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18COMPETITIVENESS OF GRADUATES OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY FOREIGN EXPERIENCE AND WAYS TO USE IT
Shavkat Kodirovich Muxtorov
PhD student of Bukhara State University
ABSTRACT
This article examines foreign experience of competitiveness of graduates of higher education institutions in the knowledge economy and develops a mechanism for their use. The recommendations are scientifically sound.
Keywords: Economic growth, economic index of knowledge, intellectual economy, information sorting, technical activity, scientific inventions, integral index.
Measuring the level of knowledge in the world economy and using it in entrepreneurship, research and new inventions is becoming a leading factor in economic development. However, many fast-growing countries are not able to use this high potential. Developing countries can increase their competitiveness as a result of investment in human capital and the introduction of efficient technologies. Examples are Finland, Korea, Spain, Malaysia, Singapore, China, Chile and India.
Therefore, researchers need to keep them up-to-date, create and store them quickly, manage time efficiently, and at the same time improve their reading skills.
The current period is very changeable. It is constantly undergoing technological, political and social changes. Although we don't like change, we are used to it. New prospects, technological innovations, new goods and services will stimulate the development of the economy, organization and individual. To work effectively in such an environment, researchers need four types of knowledge and skills [1-30]. We faced the problem of knowing a lot on a regular basis and at the same time (having a lot of activities and very little knowledge due to the difficulty of separating the necessary information).
To live in such a world, we need to learn two skills. The first is to learn how to sort useful information. Simply put, sometimes ignoring the simple things, looking at them differently, being cheerful when necessary.
In this case, news and magazine analysts as well as commentators need to be trusted. Second, we must learn to be a qualifier for others. The key for science and education professionals is to be able to collect and sort information and pass it on to others, such as knowledge, whether it is a business or an everyday event. Often, simply sorting out unrelated information adds value to a generally accepted scheme to call it an
intellectual product. In other cases, we process the information so that others can use it as a research or project.
Initial attempts to determine the amount of investment in knowledge in relation to investment in physical capital - machinery and equipment - did not give the same result in terms of the importance of the quality of knowledge as a factor of production. Investments in knowledge in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, calculated as the sum of all expenditures on research and development (R&D), higher education and software, accounted for 4% of GDP in the late 1990s. In these countries, investments in fixed assets accounted for 21% of GDP, compared to 7% (more than 10% for all levels of education).
The following can be said about the codified scientific knowledge, ie reliable data on the growth of its use in economic activity and the impact of investment in R&D on economic development:
The relevance of research to technical activity is accelerating: for example, in the 1990s alone, American patents relied heavily on articles in scientific journals.
The time gap between scientific inventions and technical innovations is narrowing: in the last ten years, the reliance on scientific publications and patents has decreased.
Two interrelated tasks were solved in the development of this method:
1) the initial indicators reflecting various aspects of intellectualization of economic activity of national economies are defined;
2) methods of calculating integral indices and forming a rational structure of the integral index (IIII) of the intellectual economy were substantiated.
The first seven indicators describe the extensive indicators of the intellectualization of economic activity (IFI) of the country, while the group of indicators of IFI results to some extent reflects the qualitative side of IFI. The formation of a reasonable structure IIII depends on taking into account the degree of correlation of the initial indicators of IFI.
As a result of the calculation of their double correlation coefficients, it was found that the indicators of the IFI potential group and the indicators of "ITTI costs (%) in GDP" are more correlated. Their double correlation coefficients range from 0.83 to 0.97.
In solving the second task, the approach used in the calculation of the Integrated Human Development Index (ISRII) was used. In terms of similarity, integral indices were selected from ISRII as components of IIII, reflecting the level of development of various aspects of IFI.
Integral index calculations were performed using the following:
1) The formula based on the use of linear scales for the conversion of integral indices used in the construction of ISRII to the set of real values of the initial indicators of natural normalization:
Integral index = (X - Xmin)/(Xmax - Xmin) (1)
Where: X is the corresponding initial value for the country; Xmin and Xmax - the minimum and maximum values of this indicator in the data under consideration, respectively;
2) The method we propose is to determine the index of each initial indicator as the ratio of the average of its dynamic series to the average value of the data under consideration.
Comparing the results of the application of these calculation methods, it was found that the use of natural normalization leads to the formation of zero values in several countries.
Monitoring of the employment status of graduates of all higher education institutions operating in the Russian Federation is carried out on the basis of a centralized automated system. At the same time, the employment status of graduates is determined by processing data from 2 separate sources.
These are:
1. Data of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation.
2. Federal Register of Education Documents (FRDO).
3. The Federal Register of Documents on Education is a collection of documents (diplomas, certificates) issued to graduates by all educational institutions (including higher education institutions) from the date of their issuance. It is the only electronic register that must be entered by the educational institution within 60 days. At the initiative of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, these processes are covered on the Internet portal "Monitoring the employment of graduates" and the results of monitoring can be monitored.
4.The portal database allows you to get all the statistics not only on the Russian Federation, regions (regions) and higher education institutions, areas of education (specialties), but also to assess the migration of graduates within the Russian Federation. It should be noted that in compiling various national and international rankings, the level of employment or other similar features are analyzed.
The main purpose of employment monitoring is to assess the effectiveness of employment of graduates.
-Processing of information on the employment status of graduates provided by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the Federal Service for Supervision of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and educational institutions; - Analysis and assessment of demand in the labor market for graduates of higher and secondary special vocational education;
Figure 2. Stages of employment monitoring of graduates of educational institutions
(experience of the Russian Federation)
In the first stage, information on educational documents (diplomas, certificates) issued to graduates by all educational institutions (including higher education institutions) is entered.
- In the second stage, the information provided (included in the database) is checked by the Federal Service for Supervision of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Rosobrnadzor) and the following categories are excluded:
- Graduates who continue their studies;
- Graduates of foreign higher education institutions;
- Foreign citizens or stateless graduates;
- Graduates of additional education programs.
In the third stage, the Pension Fund determines the list of graduates on some information (including incorrectly entered year of birth, name, patronymic, etc.) and returns it to correct errors, including then the initial quantitative indicators for each set are determined. Including:
- On the missing "personal insurance number" (ie, graduates not registered with the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation).
- According to the identified "personal insurance numbers" (ie, available in the database of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, registered graduates).
In the fourth stage, various indicators are calculated and reports are generated:
- Employment rate of graduates;
- The amount of average salaries paid to graduates;
- The number of graduates engaged in active individual entrepreneurship;
- Geographical location of graduates of each educational institution by average age; Separate, complete infographic information on each educational institution, etc.
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