, Kyrgyz, linguistic category, pragmatic component.
The category of modality has been in the field of linguistics not so long ago and has not received due consideration due to its multidimensional nature, different ways of expression in language and functioning in it. Nevertheless, this category has already managed to take a firm place among linguistic categories, becoming the object of study of many linguists.
Despite the ever-increasing interest in the linguistic category of modality, scientists still cannot come to a conclusion in the question of defining its nature. It is worth noting that the concept of linguistic modality cannot be considered in isolation from the points of view offered by philosophers and logicians. It is impossible not to agree with S. S. Olefir, who mentions that the term "modality", on the one hand, cannot have a single definition, since philosophy, logic, linguistics and axiol-ogy have their own conceptual apparatus. At the same time, the existence of the category of modality as an object of study of many sciences should not lead to antagonistic contradictions in its interpretation, because in all cases we are talking about the same process of reflection of realities, events and phenomena of objective reality by human consciousness [1].
The founder of the Western European linguistic theory of modality can rightly be considered the outstanding Swiss linguist Ch.
Bally. He subdivided a sentence into two parts: the first is the dictum (from Latin dictum - "said"), or that part of the sentence which is correlative to the process forming the representation (the main content of the sentence, some judgment, the occasion of the explicit utterance); the second is the modus, or that part of the sentence which expresses the speaker's attitude (rational, emotional) to the given judgment (the substratum of the representation, the subject of the explicit utterance) [2].
According to Bally, an utterance acquires the meaning of a sentence only if it contains the expression of modality, because modality is the soul of the sentence and the result of the active thought activity of the speaking subject.
Among Russian linguists, academician V.V. Vinogradov undoubtedly played a great role in the study of the category of modality. The scientist considers modality as a syntactic category expressing the speaker's attitude to reality from the point of view of its reality, unreality, presumability, desirability and possibility. It should be noted that V.V. Vinogradov studies the category of modality in close connection and in some kind of interaction with different kinds and types of emotional expression (e.g., indignation, admiration, threat) [3].
The structural and content scope and functional hierarchy of linguistic modality meanings are determined by the semantic bi-aspect of a sentence, i.e. its nominative (proposition-al) and communicative (pragmatic) aspects.
The pragmatic component of a sentence reveals the communicative purpose of an utterance, introducing certain facts of extra-linguistic reality, fixed by propositional modality, into the speaker's consciousness. The inductive modality, uniting the circle of certain linguistic phenomena having the meaning of inducement, is a part pragmatic (in other terminology, epistemological, communicative) modality. These linguistic phenomena must have common differential features which, on the one hand, organize them into a certain modal system and, on the other hand, distinguish this system from similar modal systems. Semantic features characterize the inducement modality from the point of view of semantic analysis, which determines the semes necessary for the existence of inducement meanings.
The belonging of the inductive modality to the pragmatic sphere of the linguistic system is confirmed by analyzing the means of its expression in the language of modern mass media (especially in the realization of directive speech acts). The communicative orientation of utterances, realizing the shades of volitional semantics conditioned by the force of the inductive impulse, is based on the knowledge common to the participants of the communication situation "about the world of things and the rules of operating with them, about the system of prescriptions for speech behavior accepted in a given social and communicative space" and characterizes the pragmatic meaning of a speech act.
Traditionally, utterance modality is directly related to tending. The inclinations as a morphological means of expressing the meaning of modality are usually distinguished on the basis of contrasting such labeled meanings of imaginary events as inducement (imperative inclination) and hypotheticality (subjunctive inclination) with the unlabeled meaning of the indicative inclination.
In English in general, it is hardly possible it is hardly possible to recognize the morphological category of inclination. The induce-
ment is conveyed here by word order and intonation when using a non-formant verb base, e.g., Go home! In the same way, the formless base also acts in English in conveying the meanings expressed in other languages by the subjunctive mood. The units be and were, sometimes interpreted as irregular forms of the subjunctive mood, in their opposition to the indicative forms am, is and was, as well as combinations of the formless verb base with the forms should and would, are easily reduced to the specific distribution of those or other members of the subjunctive mood. the distribution of these or those members of the verb paradigm, which in themselves have nothing to do with the expression of any modal meaning". Based on the above, we can conclude that modal semantics, as a rule, is conveyed by non-morphological, but noun-lexical, means [4].
Modal words are a peculiar and not yet fully formed part of speech. However, despite their "unformedness", none of the researchers do not refer modal words to the category of service words, although it is pointed out in some cases to the ability to it is pointed out in some cases on the ability their ability to perform certain service functions.
The circle of English modal words is not yet clearly defined. Most often such lexemes as evidently, actually, actually, actually, actually, actually, actually are included in the category of modal words. include such lexemes as evidently, actually, certainly, of course, maybe, indeed, naturally, perhaps, obviously, really, probably, surely and many others. Some modal words are characterized by the semantics of certainty (indeed, certainly, of course, etc.), others by the semantics of obviousness (e.g., obviously, evidently), others have the semantics of probability (probably, possibly, etc.), the fourth - the semantics of supposition (supposedly, seemingly), the fifth - semantics of doubt (perhaps, maybe) [4].
There are two types of modal words among modal words: whole-formed modal words and separate-formed formations, which are a combination of several words. The first type includes modal words in -ly, which developed most often from adverbs (surely, possibly, etc.), as well as words derived from the
combinations "preposition + noun" (e.g. indeed), "verb + verb" (e.g. maybe). A number of researchers include such formations as for certain, for sure, in truth, in fact, etc., which are capable of conveying a whole range of modal meanings and connotations.
However, we would not claim that modality in English is conveyed only by non-morphological means. An important means of conveying subjective modal meaning is the modal verb, which is often a means of emotional evaluation and the speaker's attitude to the subject of the utterance. It should be noted that, apart from modal verbs (such as shall, should, will, would, must, might, ought to, may, can, could), English has verbs with modal meaning (dare, need), as well as expressions with a shade of modality (it's time to, have (got) to, if only and some others). For example, the verb must expresses the speaker's feelings and desires: You must open the window! Or: You mustn't go there! To express advice in English the Englishman uses the modal verbs should/ought to and had better. However, the emotional component is more inherent in the expression had better. Phrases with had better express a more persistent advice concerning a specific situation, and often contain an emotional component. You 'd better warn him against driving on ice,' and often contain a threat to warn of danger or the possibility of a problem if the addressee does not follow the speaker's advice, and usually immediately: You 'd better warn him against driving on ice [5].
The verbs should and ought to have no emotional component. Statements with these verbs express advice as a more abstract idea: You should eat more fruit. Such advice does not imply an immediate response on the part of the addressee; moreover, even ignoring it completely will have no consequences. Let's compare: It's a great movie. You should go and see it, but it's a great movie. You should go and see it, but nothing will happen if you don't.) The movie starts at 8:30. You'd better go now or you'll be late. (in this case, ignor-
ing the advice will have a negative consequence).
The Kyrgyz language modality realizes through following inclinations: imperative, conditional, indicative, aspirational and intentions. The imperative mood is a form of the 2nd person singular with a zero indicator (jaz
- write, tur - get up, ishte - work), to which the affixes of the 2nd and 3rd person of both numbers -gyn/kyn, -nyz/ynyz, -ynyzdar/ynyzder, -gyla/kyla, -sh+syn/ysh+syn are added [6].
The indicative mood has the following tenses: present tense, future tense, past tense. In turn, each of the tenses has its own varieties. There are two forms of the present tense: the present-future (simple) and the present tense of the given moment (compound). The present tense of a given moment, or the actual present tense, is formed by means of the auxiliary verbs jat - "to lie down", tur - "to stand", otur ~ "to sit", jur - "to walk", which, having lost their lexical meaning, fulfill the grammatical functions of indicators of the present tense (jazyp jatat - writes, okup otu-rat - reads, ishtep jurot - works). The present-future (simple) tense denotes action that takes place from day to day: ishteim "I work", okuim "I study". The verb forms ishteim, okuim are grammatically formalized in the future tense.
Modal words in the Kyrgyz language can express confirmation (yras - really, albette -certainly, sezsuz - necessarily), supposition (mumkun - maybe, balkim - possibly, kyyazy
- apparently), oughtness (tiyish - must be, kerek - necessary) [6].
In conclusion we can say that, one of the main ways of expressing modality in English and Kyrgyz languages is modal verbs. First of all, modal verbs are one of the most important means of subjective modality, which in English is often associated with emotionality. Modal verbs are a means of expressing various shades of emotions of the speaker, his attitude to the message and addressee, which is of great importance in intercultural communication.
References
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3. Bally Sh. General linguistics and questions of the French language. - M.: Izdvo Foreign Literature, 1955. - 416 pp.
4. Safina, A.R. Semantic and pragmatic peculiarities of functioning of the modal verb must / A.R. Safina // World of Scientific Discoveries. of the modal verb must. In the World of Scientific Discoveries. - Krasnoyarsk: Research and Innovation Center. - 2014. - № 11.13 (59) (So-cio-humanitarian sciences). - C. 5370-5375.
5. Biber, D. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English / D. Biber, S. Johansson, G. Leech, S. Conrad, E. Finegan. - Pearson Education Ltd., 1999. - 1204 p.
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КОГНИТИВНО-ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ПОБУДИТЕЛЬНОЙ МОДАЛЬНОСТИ И СРЕДСТВ ЕЕ ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ КЫРГЫЗСКОМ И АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Ч.М. Аспердиева, старший преподаватель З.Р. Токтосунова, преподаватель У.Ж. Тургунбаева, преподаватель Жамшит уулу Баястан, магистрант Ошский государственный университет (Кыргызстан, г. Ош)
Аннотация. Проблема эволюции модальности в разных языках приобретает особую значимость на современном этапе развития лингвистики, поскольку модальность является центральной лингвистической категорией и носит универсальный характер. В статье рассматривается категория побудительной модальности и способы ее выражения в современном английском и кыргызском языках. Приводятся лексические значения передачи данной категории.
Ключевые слова: язык, модальность, модальное выражение, английский язык, кыргызский язык, лингвистическая категория, прагматический компонент.
