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ENGLISH MODAL VERBS AND THEIR KYRGYZ EQUIVALENTS
S.I. Isakov1, Associate Professor
K.M. Kaparova1, Associate Professor
B.A. Ysmaiylova2, Lecturer
K.M. Mominzhanova2, Graduate Student
1Osh Technological University
2Osh State University
(Kyrgyzstan, Osh)
DOL10.24412/2500-1000-2024-4-1-203-206
Abstract. The category of modality is a universal phenomenon in language. It is formed in different languages in very different ways. English modal verbs have equivalents in Kyrgyz, but they are conveyed by different means, not only verbs. Nominants of modality in the ancient Kyr-gyz language can be found in written monuments. Nominants of modal meanings can demonstrate the analyticism of English and agglutinativeness of Kyrgyz. The article represents some comparative analysis of the modal verbs in investigated languages.
Keywords: modal verbs, language, modality, linguistics, comparative analysis, lexics, grammar.
In the modern world, the ability to influence and affect the interlocutor is an important aspect of achieving the communicative goal. Modality, belonging to the basic categories of natural language and being a linguistic universal, allows the speaker not only to express his attitude to an utterance and conclude the necessary meaning, but also to give it a persuasive character. Modal verbs and lexico-grammatical forms of expressing modality are effective tools for realising the emotive and persuasive functions of language.
One of the central places in the problem of studying the category of modality is occupied by the question of the means of expressing modal meanings. The fact that it is considered in close connection with the problem of the relationship between form and content makes this question peculiar. The category of modality, which is characterised by a great variety of meanings, naturally possesses different ways of expressing them. It is the nature of the content of the sentence that determines the choice of means of expressing these or those modal meanings. And it is these or these modal meanings that determine the content of the sentence. That is to say that each modal meaning has its own system of the means of its expression. This is natural. When we want to express this or that thought, we choose only the means that are the most suitable for the expression of this or that thought.
Modern Kyrgyz has a very rich system of morphological means of expressing modality, like other Turkic languages, which belong to the agglutinating languages by their typological structure. The different nature of their manifestation is revealed when studying the actual material of the Kyrgyz language from the point of view of the means of expressing modal meanings. Depending on the place they occupy in the hierarchy of this subsystem, the degree of their participation in the expression of certain modal meanings varies.
By their very nature, modal words differ from other lexical means in that they do not enter syntactic relationships with other syntactic categories, that is, they do not act as one or another member of the sentence, but fulfil the functions of introductory words. In dialogic speech, modal words often function as sentence calls. The structure of a sentence is not violated by the presence or absence of modal words. Modal semantics extend to the whole sentence content. This is the nature of the manifestation of modal words.
According to their semantics, modal words serve to give an utterance different shades of modal meaning when used in speech [4]. We can get an interesting picture that reflects the essential characteristics of modal words if we subject the above sentence to a transformational analysis using the method of substitution [2].
Let us consider the classification of English modal verb categories in the context of the
Kyrgyz language: __
_Function__English__Kyrgyz_
in the sense of skill:_c§3_kyla alat, kyla aluu, jasai alat, bilet, beralat, kele alat, koro alat
in the sense of necessity: must, ought, need kylysh kerek, kylganga muktaj, majbur, kylganga mildettuu_
in the sense of desirability |may Kaaloo, ensoo, tiloo
Although Kyrgyz, unlike English, does not have the concept of modal verbs, it is known that most of them have moved from the original pure verb meaning to a modal word. It is considered an objective process common to almost all languages that denominative words move into other categories, such as the category of words expressing modal meaning or service words.
In the Kyrgyz language to be compared, not only are there Kyrgyz modal verbs that correspond directly to the original English verbs, but there are also other linguistic means that are functionally equivalent to the original English modal verbs. These include intonation and various intensifying lexemes that perform intensional functions. At this point it should be noted that Kyrgyz does not have any clear equivalents for the English intensional verbs. In the roughest form, the in-tensional meanings of the analysed English modal verbs can be conveyed in Kyrgyz by the meanings of the following lexemes and linguistic units: Shall - kylysh kerek (Bir Nerseni, Birdemeni - something), Should -kylysh kerek bolchu (Bir Nerseni, Birdemeni - something), Will - bolush kerek (Bir Nerse, Birdeme - something), Would - bolgon eken, boluptur (Bir Nerse, Birdeme - something), Can - kyla alat, kyla alyshat (Bir Nerseni), May - kyla alat, kyla alyshat (Bir Nerseni, Birdemeni), Must - kylish kerek (Bir Nerseni, Birdemeni), Ought - kylish kerek (Bir Nerseni, Birdemeni), Need - mildettuu boluu, muktazhat boluu ( something). Modal verbs, with the infinitive of which they form a compound verb predicate, complete the meaning of the main semantic verb [3].
The semantic verb is the expression of the action or state of the subject of speech, while the modal verbs are only the expression of the speaker's attitude towards this action or state. The necessity, possibility, probability or desirability of the action is expressed by the speaker through modal verbs. There are only five verb lexemes - must, can, may, ought
and need - that are considered modal verbs in the English verb system. For example:
- I must finish this article till Wednesday -Бул макаланы шаршембиге чейин бYтYPYШYм керек
- You should follow your doctor's advice! - Сиз дарыгердин кецешине баш ийишициз керек!
- She can't swim so she isn't coming with us to the river - Ал CY3e албагандыктан биз менен дарыяга келбейт.
- What languages can he speak? - Ал кай-сы тилдерде CYйлeй алат?
- May I use your laptop? - Ноутбугуцузду колдонсом болобу?
- We ought to respect our parents - Биз ата-энебизди сыйлашыбыз керек.
-1 have to wear uniform at work - Мен жумушта форма кийишим керек.
The theoretical and academic grammar of Kyrgyz does not distinguish between groups of intensional verbs as it does in English -modal verbs are not identified as a separate class of verbs. As we have already seen, the original English language in its theoretical grammar distinguishes between four main groups of verbs: independent verbs, linking verbs, auxiliary verbs and modal verbs. The complex semantic-syntactic principle of lexeme distinction underlies this classification.
But Kyrgyz also uses another criterion for the classification of verb composition - the structural-grammatical criterion, which to some extent also considers the semantics of words. In the Kyrgyz language, the whole verb structure is divided into two large groups [4]:
1. Simple verbs: karma, tur, zhuu, bychak-ta, mayla, etc.;
2. Compound verbs: jek kor, okup chyk, kelip ket, zhark et, et al, etc.
The group of modal verbs is not distinguished as a separate class of verb lexemes in the Kyrgyz grammatical tradition. In their common scientific grammatical work, Kyrgyz scholars place modal verbs in a special part of speech called "modal words", this part of
speech "by its lexical composition and functions does not have any direct relation with other parts of speech. Modal words are expressions of subject-object relations, i.e. the speaker's attitude towards the connection he himself establishes between the content of speech and reality" [5].
All modal verbs are classified as "modal words" and analysed as a special class of particles, unrelated to verbs in the verb system, together with lexemes from other parts of speech: adjectives, adverbs, nouns. Although the authors recognise that the modal words "kerek" and "tiyish", for example, are names of actions and are formed from verbs, they say that "Kerek" carries the meaning of obligatory performance of an action. In combination with action names, it functions as part of the predicate in a sentence: Balaga emne kerek bolso, bardygyn taap beruu kerek -Everything the child needs must be provided.
The modal word kerek is most often used combined with the verbal conditional: "Bizdin uy ebak jatyp kalsa kerek - Our cow must have been asleep for a long time".
In connection with modal words, it should be noted that a distinction is also made in the theoretical grammar of English between such a generalised group of words. Here, modals are lexical units which are an expression of the speaker's subjective attitude towards the thought expressed in the sentence. Modals have the meaning of probability, doubt, certainty, assumption that the speaker expresses when thinking: naturally, happily, probably, possibly, of course. But modal verbs in English are in no way part of the group of modal words.
Kyrgyz verbs with modal connotations, e.g. kerek, tiyish, korunot, okshoit and so on,
are included together with other modal units with the characteristics of adverbs, adjectives and nouns. They belong to a special class of 'modal words' together with other modal units with the characteristics of adverbs, adjectives and nouns.
In addition to independent verbs and linking verbs, English modal verbs stand out as a separate group in the verb system. In Kyrgyz the modal words "kerek", "tiyish", combinations of auxiliary verbs with deuteronomy verbs with different formants, particles and imperative-desirable mood forms are the functional counterparts of the analysed verbs. All the modal verbs are classified as "modal words", together with lexemes from other parts of speech: adjectives, adverbs, nouns, and are analysed as a special class of particles that are not related to the verbs in the verb system.
Modality is realised at the grammatical, lexical and intonational levels, as already mentioned. Let us take a look at the general peculiarity of modal verbs in English. Modal verbs are service verbs and are never used as a separate part of a sentence. They correspond to the infinitive and work together with it to form complex compounded modal predicates. Morphologically, modal verbs are called limited because they lack a number of forms specific to verbs, for example they lack nonpersonal verb forms such as infinitive, participle, gerund; there are no future tense forms; negative and interrogative forms are formed without the auxiliary verb to do; there is no -S ending in the 3rd person singular present tense (he reads, he can); there is no imperative mood. So in English, modal verbs have a modal meaning, a service function and an inadequate form.
References
1. Blokh M.Ya. Theoretical Basics of Grammar: Textbook for Students of Institutes and Factories of Foreign Languages. - Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola, 1986. - 160 c.
2. Leo Hoye, Adverbs and modality in English. Longman English Language Series. - London: Longman, 1997. Pp. xii + 322 p., ISBN 0-582-21535-8.
3. Kabylov T.B. Imperative - linguistikalyk katary category / OshGU. Scientific article. -2012. - №4-1. - P. 65-67.
4. Sartbaev K.K. Kyrgyz tilinin izildenishi. - Frunze: Mektep, 1981. - 108 p.
5. Dzhusaev J.J. Category of modality and means of its expression in the modern Kyrgyz language: Author's disc.... philological sciences. - Bishkek, 2000. - 38 c.
АНГЛИЙСКИЕ МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ И ИХ КЫРГЫЗСКИЕ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ
С.И. Исаков1, доцент К.М. Капарова1, доцент Б.А. Ысмайылова2, преподаватель К.М. Моминжанова2, магистрант 1Ошский технологический университет 2Ошский государственный университет (Кыргызстан, г. Ош)
Аннотация. Категория модальности является универсальным явлением в языке. В разных языках она формируется совершенно по-разному. Английские модальные глаголы имеют эквиваленты в кыргызском языке, но передаются они разными средствами, не только глаголами. Номинанты модальности в древнем кыргызском языке встречаются в письменных памятниках. Номинанты модальных значений могут демонстрировать аналитизм английского языка и агглютинативность кыргызского. В статье представлен некоторый сопоставительный анализ модальных глаголов в исследуемых языках.
Ключевые слова: модальные глаголы, язык, модальность, лингвистика, сопоставительный анализ, лексика, грамматика.
