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Ukrainian Journal of Ecology
Ukrainian Journal ofEcology, 2020, 10(6), 54-60, doi: 10.15421/2020_257
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Assessment of Herbaceous Flora of Lower Tanawal, Pakistan
A. Bibia 1, Z. Iqbala 1, Gh.M. Shaha 1, M. Ahmada 1, A. Majida 1, A. Khana 1, S.H. Shahb 2
1 Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra-21300, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan 2 Department of Environmental Sciences, Hazara University Mansehra-21300, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
Pakistan
Corresponding author E-mail: adeelabibihum@gmail. com Received: 18.11.2020. Accepted: 18.12.2020
The present work has been carried out to collect information about herbaceous flora of Lower Tanawal District Abbottabad, KP, and Pakistan. Herbaceous species are vital constituents of ecosystems. Floristic studies have increasing importance in recent years to evaluate the plant wealth. During the present research study there are total 187 plant species (herbs) belonging to 60 families and 146 genera were recorded from the study area. Out of 60 families Asteraceae was the most dominant family with 22 species and 18 genera and other main contributing families were Lamiaceae (16 species and 12 genera), Poaceae, (14 species and 12 genera), Fabaceae (12 species and 7 genera), Brassicaceae (7 species and 7 genera) and Rubiaceae (6 species and 2 genera). The most dominant life from was wild. Keywords: floristic; species; herbaceous; Lower Tanawal; Pakistan
Introduction
Floristic diversity refers to the variety and changeability of plants in a given area. It refers to the number of taxa in a given area. Floristic diversity can be measured from global diversity to ecosystem, community, populations, and species. Floristic studies also help us to understand the basic aspects of speciation, isolation, and evolution. Many ecological factors, generally biotic, modify the floristic constituents. Sometime the total number of species may be changed, or may be replaced with other species (Myers et al,. 1990). Herbs are important segment of worldwide biodiversity. These are important source of medicine for human beings. The structure of herbaceous flora is diverse according to the climate. Herbs are usually small plants, which do not have woody stems (Hornby, 2001). The demand of Floristic studies increasing in recent years in response to evaluate the plant wealth (Vediya et al., 2011). The aim of the present research study was to explore the herbaceous plants of Lower Tanawal, Pakistan. This research work is helpful for future record to evaluate the plant species diversity in the study area (Figure 1).
Fig. 1. Map of Lower Tanawal
Material and Methods
Description of the study area
Lower Tanawal is selected for present study. It is situated just about 10 km from Abbottabad city. The Lower Tanawal is part of the Lesser Himalayas. The Lesser Himalayas comprise on whole area of Hazara division including Abbottabad, Batagram, Haripur and Mansehra (Hussain & Ilahi, 1991). The Lower Tanawal is basically subtropical zone. In olden days this areas had a thick vegetation and other cultivation. Now days the vegetation are destroyed by human activities for building houses, schools. These people destroyed huge amount of trees used for firewood purposes. In recent days, they are affected by different climatic factors (i.e.) low rainfall, high temperature and other seasonal variations etc. Therefore, naturally the vegetation is slowly destroyed. This study shows the latest survey of herbs in this area.
The survey of the study area was carried out during 2016-2018. Several field tours were made to cover the entire Lower Tanawal during different seasons. Present survey was conducted in the plant species growing in their natural habitats. Plant specimens were collected from the area under investigation. In this study collections of species were made from wide range of agricultural fields, forest areas. These specimens were identified and photographed. Maximum plants have been photographed in their natural habitat. Plant species were also distinguished according to their habit. Herbarium sheets were prepared properly. (Jain & Rao, 1960). Identification was done with the help of different floras, particular flora of Pakistan (Gamble et al., 1915-1935; Nasir et al., 1983). Plant systematics presented according to the Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org/).
Results and discussion
Total 187 plant species belonging to 60 families and 146 genera were recorded from the study area (Table 1). Out of 187 plants, 183 species were angiosperms and four were belonging to Pteridophytes. The 143 genera were angiosperm, three were Pteridophytes, 57 families were angiosperm, and three were belonging to Pteridophytes (Fig. 2). Out of 60 families, the Asteraceae was the most dominant with 22 species and 18 genera, and other codominant were Lamiaceae (16 species and 12 genera), Poaceae (14 species and 12 genera), Fabaceae (12 species and seven genera), Brassicaceae (7 species and seven genera) and Rubiaceae (six species and 2 genera).Remaining 54 families have less than six species (Fig.3). The result shows that dominant genera is Galium and Solanum having four species followed by Rumex, Cyperus, Chenopodium and Geranium with three species each (Fig 4). It was observed that out of 187 plants, 183 species were the wild four ornamental and three -cultivated (Fig. 5, Appendix 1).
The indigenous knowledge about the plants is an imperative mechanism for the study of natural resources. Because all productive resource sectors are revolves around traditional resource use. The local populations have their own knowledge about the utilization and conservation of plants for benefit of humankind. Preservation of natural resources is a matter of vital interest from ancient time. The biodiversity has become an important challenge for the world. There is a need to conserve exploited plants species of Lower Tanawal for future generation. It is indicated that recording indigenous knowledge through ethno botanical studies is significant for the preservation of biological diversities.
The herb community of sub-tropical forests of Lower Tanawal is very little known, with insufficient studies addressing its structure. Even with this rare information, it is clear that the herbs are a rich group in the study area. The dominance of families of Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, and Lamiacea in all study areas reflects that these families are the most frequent in Lower Tanawal.
It has been observed in the hilly area of Lower Tanawal where extensive Patches of grasses grow there hardly any or no trees in that area. Many of these Guzara grasslands are open for animal grazing to the whole village, while most are closed in the season of rain to protect grass for food making in the winter season.
The change in herbaceous flora composition is related to effect of climate and land use conditions. Climate situations in the Lower Tanawal explain about the difference in species structure between different climate zones. Certainly, human disturbances effect composition of plant species. It was noted that species richness and cover are determined by multiple environmental factors of the study area. These results indicated that the distribution of herbaceous species is affected by climate, and land use, which affects the heterogeneity of vegetation.
Floristic survey
4
150
■ pteridophytes
■ Angiosperm
Family Genera species
Fig. 2. Floristic richness of Lower Tanawal flora. The OY axis represents the species number
Fig. 3. Graphical representation of family wise species. The OX axis represents the species number
Galium Solanum Chenopodium Cyperus Rumex I Gerenium
Fig. 4. Dominant taxa with in genera.
3
3
Wild
■ Ornamental
■ Cultivated
Fig. 5. Status of herbaceous plants
References
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Mathew, K.M. (1983). The flora of Tamil Nadu Carnatic. Volume 3, Diosceesam Press, Madras.
Myers, N. (1990). The biodiversity challenge. Extended hotspots analysis. Environmentalist, 10, 243-256.
Nair, N.C., Henry, A.N. (1983). Flora of Tamil Nadu, India, Series I. Analysis Vol. 1, Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore.
Vashistha, B.D., Mandeep, K.R. (2013). Floristic and ethno botanical survey of Ambala District, Haryana. International Journal of
Pharma and Bio Sciences, 4(2), 353-360. Vediya, S.D., Kharad, H.S. (2011). Floristic diversity of Isarizone, Megharj range forest district Sabarkantha Gujarat, India. International Journal of Pharmacy and Life science, 2(9), 1033-1034.
Citation:
Budnik, Z.M., Sobko, Z.Z., Vozniuk, N.M., Lykho, O.A., Pryschepa, A.M. (2020). Assessment of Herbaceous Flora of Lower Tanawal, Pakistan. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(6), 54-60.
I (CI)E^^MI This work Is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. License
Appendix
Table 1. List of herbaceous flora of Lower Tanawal.
S.N Plant name Family Status
1. Achyranthes aspera. L Amaranthaceae wild
2. Adiantum capill us -veneris L. Pteridaceae Wild
3. Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth Lamiaceae Wild
4. Alliumgriffithianum Boiss Amaryllidaceae Wild
5. Alliariapetiolata(M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande Brassicaceae w ld
6. Allium stipitatum Regel Amaryllidaceae w ld
7. Alternanthera pungens Kunth. Amaranthaceae w ld
8. Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae w ld
9. Anagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae w ld
10. Anaphalismargaritacea(L.) Benth. & Hook.f. Asteraceae w ld
11. Anaphalis triplinervis(Sims) Sims ex C.B.Clarke Asteraceae w ld
12. Angelica arguta Nutt. Apiaceae w ld
13. Androsace rotundifolia Hardw. Primulaceae w ld
14. Anthriscus caucalis M.Bieb. Apiaceae w ld
15. Argem one Mexicana L. Papaveraceae w ld
16. Ariesema flavum (Forssk.) Schott Araceae w ld
17. Aristida cyanantha Steud. Poaceae w ld
18. Artemisia absinthium L. Asteraceae w ld
19. Artemisiascoparia Waldst. & Kitam. Asteraceae w ld
20. Asparagus adscendens Roxb Asparagaceae w ld
21. Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagaceae w ld
22. Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Asphodelaceae w ld
23. Asplenium ceterach.L Aspleniaceae w ld
24. Asplenium trichomanes L. Aspleniaceae w ld
25. Astragalus leucocephalus Bunge Fabaceae w ld
26. Barleria cristata L. Acanthaceae w ld
27. Biden pilosa L. Asteraceae w ld
28. Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae w ld
29. Bothriochloa ischaemum (L).Keng. Poaceae w ld
30. Brom us tectorum L. Poaceae w ld
31. Calamintha hydaspidis(Falc.ex Benth.) Hedge Lamiaceae w ld
32. Calamintha nepeta L. Lamiaceae w ld
33. Calamagrostis acutiflora (Schrad.) DC. Poaceae w ld
34. Campanula leucoclada Boiss. Campanulaceae w ld
35. Cannabis sativa L. Cannabaceae w ld
36. Capsella bursa Raf. Brassicaceae w ld
37. Cardamine hirsuta L. Brassicaceae w ld
38. Carduus nutans L. Asteraceae w ld
39. Caryopteris odorata (D.Don) B.L.Rob Verbenaceae w ld
40. Carthamus oxyacantha M.Bieb. Asteraceae w ld
41. Chenopodium album L. Chenopodiaceae w ld
42. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Chenopodiaceae w ld
43. Chenopodium vulgare L. Chenopodiaceae w ld
44. Chrysopogon serrulatusTri n. Poaceae w ld
45. Cichorium intybus L. Asteraceae w ld
46. Cirsium falconeri(Hook.f.) Petr. Asteraceae w ld
47. Cissampelos pareira L. Menispermaceae w ld
48. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Cucurbitaceae w ld
49. Clematis grata Wall. Ranunculaceae w ld
50. Clematisgraveolens Lindl. Ranunculaceae w ld
51. Commelina virginica L. Commelinaceae w ld
52. Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulaceae Ornamental
53. Conyza Canadensis L. Asteraceae w ld
54. Co ron opus didymus(L) Sm. Brassicaceae w ld
55. Cr o tal aria ro tun di folia J.F.Gimel Fabaceae w ld
56. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Cuscutaceae w ld
57. Cynodon dactylon (L.)Pers. Poaceae w ld
58. Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague Apiaceae w ld
59. Cyperus iria L. Cyperaceae w ld
60. Cyperus niveus Retz Cyperaceae w ld
61. Cyperus esculentus L. Cyperaceae w ld
62. Delphinium grandiflorum L. Ranunculaceae w ld
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(6), 2020
63. Delphinium roylei Munz Ranunculaceae w Id
64. Deschampsia cesiptosa L. Poaceae w Id
65. Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees Acanthaceae w Id
66. Digera muricata (L).Mart. Amaranthaceae w Id
67. Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke Rosaceae w Id
68. Dryopteris marginalis (L.)A.G ray. Dryopteriaceae w Id
69. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Poaceae w Id
70. Eremostachys superba Royle.ex.Benth. Lamiaceae w Id
71. Eryngium billardieriL. Umbelliferae w Id
72. Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae w Id
73. Euphorbia peplus L. Euphorbiaceae w Id
74. Fumaria indica (Hausskn.)H.N Fumariaceae w Id
75. Galium aparine L. Rubiaceae w Id
76. Galium circaezans Michx Rubiaceae w Id
77. Galium spurium L. Rubiaceae w Id
78. Galium triflorumMichx Rubiaceae w Id
79. Gentiana argentea (Royle ex D.Don) Royle ex D.Don Gentianaceae w Id
80. Geranium ocellatum Jacquem. ex Cambess. Geraniaceae w Id
81. Geranium rotundifolium L. Geraniaceae w Id
82. Geranium robertianum L. Geraniaceae w Id
83. Hedera helixL. Araliaceae
84. Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk Boraginaceae w Id
85. Heracleum sphondylium L. Apiaceae w Id
86. Imperata cylindrica L. Poaceae w Id
87. Impatienglandulifera Royle Balsaminaceae w Id
88. Indigofera linifolia (L.F.)Retz. Fabaceae w Id
89. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth Convolvulaceae Ornamental
90. Jasminum humile L. Oleace Ornamental
91. Justicia pectoralisJacq) Acanthaceae w Id
92. Kickxia ramosissima (Wall) Scrophulariaceae w Id
93. Lactuca indica L. Asteraceae w Id
94. Lactuca serriola L. Asteeaceae w Id
95. Lam i um album L. Lamiaceae w Id
96. Lappula barbata (M.Bieb.) Gürke Boraginaceae w Id
97. Lathyrus aphaca L. Fabaceae w Id
98. Launaea procumbens(Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal Asteraceae w Id
99. Lepidium didymium L. Brassicaceae w Id
100. Lespedza juncea Linn.f Fabaceae w Id
101. Linum corymbulosum Rchb Linaceae w Id
102. Limonium echioides(L.) Mill. Plumbaginaceae w Id
103. Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke Malvaceae w Id
104. Malva neglecta Wallr. Malvaceae w Id
105. Marrubium vulgare L. Lamiaceae w Id
106. Medicago den ticula ta Willd. Fabaceae w Id
107. Medicago polymorpha L. Fabaceae w Id
108. Melilotus indicus ( L).Al l. Fabaceae w Id
109. Mentha arvensis L Lamiaceae w Id/cuItivated
110. Menthe longifolia(L.)Huds Lamiaceae Wild/ cultivated
111. Micromeriabiflora(Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Benth. Lamiaceae w Id
112. Mi ra bilis jalapa L. Nyctaginaceae w Id
113. Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Brassicaceae w Id
114. Nanorrhinum acerbianum (Boiss.) Betsche Plantaginaceae w Id
115. Nepeta cataria L. Lamiaceae w Id
116. Nepeta ciliaris Benth Lamiaceae w Id
117. Notholirion thomsonianum(Royle) Stapf Liliaceae w Id
118. Oenothera rosea L.Her.ex Aiton Onagraceae w Id
119. Onosma hispidaWall. ex G. Don Boraginaceae w Id
120. Origanum vulgare L. Lamiaceae w Id
121. Oxalis corniculata(L) Oxalidaceae w Id
122. Parthenium hysterophous L. Asteraceae w Id
123. Pennisetum orientale .Rich Poaceae w Id
124. Pentanema vestitum Wall .ex. DC Asteraceae w Id
125. Perilla frutescens(L) Britton. Lamiaceae w Id
126. Phleum alpinum L. Poaceae w Id
127. Phleum arenarium L. Poaceae w Id
128. Pimpinella stewartii Nasir Apiaceae w Id
129. Plantago lanceolata L. Plantaginaceae w Id
130. Plumbago zeylanica L. Plumbaginaceae w ld
131. Poa balfourii auct . Poaceae w ld
132. Poa poiformis Labill Poaceae w ld
133. Polygala abyssinica R.Br.ex.Fresen. Polygalaceae w ld
134. Poly gal a vulgaris L. Polygonaceae w ld
13S. Polygonum plebeium R.Br. Polygonaceae w ld
13б. Polygonum viviparum L. Polygonaceae w ld
137. Potentilla rivalis Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray Rosaceae w ld
13B. Ranunculus muricatus L. Ranunculaceae w ld
139. Ranunculus parviflorus L. Ranunculaceae w ld
140. Rein wardtia trigyna Planch. Linaceae w ld
141. Rhynchosia tomentosa (L) Hook & Arn. Fabaceae w ld
142. Rubia cordifolia L. Rubiaceae w ld
143. Rubia manjith Roxb Rubiaceae w ld
144. Rumex dentatus L. Polygonaceae w ld
14S. Rum ex hastatus D.Don. Polygonaceae w ld
14б. Rumex nepalensis Spreng Polygonaceae w ld
147. Salvia coccinea Buc'hoz ex Etk Lamiaceae Ornamental
14В. Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth. Lamiaceae w ld
149. Saussurea heteromalla D.Don Asteraceae w ld
1S0. Scabiosa candolleiWall. Dipsaceae w ld
1S1. Scabiosa ochroleuca L. Caprifoliaceae w ld
1S2. Scandix pectin -veneris L. Apiaceae w ld
1S3. Scilla griffithii Hochr. Hyacinthaceae w ld
1S4. Scrophularia dentata Royle .ex.Bentham. Scrophulariaceae w ld
1SS. Sedum sarmentosum Bunge Crassulaceae w ld
1S6. Senecio aquaticus Hill. Asteraceae w ld
1S7. Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss.Waalk Malvaceae w ld
1SB. Sisymbrium i rio L. Brassicaceae w ld
1S9. Si lene conoidea L. Caryophyllaceae w ld
1б0. Smilax -bona-noxL. Smilacaceae w ld
1б1. Smilax china L. Smilacaceae w ld
1б2. Smilax rotundifolia L. Smilacaceae w ld
1бЗ. Solanum erianthum D.Don Solanaceae w ld
1б4. Solanum incanum L. Solanaceae w ld
16S. Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae w ld
1бб. Solanum surattense Burm. f. Solanaceae w ld
167. Sonchus asper(L.)Hill Asteraceae w ld
16В. Sonchus oleracus(L.) Hill Asteraceae w ld
169. Stachys emodi. Hedge. Lamiaceae w ld
170. Stellaria alsinoides Boiss Caryophyllaceae w ld
171. Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Caryophyllaceae w ld
172. Strobilanthes efloraofindia C.B.Clarke Acanthaceae w ld
173. Strobilanthes oliganthus (Miq) Acanthaceae w ld
174. Tagetes minuta L. Asteraceae w ld
17S. Taraxacum officinale L. Asteraceae w ld
176. Tricholepis angustifolia-DC Asteraceae w ld
177. Trichodesma indicum (L) R.Br Boraginaceae w ld
17В. Tridax procumbens L. Asteraceae w ld
179. Trifolium re pen L. Fabaceae w ld
1В0. Verbena officinalis L. Verbenaceae w ld
1В1. Veronica stewartii Pennel Plantaginaceae w ld
1В2. Verbena tenuisecta Briq. Verbenaceae w ld
1ВЗ. Verbascum Thapsus L. Scrophulariaceae w ld
1В4. Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray. Fabaceae w ld
1В5. Vitis vinifera L. Vitaceae Wild/cultivated
1В6. Vicia sativa L. Fabaceae w ld
1В7. Viola Odorata L. Violaceae w ld
