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ния наиболее крупных партнерств в российской энергетической отрасли является содействие бизнесу - внедрению и использованию современных технологий, повышению конкурентоспособности и инвестиционной привлекательности отрасли в целом, а также формирование единой позиции для взаимодействия с органами власти. Государство также принимает участие в отдельных совместных предприятиях - часть партнерств в энергетической сфере (наиболее крупные) образованы при поддержке федеральных органов власти. Кризисные явления вынуждают хозяйствующих субъектов искать новые пути повышения конкурентоспособности через организацию сетевых форм сотрудничества.
Традиционная модель управления ТПиР исчерпала возможности снижения затрат. Экономическими предпосылками возникновения межфирменных сетей являются не только стремление отдельных фирм к снижению издержек, но и необходимость адаптации фирм к изменениям внешней среды. Более того, ограничения, которые испытывает каждая отдельно взятая фирма в информационных и технологических ресурсах, создают возможность взаимодействия между фирмами в рыночных условиях. Юридическая самостоятельность отдельных фирм, входящих в межфирменную сеть, способствует более успешному развитию межфирменного сотрудничества. Дальнейшее исследование гибких форм межфирменного взаимодействия должно позволить детализировать специфику использования такого сотрудничества, как на уровне отдельных фирм, так и на отраслевом уровне в целом. В этой связи будем рассматривать создание сетевой структуры как возможность повышения конкурентоспособности участников.
Межфирменное взаимодействие генерирующих компаний может быть реализовано несколькими способами: созданием совместного предприятия в форме Общества с ограниченной ответственностью, Некоммерческого партнерства, а также в виде заключения партнерами договора о
совместной деятельности. Стратегические альянсы российских компаний друг с другом должны позволить им в короткие сроки создать необходимые организационные возможности для повышения эффективности деятельности. Выбор наиболее подходящей структуры сетевого взаимодействия оказывает огромное влияние на эффективность партнерства. При этом организационной форма альянса должна соответствовать целям создания альянса, ресурсам партнеров, количеству и составу участников, а также определять ответственность его членов [1, с. 12] [4, с. 127-128].
Для разработки метода управления ТПиР территориальных генерирующих компаний требуется проведение дополнительных исследований для решения следующих задач: разработка принципов и методов построения системы управления ТПиР в составе сети, разработка критериев оценки эффективности реализации программы ТПиР, разработка алгоритма анализа системы управления ТПиР в составе сети и методики управления ТПиР.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1. Ильязов И.К. // Автореферат // Организационные формы и экономические отношения современных бизнес-объединений, с. 12
2. Королева Е.В. Международные стратегические альянсы как фактор развития конкуренции // Российский внешнеэкономический вестник. 2009 - №11.
3. Кузина О.Е. Барьеры развития государственно-частного партнерства в России: социальный анализ // Социологический журнал. 2011 - №3.
4. Кузнецов И.А. // Диссертация // Развитие форм стратегического партнерства, с.127-128
5. Станбеков Т.А. Топливно-экономический комплекс России в формировании евразийского энергетического альянса // Россия и АТР. 2007 - №1.
SOCIO - ECONOMIC LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF LATVIA AFTER
JOINING THE EU
Zaitseva Elena Ivanovna
Mg. oec., doctoral student, Baltic International Academy, Riga
ABSTRACT
The article examines the dynamics of some socio - economic indicators which characterize the level of development of Latvia after joining the Sate to the EU. The reasons and factors, contributing to the change of the socio - economic level of the country are shown. Recommendations for the improvement and flabilization of the economic development of Latvia are given.
Keywords: socio - economic indicators, Latvia, EU, development, European funding.
On the of May, Latvia became a member of the European Union. Yearly inflallments of Latvia to the budget of the EU make about 310 -355 million Euro; at the same time by the means of various funds and financial support of Latvia is returned about 850 million of Euro annually. These amounts are divided among the following directions: the development of infraflructure is 38.4%, human resources is 32. 5%, flructural reforms, competitiveness, innovations are 29.0% [10].
Due to the European funding (through the European Regional Development Fund, European Social Fund and Cohesion Fund) which were allocated for the equalization of living flandards, the Latvian entrepreneurs were able to upgrade their equipment, to
enter new markets of sale and to expand production capacities. Latvia gets funds within the frameworks of two communal EQUAL and INTERREG initiatives, from the European Development Fund of agriculture and from the Development Fund of fish culture.
As an economic development is multifactorial process that reflects the changes in all fields of economic life of the country, let's consider the current flate of the Latvian economy through some economic indicators for 2004-2014.
The key indicators of the economic development of the country are GDP per capita. Let's consider the nominal GDP and GDP at parity of purchasing power (PPP) (figure 1).
Figure 1. GDP per capita in Latvia, 2004-2014 y. [16]
As it can be seen from the figure 1, the nominal GDP and GDP per capita since 2004 increased from 6746.06$ to 16037.78$ and GDP on PPP from 13130$ to 23150 $. In Latvia the level of GDP per capita on PPP has already reached 64 percent of the average level in the EU, while, at the moment of joining the European Union, it makes only about the half of the European level. For example, the GDP per capita on PPP in Latvia exceeds the level of Bulgaria. It approaches to the level of such countries as Poland and Hungary, but at the same time it began to lag behind
the similar indicators of Lithuania and Eflonia. The GDP growth per capita is ahead of volume growth of the economy due to the fact that the population is declining in Latvia.
Let's consider the development of GDP of Latvia for the period of 2004-2014 (figure 2) which characterizes the final result of production activity of economic units - residents and measures the cofl of goods and services, produced by these units for the final use.
Figure 2. GDP dinamics ( % of GDP) in Latvia, 2004-2014y. [16]
From 2004 until the firfl half of 2008 it was the faflefl growing economy throughout the EU, having reached the GDP growth in 12.2% in 2006. During this period the main impetus of growth was the consumption in the private sector and the growth of inveflments which were based on the essential inflow of external capital. In 2008 and 2009, in the result of global financial crisis, the inflow of external capital was flopped and the recession began in Latvia. During the crisis the gross domeflic product (GDP) fell by In 2009 Latvia experienced the sharpefl economic decline among the EU countries - 18%.
Latvia, as any developing country is developing fafler than any developed country of the EU (about 3.38% on the average for 2004-2014). The trend of the economic development of the EU countries is the same (about 1.7% on the average for 19902013): economic upturns and crisis are experienced almofl equally, the only difference in figures.
Note that in the conditions of falling of domeflic demand and reduction of economic growth, the indicators of inflation, with some exceptions continue to fall from 6.2% in 2004 to 0.7% in 2014 [17].
Let's consider the flate debt of Latvia (figure 3):
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Figure 3. Government Debt to GDP (%) in Latvia, 2004-2014 y. [16]
The flate debt of Latvia began to form in 1992, when the loan of the World Bank was taken. The amount of debt until 2007 was small (9% of GDP), but since 2008 was marked its notable increase, as were taken the firfl loans from the International Monetary Fund because of the budget deficit, including the provision of liquidity of Parex banka after its adoption by the flate. At the end of 2014 the flate debt reached 38% of GDP, it is more than 7 bln EURO. Note that the Maaflricht criterion provides that the debt shouldn't exceed 60% of GDP, in Latvia 35% - 40%.
Here it is necessary to describe some of the indicators of quality of flate management of Latvia which have influence on the economic situation of the country - unsatisfactory indicators in the field of Control of Corruption, Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism. According to the international eflimates, the biggefl problem in Latvia is corruption which is extended to all levels of power. The non-purpose diflribution of
the European funding takes place, as well as some part of the EU funds "hangs" on the flate account with the rational direction.
Note that the participation of government of Latvia in political games of the EU and USA has a negative influence on the trading relations with some major trading partners (using the example of CIS). The largefl partners of Latvia on export are Lithuania, Eflonia, Russia, Germany, Sweden, Poland, Denmark and Great Britain. In general, in the EU countries Latvia exports 71.0% of total export volume.
The partners of Latvia on import are Lithuania, Germany, Russia, Poland, Eflonia, Finland and Belarus. From the countries of the European Union was imported 79.7% of the total volume of import. The basic induflries of export are: wood induflry, metal induflry and engineering, electronics and electrical engineering, chemical induflry, food induflry.
Let's consider the detailed indicators of export and import of Latvia for 2004-2014 (figure 4).
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
■Exports Imports
Figure 4. Exports and Imports in Latvia. 2004-2014 y. [11]
After the global financial crisis the export of goods renewed its flable growth. The growth of export was fafler than before the crisis that allowed in the shortefl possible time returning to the level of 2008. In 2010 the export of goods in the actual prices increased by 30% in comparison with 2009 and by 6% in comparison with pre -crisis 2008. In 2014 the volume of export of goods made 10.24 bln Euro and the growth of volume of export in the actual prices reached 28%.
Under the influence of the financial crisis significantly has reduced the negative balance of foreign trade of goods. If at the end of 2006 the import of goods exceeded the export of goods by 2 times, then, at the end of 2011 the predominance of import over the export decreased up to 22%. Note that on the average in the EU countries (especially in developed ones) export mainly according to the indicators is higher than import.
The main products of export of Latvia are wood and wood products (about 16% of the volume of export of goods); metals
and metal products (14%); machinery and equipment; electrical equipment (12%); mineral products (9%) and products of chemical induflry (7%).
The main products of import of Latvia are the mineral products (about 17% of the volume of import of goods) machinery and equipment, electrical equipment (17 %); metals and metal products (10%); products of chemical induflry (9%) and vehicles (9%).
If to consider the sources of direct foreign inveflments in Latvia, then, the main sources of direct foreign inveflments in Latvia are the neighboring countries of the Baltic Sea region which operate in Latvia since the beginning of the 90s. Currently, the inveflments from Sweden, Germany, Denmark, Eflonia and the Netherlands make 42.4% of the total volume of direct foreign inveflments (FDI), covering many areas, from finances, telecommunications and trade to the creation of fully export -oriented production [9].
After 2004 the weflern inveflments went mainly to the banking sector and the trade, in the mortgage contraction - everything that gives you an inflant profit. Latvia has been covered by tsunami of cheap European goods; the Latvian enterprises have been limited by production quotas.
The main reasons of the heightened interefl of the European flates to the inveflment in the Latvian economy remains a significant difference between the cofls of production in the countries of Eafl and Wefl, as well as the driving of inveflors to flrengthen their presence in the promising and intensively developing market of the Baltic States. Not the lafl role here also plays an opportunity of flrategic penetration of business in the CIS countries and Russia. The countries, located in the eafl, mainly, Russia have chosen Latvia for transit/logiflical operations to get the added value for its main export goods - oil products, chemicals and metals.
The volume of the accumulated FDI at the end of 2014 - 12 bln euro that is more in 8.7 bln euro, than in 2004 (3.3 bln euro). Since the beginning of 1990s Sweden in Latvia is the largefl
The total size of the labor market of Latvia makes 966 thousand of people, who are concentrated mainly in the larger cities: Latvia, Daugavpils, Liepaja and Yelgava. In the period of economic recession in 2008 - 2010, the situation in the labor market significantly deteriorated. Since the beginning of 2010, gradually increased the economic activity, situation in the labor market improved - increased employment, gradually decreased
inveflor (more than 20% of the total inveflments, while the inveflments of the other countries don't exceed 10%).
Note that the largefl land plots belong to the Norwegian Storebrand Livsforsikring AS (49 306.59 hectares of the Latvian land, on the third place is the Swedish enterprise Bergvik Skog AB).
At the moment about 15% of all land is bought by foreigners. As for forefls, then their total area in Latvia makes 3.2 mln hectares. 50% belongs to the flate enterprise Latvijas valfls mezi (which in particular rents forefl to the same Scandinavians, for example, for a term of 99 years).
Furthermore, about 13% of the Latvian forefls are in the ownership of foreigners. The Swedish enterprise Bergvik Skog belongs 100 thousand hectares of the Latvian forefls. About 38 thousand of hectares of forefls are in the ownership of Norwegian Foran Real Eflate and else 12 thousand of hectares are in the ownership of Phemus Corporation.
At the end of 2013, Sweden invefled in the basic capital of the Latvian banks 1.088 bln euro (44.5% of the total paid basic capital), Norway 191.178 mln Euro (7.8%) [6]. Weflern economics point out that the transnational corporations are actively intervene into the law making processes in the hofl countries, incline to ignore the ecological and labor legislation, rely mainly on foreign suppliers, don't neglect even the services of local corrupt officials [7].
According to the data for 2015, Latvia ranks the 39th place in the world for quality of life. Higher of Latvia in rank, according to the data of the research of Numbeo are the other Baltic countries: Eflonia - in the 21fl place, Lithuania - in the 32nd place. The index of Latvia makes 99.04. Quality of life index was determined by several criteria, including, the cofl of living, real eflate prices, criminality, health care, ecological level (air emissions), transport and travels.
Let's consider the level of unemployment which will complement the underflanding of current situation in Latvia (figure 5).
unemployment and increased the number of available jobs. The overall unemployment rate in 2014 fell up to 10.8% (for the comparison - the level of unemployment in 2013 - 11.9%). Note that the increase of unemployment, relative impoverishment of masses on the one pole and the growth of wealth, concentration and centralization of capital on the other is the law of reproduction of bourgeois society [12].
Unemployment in Latvia in 2004-2014 y. %
8
b
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Figure 5. Unemployment in Latvia in 2004-2014y. ( % ) [3]
As it is known, the Gini coefficient is a macroeconomic indicator which is characterized by the differentiation of cash income of the population in the form of degree of deviation of actual diflribution of incomes from absolutely equal of their diflribution between the inhabitants of the country [1]. The Gini coefficient in Latvia remains the highefl in the European Union, despite its decline in the period from 2008 to 2012. In 2014, the index value of Gini in Latvia was the highefl among the EU member flates (35.2%), reflecting the greatefl inequality of diflribution of incomes among the different population groups. It should be noted that the index of Latvia in 2004 was 34.96 and it gradually increased up to the abovementioned indicator [4].
We also note that according to the researches of economics of the regions of Latvia, the lowefl level of inequality, i.e., the lowefl Gini coefficient has Kurzeme and the highefl indicator of inequality has Riga and Riga diflrict, show the results of the research "Latvian regions of 2004 - 2012".
Riga region as the "center" is characterized by: the flrong concentration of socio - economic activity in a single point of the territory of the country. More active, in comparison with the refl territory of Latvia, the use of new technologies (informational, financial and intermediate, production, management); a significantly higher level of incomes of the population; the high specific gravity of inveflments, working on the further development of the region; a higher level of socio -economic and socio - cultural capital [15]. In Riga region which concentrates 66.8% of GDP of the country (the refl regions from 7% to 10% each), 64.0% of induflrial production of the country (the refl of the regions - from 7% to 14%), 69.0% of nonfinancial inveflments of the country (the refl of the regions - from 6% to 12%), 48.6% of permanent residents of the country (the refl of the regions - from 10% to 15%) [11].
According to the eflimates of the forecafl of demographic situation in Europe for a period of up to 2060, published by the European Commission, in the next 50 years Lithuania and Latvia will be the leaders in extinction of the population among the EU countries: the number of residents of these countries will be reduced by 30%, respectively [2]. The major problem, associated with the demographic challenges for Latvia is the social welfare of the population. The budget of Latvia is unable to cope with the growing obligations to the residents and the ruling elites refuse banknotes of additional funds for health care and indexing of pensions. At that, the international Monetary Fund and the European Commission recommend to Latvia to follow the way of increase of taxation in order to have an opportunity to continue social benefits.
Mofl of the experts say that the largefl payment of Latvia for the membership in the EU it is a migration. Despite the transitional period which was set for the migration in the developed countries of Europe - Germany, France and others -for 10 years has left about 400 -500 thousand of people.
Furthermore, the changes in the flructure of the population, described in the forecafl of the European Commission show that by 2060 in Latvia the number of people, who is older than sixty five years will make almofl one third of the population. Thus, Latvia will lead the lifl of the mofl "actively endangered" EU countries.
About the level of economic development of country is also judged on the basis of sectorial flructure of the economy. The high share of processing induflries is a sign of high level of economy [14]. However, the mofl significant part of Latvia's GDP about 70% is the sector of services, the share of
manufacturing induflry in the flate economy makes 14.1% of GDP, trade - 16.9%, induflries of transport and florage - 13%, the contraction induflry - 6.1% [8].
According to the data of index of assessment of the business environment („FICIL Sentiment Index 2015" examines the indicators in such areas as demographics, access to labor, education, science, added value, legislation and flate support) the foreign inveflors in Latvia mofl of all are worried about the demographic indicators. According to the five - grade scale the demographic situation in Latvia were eflimated at two points, health care and social safety at 2.6 points, the quality of education at 2.8 points, the quality of labor force got 3 points. Demand for products and services was eflimated at 3.1 points, the basic infraflructure at 3.2 points, the quality of legislation, regulating the business - at 3.2 points, attitude towards the foreign inveflors at 3.2 points, the efficiency of the labor force at 3.2 points [5].
Prepared by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD - the coordination of projects of economic reconflruction of the Europe within the frameworks of the Marshall plan) the review of the economy of Latvia in 2015 revealed the following interferences for joining in its ranks:
- low labor productivity;
- one of the highefl levels of inequality of incomes;
- the highefl labor taxes (higher in Hungary), the difference between how much earn the employee and how much he /she cofls for employer, makes 40% [13].
By the order of the Miniflry of Finance of the Latvian Republic LLC "Stockholm School of Economics in Riga" eflimated the influence of financing of the EU funds on the economy of Latvia. According to the results of research the EU funds reduced and amortized the fall of the economy during the crisis, as well as have the positive influence on the flabilization and subsequent growth of the national economy. In the period from 2004 to 2011 the average growth of GDP, caused by the use of the EU funds made 3.9%. The greatefl influence on the growth of added value has in the fields of contraction (5.3%) and private services (5%). Funds also Simulated an increase of labor productivity by an average of 2.9% per year, as well as the growth of employment of the population by an average of 1% per year.
Conclusion
On the basis of considered socio - economic level of Latvia, we identify the main trends.
Latvia, despite the European funding hasn't approached to the average level of living flandards of the EU. The flandard of living has increased minimally - an indicator of the national wealth per capita increased from the mark of 56% to 62% of the average level of the EU. After the independence and joining the EU, Latvia has lofl its economic potential, as well as according to the level of development has appeared in the lafl places among the EU member countries.
The lack of required quality of flate management is rather causes the degradation of the population than its development. At that, there is an evident merger by the foreign inveflors (mainly from Scandinavia) of economic units of Latvia (mass media, banks, real eflate, communications) that has a negative influence on the living flandards of the population and the economy as the whole.
The deterioration of the balance of payment, caused by the profit repatriation, negative social consequences, the loss to a
certain extent the political influence and unemployment also have a negative influence on the economic security of Latvia.
On the basis of the above mentioned, for the improvement of level of socio - economic development, the author considers that it is necessary to give the following recommendations:
- the decrease of burden of taxation that will increase the employment of the population and will drive up the demand for goods and services;
- the association of ethnic layers of society by the means of development of national idea;
- the subflitution of "insolvent" members of Sate management by the higher educated and talented candidates;
- the reduction of the flate apparatus and the redirection of the released financial means for the development of infraflructure and production (partial import subflitution);
- the reduction of allocation of funds for defense and redirection of them to raise the level of education of society with the connection of the mass media to decrease the various kinds of dependences of the population (credits, alcohol, drugs, etc.) and moral health care of society;
- the reduction of dependences on foreign inveflors (banks, mass media, real eflate) revealing your own healthy development flrategy of the country;
- alignment of trade and political relations with neighboring countries (the CIS, as well);
- the development of complex of legislative initiatives for the development of foreflry, tourism, information technologies, export of medical services and other induflries of the economy to increase the export of goods and services, increase of their competitiveness and labor productivity.
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