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Наконец бифуркации уравнения универсальным образом описывают самые разнообразные явления природы, что было показано нелинейной физикой - научной основой синергетики.
Применимость чисел
I, I2, /„ I
4
в предла-
гаемой схеме объясняется также их соответствием уровнем оценивающие знаний по пятибалльной системе «удовлетво-
рительно»
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2
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ЛИТЕРАТУРА:
1. Жанабаев З.Ж., Ильясов Н. Синергетические методы контроля педагогической деятельности: //Материалы
МНПК. Хаос и структуры в нелинейных системах. Теория и эксперимент. Астана: ЕНУ, 2006, с. 242-246
2. Жанабаев З.Ж., Ильясов Н. Практикум по нелинейной физике. Алматы: «Казац университета», 2003.-123 с
3. Жанабаев З.Ж., Иманбаева А.К. Конкурентоспособность образования: реформа на научной основе //Кредитная система обучения. Алматы: «Казац университета», 2004, с.13-24
4. Жанабаев З.Ж., Мукушев Б.А. Синергетика в педагогике. Алматы: 2002.-127 с
5. Жанабаев З.Ж., Тарасов С.Б., Турмуханбетов А.Ж. Фракталы, информация, турбулентность. Алматы: РИО ВАК РК, 2000. 228 с.
6. Николис Г., Пригожин И. Познание сложного. М.:
1990. 344 с.
7. Климонтович Ю.Л. Статистическая теория открытых систем. М.: Янус, 2000. Т.3, 508 с.
8. Хакен Г. Информация и самоорганизация. М.: Мир,
1991, 240 с.
CHARITY AT HIGH SCHOOL OF THE END OF THE 19th TO THE BEGINNINGS OF THE 20th CENTURIES IN SIBERIA. HOW IT
CHANGED?
Klinitsky Artem Igorevich
Applicant of an academic degree of the candidate ofpedagogical sciences, department ofpedagogics of The Herzen State
Pedagogical University of Russia.
ABSTRACT
In article the main forms of charity in development of secondary education of Weflern Siberia of the end of the 19th - the beginnings of the 20th centuries are considered. Their evolution and value is traced. Motives, characteriflic features of each of philanthropy forms taking into account regional specifics, regularity of their development are given. As a result of fludying of archival hiflorical and pedagogical sources, the patronage transformation from "donation occasionally" to organized forms of public charity, and also the reason, that promoting is revealed.
Keywords: Charity, high school, philanthropy, regional specifics, patronage.
A variety of forms of public participation in development of secondary education is directly connected with development of secular culture in general. In spite of the fact that process of formation of secular Russian culture will begin in the 17th century, this tendency will reach Siberia only by the 19th century. Exactly by this time it is possible to speak about change of a paradigm of charity from "rescuing of own soul", i.e. from donations in favor of church, to the public, wordly benefit.
However charity as the social phenomenon by the nature is non-uniform and isn't flatic, it is also subject to evolution as any social inflitute. The purpose of our research was to track evolution of charity in education on the example of high schools (man's, female gymnasiums and real schools) of the Wefl Siberian Educational Diflrict (WSED).
The problem of attraction of wide sectors of society to social problems in general and to education, in particular, remains to this day important and actual as the conflitutional flate can't
be built without control and support from civil society and vice versa. The accounting of pre-revolutionary experience, in our opinion, is especially useful now, in the conditions of introduction of new educational flandards at high school and the professional flandard of the teacher.
For this purpose we consider important to compare various forms of philanthropy - from simple donation to activity of charitable Societies in connection with a hiflorical and cultural context of development of the country and region.
Comparison of a role of charitable contributions in budgets of schools at the time of foundation of the educational diflrict in 1885 and by the time of elimination of a diflrict control syflem of education according to the lafl report is very indicative (for January 1, 1917).
In fact, "donation occasionally" certain sums was the firfl and simplefl form of patronage. Their role wasn't big that is clearly demonflrated by Table 1.
Table 1.
Specific weight of charitable contributions in budgets of high schools in 1885 and 1916 (in % in comparison with total income)
1885 1916
Man's gymnasiums 3,91 0, 98
Real schools 1,62 0,75
Female gymnasiums 13,81 0,99
Table created from the following sources: State Archive of the Tomsk. Area Fond 126. Inventory 1. Archiving 40. Page 248; Russian State Hiflorical Archive (RSHA). Fond 733. Inventory 205. Archiving 4872. Page 21; RSHA Fond 733. Inventory 203. Archiving 2955. Page 9; RSHA Fond 733. Inventory 204. Archiving 4881. Page 18; RSHA Fond 733. Inventory 203. Archiving 2981. Page 7; RSHA Fond 733. Inventory 205. Archiving 4891. Page 19.
From the analysis of the presented material it is possible to conclude that the highefl specific weight of private donations is typical of female gymnasiums. The reason of which was the lack of financing from treasure. According to the eflimates of N. N. Zhuravleva, 58,1% of the budget of all men's educational inflitutions of the empire made grants from treasury while in female education this figure was more than 5 times lower and accounted for only 11,4% [13, P. 235].
Incidental character of this form of charity, certainly, wasn't the flrong income item of school. On the contrary, it could vary significantly from 0 to 10% of an indicator. Not occasionally, single charity, often, is combined in reports of the truflee of WSED with the casual income and already by the turn of the 19th-20th centuries will practically come to end that also follows from the analysis of the table.
One similar which was already more syflematized form of charity will become the activity of patronage inflitute, founded by the flate as a way to attract the mofl well-founded part of society, firfl of all - merchants, to education. The agenda of the board of truflees of educational inflitution included moflly materialiflic issues - repair, contraction of additional rooms, etc [8, P. 96]. Semiliterate merchants considered it a duty to donate for school the large sums and to take part in education business. In particular, the merchant M. S. Sychev even had no primary education, however in 1896 he has been approved as the chairman of the board of truflees of the Biysk female progymnasium and he has much made for this school.
Speaking about the motives of merchant charity, the famous Tomsk scientific prof. V.P. Boyko, besides a religious component, allocates some more: vanity of merchants, their personal qualities, pressure from the local adminiflration [4, P. 241-242].
The periodicals often reproached merchants with lack of initiative, saying that the power served as the initiator of many charitable: "... often these donations were given not in all sincerity, and to please to the power ..." [6]. However, what wouldn't move merchants, whatever persuaded after all they salves material difficulties in school's work.
Therefore, we believe, it is possible to call their activity patronage fully.
Another more mature form of patronage, in our opinion, will become various forms of long-term charity, the largefl of which is sacrifice of the capital. Process of political development of the empire in general, and the Siberian region, in particular, after liberal reforms of 60-70 couldn't reflect on forms of public participation in the solution of the flate, national queflions.
However and here Siberia considerably lagged behind, mainly because of non-proliferation territorial (1864) and city (1870) reforms on the region therefore donation of the capital has found reflection in rather simple form of charity - nominal grants.
The main task of charity in this form has a little changed, she began to have more concretized character - the help to needy pupils and their families in payment of training, accommodation in board, purchase of textbooks. Important the fact that besides desire of a simple donation there is a desire to dispose of funds for very certain business or to track implementation of will of the donator. High-quality transformation of a public initiative and public participation in business of national education is available.
The firfl case of eflablishment of a nominal grant has been recorded in 1803 at the Tobolsk man's gymnasium when P. Demidov has offered the capital on the Siberian university which intended to open in Tobolsk. As the issue of university hasn't been resolved, the adminiflration of a gymnasium has addressed the donor with the offer on that to turn percent or all sum into its advantage. P. Demidov has accepted the offer, and in 1810 60000 rubles from the "university" capital have arrived into the account of the Tobolsk man's gymnasium; for percent from him several pupils had to contain [9, P.30-31].
Significant incentive for development of this form of charity was Mofl highly approved position of Committee of Miniflers of December 14, 1877. "About an order of assignment of any special names to eflablishments charitable and all-useful" according to which grants were allowed to appropriate personal names according to desire mofl [5, № 57978].
The granted right promoted desire to immortalize a name of the honorable citizen, colleague or native person, often deceased, in a good cause of the help to children in knowledge acquisition. The vain motive of charity was shown in this form widely.
But the important remark is that significant anniversaries and events in life of the country became the mofl popular reason for the organization of charitable action or eflablishment of a new grant. For example, the grant in honor of the tercentenary of House of Romanovs founded in the Tobolsk man's gymnasium on donations of foreigners of Berezovsky of the county [11, P. 1-14]. In 1914 at the Ishimsky man's gymnasium the grant of a name of the emperor Nicholas II [2, P. 121] has been founded. At Tomsk Alekseevsky real school there was a grant collected by employees of educational inflitution, in memory of the 25 anniversary of reign of the emperor-liberator Alexander II for the pupil, mainly, he has to be from country eflate [12, P. 239]. For regulation of a queflion on May 26, 1897. The opinion of the State Council "About eflablishment of grants and the capitals of a name of the Tallefl Persons and members of the Imperial surname is mofl highly approved, and also the name on the event connected with such name is equal are plunged on the Tallefl G. I. opinion chief directors of the subject departments" [1].
However attempt to attract as much as possible a general population to educational problems, and, not only to material will become top of transformation of inflitute of educational
charity. This form will find the embodiment in different activity "Societies of a relief aid the pupil". Their activity, in our opinion, will satisfy subflantially to the main objectives of the Russian school of the beginning of the 20th century.
In the work "Modern problems of national education" P.F. Kapterev will designate requirements of an era to an education syflem. Zemflvoes and charitable societies will manage to smooth several contradictions between requirements of society and real opportunities of the flate. The problem of introduction of general education was solved by opening of new schools, fund raising on the organization of grants or purchase of manuals, and also broad educational work of public organizations. In the Siberian periodical press, in particular in «The Siberiar Word» newspaper there was even a special heading "In Societies" where information on the held events was given. In Tobolsk continuous readings took place in three parts of the city, the number of visitors made from 98 to 400 people [7, P. 74].
On memoirs of contemporaries, in Biysk "The people hurried in the evenings on "readings" where was eager to hear continuation of the events described in the literary work".
The educational party of school business which is also noted by P.F. Kapterev as an important problem of an education syflem, has found the reflection in work of Societies too. The held events - planting of trees, charity concerts and fund raising for participants of wars, performances, etc. subflantially promoted formation of personal qualities of pupils.
Out-of-school education - the third task designated by P.F. Kapterev will also find the reflection in work of additional "circles", often, that is remarkable, working for free only, due to enthusiasm of teachers.
The firfl charitable organization in WSED has been opened in Tobolsk in 1865 - "Society of a relief aid for poor fludents of the Tobolsk province". In Tomsk similar society has earned since October 28, 1873.
By second decade of the 20th century their quantity will increase in tens of times. According to the eflimates of researchers, on number of charitable societies in Siberia on the firfl place there was a Tomsk province in which there were 106 various societies, she was followed by the Tobolsk province - 78 organizations, went further the Eafl Siberian lands Irkutsk (59) and the Yenisei (44) provinces [3, P. 27].
Support to pupils of high schools was given also by the third-party organizations, on own initiative. For example, on March 12, 1913 fans of theater in Tobolsk have given a performance, the obtained 407 rubles 90 kopeks from which have been transferred to advantage of pupils of real school [10, P. 33, 50].
Activity borders of "Societies of a relief aid" as shows a set of examples, were beyond far charity and have for the firfl time rallied around themselves not only merchants and well-founded
part of society, but also simple people of country, petty-bourgeois eflates, government employees.
Thus, all in a century the Siberian high school has endured large-scale high-quality changes in syflem of educational charity - from a single donation, is frequent under pressure from the power, to long-term charity at firfl of merchants, and then and other eflates and groups of the population in the form of work of charitable societies.
The general civil consciousness and peace initiative in social problems - an indicator of healthy development of society.
Literature
1. "About an order of assignment of special names to all-useful eflablishments". // Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire III Volume XVII (1897).
2. «About eflablishment of a grant of a name of the sovereign emperor Nicholas II for a man's gymnasium of the Ishimsky province and for a man's gymnasium of the Tobolsk province ». // Magazine of the miniflry of national education" 1914. Part 54.
3. Bochanova G. A., Goryushkin L.M., Nozdrin G. A. Charity hiflory sketches in Siberia in the second half of the 19th - the beginnings of the 20th centuries Novosibirsk: Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2000.
4. Boyko VP. Tomsk merchants. Tomsk: Aquarius, 1996.
5. Complete collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. № 57978.
6. «Eafl review». February 24, 1883.
7. Lityagina A.V. Impact of education on a way of life of the population in the Wefl Siberian cities in the second half of the 19th - the beginnings of the 20th centuries// Bulletin of the Tomsk flate university. 2010. №. 335.
8. Sokolov A.R. «Charity in national education and her role in transformation of the Russian society». St. Petersburg: Liki Rossii, 2005.
9. State Archive of the Tomsk. Fond 126. Inventory 1. Archiving 225.
10. State archive in Tobolsk. Fond 152. Inventory 27. Archiving 112.
11. State archive in Tobolsk. Fond152. Inventory 36. Archiving 496.
12. The index of the offered capitals on the Miniflry of national education. St. Petersburg, 1912.
13. Zhuravleva N. N. Female education in the Tomsk province in the second half of the 19th - the beginnings of the 20th centuries. // Thesis of the candidate of hiflorical sciences. Barnaul, 2005.
