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HayKOBHH BicHHK .HbBiBCbKoro Ha^0Ha№H0ro ymBepcurery BeTepHHapHOi MegnuUHH Ta 6i0TexH0H0riH iMeHi C.3. f^H^Koro Scientific Messenger of Lviv National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies named after S.Z. Gzhytskyj
doi: 10.15421/nvlvet7115
ISSN 2413-5550 print ISSN 2518-1327 online
http://nvlvet.com.ua/
UDC 619:578(075.8)
Clinical signs in diagnostic of circovirus infection in pigs
O. Novitska novi_o@ukr.net
National University of life and environmental sciences of Ukraine, Heroyiv Oborony Str., 11, Kyiv, 03041, Ukraine
Clinical signs the disease associated with porcine circovirus (PCVAD) imitate many other diseases (classical swine fever, transmissible gastroenteritis, porcine parvovirus, pseudo rabies (Aujeszky's disease), leptospirosis et al.), which complicates diagnosis of the disease in the early stages of infection among livestock. Late diagnosis, lack of treatment and high price vaccines contribute to the formation of stationary fire PCVD. Therefore, the preliminary diagnosis based on clinical signs and pathological changes in animals suffering from PCV2, is the primary in fight PCVD. According the notification of clinical and pathological signs PCVD we examined the number of pigs on the farm that specializes in young animals received and fattening. Farms specialists concerned about the low increase of body weight, but they did not think of circovirus infection of pigs. We divided all pigs in to three groups. The first group - adult sows, the second group - pigs 0 - 28 days old, the third group - pigs between 35 - 180 days old. All animals were clinically examined. Animals of the first group did not have clinical signs specific to PCVD. Animals of the second group were characterized with heterogeneity of group, weight of piglets at birth ranged from 0.9 to 1.3 kg. Animals were behind in growth, development, mortality ranged from 10%. Diarrhea and cough were not detected. The third group of animals was characterized with strong heterogeneity of herds and low growth. Testing revealed a lag in growth and development, depression, palemucous membranes, increasing the inguinal, submaxillary, retropharyngeal lymphnodes. Autopsy revealed: fibrinous pleuropneumonia, myocarditis, filling with blood of spleen and liver, enlarged kidneys, increased all the lymph nodes, especially in guinal and ripples. Signs of generalized staph infection were recorded with one pig. Using PCR analysis confirmed PCV2.
Key words: circovirus, PCV2, PCVD, PCVAD, pigs, clinical signs
rk • • • • •
Значення клшшних ознак у систем! дтгностування цирковфозу свинеи
Кпшчш ознаки асоцшованог ijupKoeipymoi тфекцп свиней (PCVAD) iмiтyють багато ттих захворювань (класична чума свиней, трансмiсивний гастроентерит, хвороба AyecKi, парвовiрусна iнфекцiя та iH.), що ускладнюе дiагностування хвороби на початкових етапах розвитку тфекцп серед поголiв'я. ni3rn дiагностика, вiдсyтнiсть засобiв л^вання та висока цта вакцини сприяють утворенню стащонарного вогнища PCVD. Тому, попереднт дiагноз на пiдставi клтчних ознак та патологоанатомiчних змт тварин, хворих на PCV2, е першочерговим у системi боротьби з PCVD та асоцшова-ними хворобами. Нами було обстежено поголiв 'я свиней на фермi повного циклу отримання продукци свинарства. Основ-ними клтчними ознаками були низьт прирости маси тыа. Усе поголiв 'я свиней було умовно подшено на три групи. Перша група - дороmi свиноматки, друга група - свит вжом 0 - 28 дiб, третя група - свит вжом вiд 35 - 180 дiб. Обстеження тварин пертог групи не виявило клтчних ознак характерних для PCVD. Тварини другог групи характеризувалися неодно-рiднiстю гшзда, маса тма поросят при народженн коливалася вiд 0,9 до 1,3 кг. Тварини вiдставали у ростi, розвитку, смерттсть коливалась у межах 10%. Проносу та катлю не виявляли. Третя група тварин характеризувалася сильною неоднорiднiстю стада та низьким приростом маси т1ла. Обстеження тварин виявило вiдставання у ростi та розвитку,
Citation:
Novitska, O. (2016). Clinical signs in diagnostic of circovirus infection in pigs. Scientific Messenger LNUVMBT named after S.Z. Gzhytskyj, 18, 3(71), 66-69.
О. Новщька novi_o@ukr.net
Нац1ональний утверситет 6iopecypcie i природокористування Украши, вул. Герогв Оборони, 11, м. Кшв, 03041, Украша
пригтчетсть, блiдiсть слизових, збтьшення пахових, тдщелепових, заглоткових лiмфатичних вузлiв. Патологоана-томiчними до^дженнями виявили: фiбринозну плевропневмошю, мюкардит, кровонаповнення селезтки та печтки, збыь-шет нирки, збыьшеш уа лiмфатичнi вузли, особливо nаховi та брижовi. У одного поросяти також реестрували ознаки генералiзованоl стафыококовог тфекци. У до^джуваному патологiчному матерiалi за допомогою ПЛР— аналiзу було тдтверджено наявтсть РСУ2.
Ключовi слова: цирковiрус, РСУ2, РСУО, РСУАО, свит, клшчш ознаки.
Значение клинических признаков для диагностики цирковирусной
инфекции свиней
О. Новицкая novi_o@ukr.net
Национальный университет биоресурсов и природопользования Украины, ул. Героев Обороны, 11, Киев, 03041, Украина
Клинические признаки ассоциированной цирковирусной инфекции свиней (РСУАО) имитируют ряд других заболеваний (классическая чума свиней, трансмиссивный гастроэнтерит свиней, болезнь Ауэски, парвовирусная инфекция и др.), что затрудняет диагностирование болезни на ранних этапах развития болезни среди поголовья. Поздняя диагностика, отсутствие средств лечения и высокая цена вакцин благоприятствуют образованию стационарного очага РСУО. Поэтому, предварительный диагноз на основе клинических и патологоанатомических признаков животных, больных на РСУ2, являются первоочередными в системе борьбы с РСУО. Нами было исследовано поголовье свиней на ферме полного цикла получения продукции свиноводства. Основными клиническими признаками были низкие приросты массы тела. Всё поголовье свиней было условно поделено на три группы. Первая группа - взрослые свиноматки, вторая группа - свиньи возрастом 0 -28 дней, третья группа - свиньи возрастом 35 - 180 дней. Исследование животных первой группы не выявило клинических признаков характерных для РСУО. Животные второй группы характеризовались неоднородностью гнезда, масса тела поросят при рождении колебалась от 0,9 до 1,3 кг. Животные отставали в росте, развитии, смертность было в пределах 10%. Поносов и кашлю не выявляли. Третья группа животных характеризовалась сильной неоднородностью стада и низкими приростами массы тела. Исследования вывили угнетенность, бледность слизистых, увеличение паховых, подчелюстных лимфатических узлов. Патологоанатомическими исследованиями выявляли фибринозную плевропневмонию, миокардит, кровенаполнение селезёнки и печени, увеличение почек и всех лимфатических узлов, особенно паховых и брыжовых. У одного поросёнка регистрировали признаки генерализованой стафилококковой инфекции. В исследуемом материале с помощью ПЦР-анализу было подтверждено наличие РСУ2.
Ключевые слова: цирковирус, РСУ2, РСУО, РСУАО, свиньи, клинические признаки.
Introduction
Porcine circovirus is obe of the most studied pathogens among those that are the most actual during the last 15 years. However, in Ukraine the disease associated with porcine circovirus (PCVAD) become signs of a pandemic. Detection of specific antibodies in the blood serum of pigs shows that circovirus infection of pigs (PCVD) is widespread in the world, regardless of the status of PCV2 farms (Segales et al., 2005).
Efficiency of histological, immunohistochemical and PCR methods for the diagnosis of circovirus infection in pigs has been proven many times. However, clinical signs PCVAD imitate many ot her diseases (classical swine fever, transmissible gastroenteritis, porcine parvovirus, pseudorabies (Aujeszky disease), leptospirosis et al.), which complicates diagnosis of the disease in the early stages of infection among livestock (Kim et al., 2004; Opriessnig and Langohr, 2013).
If experts of a farm think there is no presence PCV2, they will not do additional diagnostic tests. Typically, diagnosis PCVAD occurs when the infection has become total, chronic course. Late diagnosis, lack of treatment and high price vaccines contribute to the formation of stationary fire PCVD. Therefore, the preliminary diagnosis based on clinical signs and pathological changes in animals suffering from PCV2, is the primary in fight PCVD PCVAD.
PCV2 causes the development of immunodeficiency, so animals are usually infected by several agents, including parvovirus pigs, swine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Swine Hepatitis E virus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pas-teurella multocida, Haemophilus parasuis, Staphilococ-cus spp., Streptococcus spp. (Yang et al., 2015). The most studied is the association of swine circovirus virus reproductive and respiratory syndrome pigs and porcine parvo-virus (Madson and Opriessnig, 2011).
The main targets for PCV2 in the neonatal period are cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes and macrophages. In postnatal virus replicates well in the cells of the lymphatic system, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys and brain (Romeo et al., 2003). So symptoms of circovirus infection of pigs vary on clinical grounds. For postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome - PMWS (PCV2-SD) characteristic is the development of acquired immunodeficiency (Ellis et al., 1998; Quintana et al., 2001). This syndrome occurs most frequently. Lymphocyte depletion of lymphoid tissue, changes subpopulations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, expression changes of cytokines are registered. Clinically it is manifested in typical weight loss among pigs aged 8 -18 weeks. Muscle atrophy, cardiomyopathy and pulmonary pathology leads to choke, anemia, pale mucous membranes. Sometimes there is jaundice and sporadic diarrhea. Inguinal lymph nodes are enlarged. As a result of the temperature low-grade animals are sup-
pressed. The mortality rate among infected pigs PCV2-SD ranges from 5 - 50%. Body weights gain is less than normal, becoming ready for being sold increases (Allan and Ellis, 2000). Three times increased in lymph nodes, thymus atrophy, infarction of the spleen, diffuse edema of the lungs, liver jaundice, enlarged kidneys with areas of infiltration of lymphocytes, stomach ulcers, multifocal myocarditis are recorded during the autopsy. Almost in all organs infiltration of lymphocytes is detected.
The course PCVD in the form of subclinical infections (PCV2-SI) is characterized with invisible clinical signs. Low body weight gain amonf animals of feeding group is the only sign. Experts of farms can link it with poor quality food, sanitary conditions of the premises, etc. swine genetics. Typically PCV2-SI is recorded in disadvantaged farms where PCVD affects pigs for years and is never diagnosed.
The course of PCVD in the form of disease of the reproductive system (PCV2-RD) is characterized with abortion in the third trimester of gestation and birth of non-viable offspring. This syndrome is characterized by the absence of other clinical signs in sows. Veterinary experts in this case may suspect brucellosis, leptospirosis, mycoplasmosis, mycotoxicoses, PRRS and swine parvovirus.
The course in the form of PCVD dermatonefro pathology syndrome (PDNS) should also be considered as one of the clinical manifestations of PCVD. PDNS is registered among pigs aged 2-6 months. Pigs older than 8 months it is almost undetectable. This syndrome refers to the of hypersensitivity type III. Typical for PDNS is acute course with signs of anorexia, depression, hypotension, or 40,5 - 41°C temperature, necrotizing vasculitis. On the skin in the hind limbs and perineum appear erythema, which is then covered with a thin scab and disappear on its own. These symptoms are sometimes confused with signs of acute course of erysipelas.
Respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is considered as a separate syndrome PCVAD. It is a multifactorial disease that affects pigs 12 - 24 weeks aged (Gjurovski et al., 2015). It is characterized with fever, cough, nasal leakage, acute pulmonary edema, weight loss. It can be confused with pasteurellosis, haemophilosis pleuropneumonia and other diseases.
The aim of our study was to establish the nature of clinical manifestations in pigs that are suspected to PCVD.
Material and methods
According the notification of clinical and pathological signs PCVD we examined the number of pigs on the farm that specializes in young animals received and fattening. The farm has reproductive herd. Pigs were kept in suboptimal health conditions (lack of ventilation, high content of ammonia in the air, low temperature in the rooms). Regular diagnostic and preventive measures were not taken. Specialists farms concerned about the low increase in body weight, but they did not think of circovirus infection pigs. We divided all pigs into three groups. The first group - adult sows, the second group - pigs aged 0-28 days, the third group - pigs aged between 35 - 180 days.
All animals were clinical examined. For laboratory studies were selected lymph nodes. The material studied in SDC «Bio-test-laboratory».
Results and discussion
All animals were clinically examined. Animals of the first group did not have clinical signs specific to PCVD. Animals of the second group were characterized with heterogeneity of group, weight of piglets at birth ranged from 0.9 to 1.3 kg. Animals were behind in growth, development, mortality ranged from 10%. Diarrhea and cough were not detected. The third group of animals was characterized with strong heterogeneity of herds and low growth. Testing revealed a lag in growth and development, depression, pale mucous membranes, increasing the inguinal, submaxillary, retropharyngeal lymph nodes. Autopsy revealed: fibrinous pleuropneumonia, myocarditis, filling with blood of spleen and liver, enlarged kidneys, increased all the lymph nodes, especially inguinal and ripples. Signs of generalized staph infection were recorded with one pig. Using PCR analysis confirmed PCV2.
Conclusions
1. Circovirus infection of pigs (PCVD) often occurs in association with other infectious agents, characterized by symptoms of various syndromes.
2. Depression, low body weight gain and enlarged lymph nodes are the main clinical signs, which are often registered among pigs aged 35 - 180 days.
3. Given erased clinical signs of circovirus infection for early diagnosis should conduct a systematic survey of pigs by PCR analysis.
4. All sows should be vaccinated against circovirus infection.
References
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Ellis, J., Hassard, L., Clark, E., et al. (1998). Isolation of circovirus from lesions of pigs with postweaning mul-tisystemic wasting syndrome. Can Vet J. 39, 44-51.
Quintana, J, Segalés, J, Rosell, C, et al. (2001). Clinical and pathological observations on pigs with postwean-ing multisystemic wasting syndrome. Vet Rec. 149, 357-361.
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Cmammn nadiumm do peda^ii 25.09.2016
