CC BY
167
Biosystems
Diversity
ISSN 2519-8513 (Print) ISSN 2520-2529 (Online) Biosyst. Divers., 26(1), 56-61 doi: 10.15421/011809
Ethno-botanical and geo-referenced profiling of medicinal plants of Nawagai Valley, District Buner (Pakistan)
Zaman, S. U., Ali, K., Khan, W., Ali, M., Jan, T., & Nisar, M (2018). Ethno-botanical and geo-referenced profiling of medicinal plants of Nawagai Valley, District Buner (Pakistan). Biosystems Diversity, 26(1), 56-61. doi: 10.15421/011809
The prime objective of the research was to list the important ethnomedicinal plants of Nawagai village, District Buner. During the survey, 44 plant species from 27 families were observed and collected from the targeted area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Lamiaceae members were the most dominant (54%) followed by members of Asteraceae (30%), Poaceae (18%) and Solanaceae (12%). Relevant information such as field data, GPS coordinates family names, local names, therapeutic uses and plant habits were recorded for each species. For preservation purposes, specimens were mounted on herbarium sheets, and identified with the help of flora of Pakistan, flora of Australia and other relevant floristic records. During this research work all the collected specimens were preserved in the (BG&H, UOM) Botanical Garden and Herbarium, the data were also provided to the Department of Botany, University of Malakand Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Keywords: medicinal plants; therapeutic uses; georeferenced data; District Bunir
S. U. Zaman, K. Ali, W. Khan, M. Ali, T. Jan, M. Nisar
University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
Article info
Received 09.02.2018 Received in revisedform
23.02.2018 Accepted 25.02.2018
Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Pakistan.
E-mail: [email protected]
Introduction
District Buner comes under the administrative umbrella of Malakand division. The word Buner is most probably taken from Sanskrit language which means "forest", since the area has some old growth coniferous forests patches present. The climate of the study area is of moderate nature. Buner covers an area of 1760 km2 lies between 34°09' and 34°43' N latitudes and 72°10' and 72°47 E longitudes. The village of Nawagai was chosen for the study as it provides easy access to the diverse representative vegetation of the district. Most of these plant species have medicinal value. Soil variation and diversification might be of the reason for this floristic diversity. The common types of soil found are sandy, clay and loamy textured.
Plants provide a wide range of products and services to people throughout the world. Most people of the third world countries rely on wild plants for their basic health caie. The term "ethnobotany" was first introduced in 1896 by John Hershberger as the study of aromatic and wild plants used by primitive and aboriginal people. From that time, it has been defined as the traditional information of indigenous communities of the encompassing plant variety and the investigation of how the general population of a specific culture and area utilizes indigenous plants. Worldwide medicinal plants and medicines derived from them are used widely in traditional recipes and becoming popular in today's modern society. Ethnobotanical studies contribute to the knowledge of plant biodiversity, human awareness about the uses, applications, natural resources conservation and provide further social and scientific interventions for scientists (Parada et al., 2009). Ethnobotanical study helps the local community to establish the priorities for local use of plants for different aliments, this is also an effective source for conservation and cultural knowledge of the areas where these important plants occur (Ibrar et al., 2007).
Globally, over five thousand plant species belonging to the angio-sperm group are used for medicinal purposes (Govaerts, 2001). Medicinal plants and their products have been used successfully for many diseases, both externally and internally. Medicinal plant material has persisted as the "treatment of choice" as it has no or few side effects
(Halberstein, 2005). Ethnobotany in Pakistan is not a highly profiled research area; however, many botanists have published research articles about medicinal plants. It has been reported that 84% of the population used traditional medicinal plants for many diseases (Shahzeb et al., 2013). Aromatic and wild medicinal plants are important tools for the treatment of different diseases (Bakoet al., 2005). Pakistan exhibit a rich history of traditional utilization of flora. Medicinal plants play a very important role in traditional health care of humans and animals. Extracts of medicinal plants are used in allopathic drugs (Hussain et al., 2010). In the national flora of Pakistan, more than 10% of medicinally important plant species were used in traditional treatments (Shinwari, 2010). Ethno-botanical information also helps ecologists, pharmacologists, ta-xonomists, watershed and wild life managers in their efforts for improving the economic status of the locals in remote areas (Ibrar et al., 2007).
In the study area, local peoples depend mostly upon medicinal plants, which provide a good source of primary health care material. The knowledge of use of particular medicinal plants for particular diseases is passed-on from generation after generation. Manan et al. (2007), reported an ethno-botanical review of Wari Sub-division Dir (U) with the main emphasis on the indigenous uses of the local plants. The inhabitants use medicinal plants on the advice of elders, such as wise men, herbalists, and traditional practitioners. They use them with the advice of nonqualified but professional traditional herbalists (Hakims), who have also gained some experience through apprenticeship with some registered practitioners. Medicinal plants are prescribed for for a wide range of diseases and ailments by qualified registered practitioners of the Unani system of medicine. These herbal medications were made by using water as a medium and administrated along with milk, ghee, oil, egg, sulphur, and butter etc. There are different steps to prepare herbal medicine, plant parts used in crushed form, in powders, in pastes, fresh, in decoctions, in juices, in extracts, as latex, in infusions, and as resin etc. (Abbasi et al., 2010). Medicinally important plants are divided into two broad types. Firstly, plants which are used by local physicians in different crude formulation to provide some relief to the local inhabitants in developing countries. Secondly, those plant which are in demand by pharmaceutical industries for
extraction of their active ingredients (Hussain et al., 2008). Medicinal plants which are still widely used have been noted in Swat district. Some species seem to be adapted to wood-pasture, but vulnerable to overcollection, and in particular to deforestation. The better idea is to develop small-scale agroforestry systems to cultivate medicinally important plants for commercial and medicinal use by locals or with the help of the government (Akhtar et al., 2013).
Materials and methods
Field survey and collection of specimens was done in the study area of Nawagai. The data of use of medicinal plants was collected predominantly from old residents. Specimens of all the available species were collected along with their relevant field data and georeferenced location data (Fig. 1, Table 1-4).
Fig. 1. Map of District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Table 1
List of GPS locations of selected plants
No
Species
Latitude Longitude Elevation
1 Adiantum venustum D. Don 34°24'01" 72°33'30" 665
2 Narcissus tazetta (L.) 34°23'52" 72°33'43" 666
3 Hedera nepalensis K. Koch 34°23'52" 72°33'34" 664
4 Calotropisprocera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton 34°24'45" 72°33'32" 702
5 Caralluma tubercullata N. E. Brown 34°24'12" 72°33'6" 675
6 Taraxacum officinale Wigg. 34°34'01" 72°33'37' 667
7 Xanthium strumarium (L.) 34°24'06" 72°33'38" 672
8 Silybum marianum Gaertn. 34°24'16" 72°33'42" 672
9 Carthamus oxycantha M. Bieb. 34°23'55" 72°33'30" 668 Launea procumbense (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajjagopal
11 Conyza canadensis (L.) Corgn. 34°23'51" 72°33'33" 666
12 Berberis lycium Royle 34°23'54" 72°33'30" 669
13 Nasturtium officinale R. Br. 34°23'58" 72°33'46" 662
10
34°23'54" 72°33'27" 673
No Species Latitude Longitude Elevation
31 Oxalis corniculata (L.) 34°24'38" 72°33'12" 686
32 Piper nigrum (L.) 34°24'35" 72°33'23" 682
33 Plantago lanceolata (L.) 34°24'02" 72°33'29" 665
34 Polygonum barbatum (L.) 34°25'24" 72°34'14" 815
35 Rumex hastatus D. Don 34°25'11" 72°34'16" 698
36 Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. 34°24'08" 72°33'41" 672
37 Punica granatum (L.) 34°24'12" 72°33'28" 680
38 Rubus fruiticosus Agg. 34°24'01" 72°33'35" 667
39 Zanthxylum armatum DC. 34°24'18" 72°34'19" 671
40 Dodonaea viscose (L.) Jacq. 34°24'56" 72°24'54" 807
41 Verbascum thapsus (L.) 34°23'54" 72°33'23" 675
42 Solanum nigrum (L.) 34°23'41" 72°33'34" 666
43 Vitex negundo (L.) 34°24'50" 72°34'26" 674
44 Verbena officinalis (L.) 34°24'26" 72°33'26" 682
Table 2
List of species with their family and local name and habit
14 Cannabis sativa (L.) 34°4'03" 72°33 '43" 668 Family Species Local name Habit
15 Opuntia monacantha (Willd.) Haw. 34°24'48" 72°34'09" 703 Adiantaceae Adiantum venustum D. Don Sumbal herb
f variegata Hort Amaryllidaceae Narcissus tazetta (L.) Gule-e-Nargis herb
16 Euphorbia helioscopia (L.) 34°24'08" 72°33 '49" 671 Araliaceae Hedera nepalensis K. Koch Ropai panra shrub
17 Trigonella foenum-graecum (L.) 34°23'41" 72°33 '35" 663 Asclepiadaceae Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. Spalmai shrub
18 Medicago sativa (L.) 34°24'21" 72°33 '36" 670 Asclepiadaceae Caralluma tubercullata N. E. Brown Pamankay herb
19 Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley 34°.24'00" 72°33 '39" 667 Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale Wigg. Ziar gulae herb
20 Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth 34°23'54" 72°33 '30" 670 Asteraceae Xanthium strumarium (L.) Gishkey Bangi herb
21 Mentha longfolia (L.) 34°24'49" 72°33 '42" 706 Asteraceae Silybum marianum Gaertn. shrub
22 Mentha spicata (L.) 34°24'01" 72°33 '31" 665 Asteraceae Carthamus oxycantha M. Bieb. Kareeza herb
23 Salvia moorcroftiana (L.) 34°23'59" 72°33 '06" 676 Asteraceae Launea procumbense (Roxb.) Paiwaray shrub
24 Origanum vulgare (L.) 34°24'18" 72°34'18" 671 Asteraceae Conyza canadensis (L.) Corgn. Paleet herb
25 Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd. 34°25'05" 72°34'09" 735 Berberidaceae Berberis lycium Royle kwaray shrub
26 Ocimum basilicum (L.) 34°24'18" 72°34'22" 673 Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Talmeera herb
27 Lathyrus aphaca (L.) 34°24'01" 72°33 '23" 667 Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa (L.) Bhang shrub
28 Otostegia limbata (Benth.) Boiss 34°23'46" 72°33 '49" 659 Cactaceae Opuntia monacantha (Willd.) Haw. Zooqam shrub
29 Melia azedarach (L.) 34°23'55" 72°33 '57" 665 f. variegata Hort.
30 Olea ferruginea Royle 34°24'06" 72°33 '49" 669 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia helioscopia (L.) Peryan dholay herb
Family Species Local name Habit
Fabaceae Trigonella foenum-graecum (L.) Malkhoza herb
Fabaceae Medicago sativa (L.) Shpeshty herb
Fumariaceae Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley Papra herb
Lamiaceae Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth Booti herb
Lamiaceae Mentha longifolia (L.) Villanay herb
Lamiaceae Mentha spicata (L.) Podeena herb
Lamiaceae Salvia moorcroftiana (L.) Kharghwag herb
Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare (L.) Shamakay shrub
Lamiaceae Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd. Sperkay shrub
Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum (L.) Kashmali shrub
Lamiaceae Lathyrus aphaca (L.) Kurkamany herb
Lamiaceae Otostegia limbata (Benth.) Boiss Spen Azghay herb
Meliaceae Melia azedarach (L.) Tora bakyanra tree
Oleaceae Olea ferruginea Royle Khona tree
Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata (L.) Tarookay herb
Piperaceae Piper nigrum (L.) Mirch tree
Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata (L.) Jabai herb
Polygonaceae Polygonum barbatum (L.) Palpolak herb
Polygonaceae Rumex hastatus D. Don Tarookay herb
Poaceae Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. Drub herb
Punicaceae Punica granatum (L.) Ananghori tree
Rosaceae Rubus fruiticosus Agg. Karwara shrub
Rutaceae Zanthxylum armatum DC. Dambara tree
Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscose (L.) Ghwarasky shrub
Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus (L.) Khardag herb
Solanaceae Solanum nigrum (L.) Kachmachu herb
Verbenaceae Vitex negundo (L.) Marvandai shrub
Verbenaceae Verbena officinalis (L.) Shamakay shrub
Table 3
List of plants name and their abbreviations
No Species Abbreviation No Species Abbreviation
1 Adiantum venustum Adi ven 23 Salvia moorcraftiana Sal moo
2 Narcissus tazetta Nar taz 24 Origanum vulgare Ori vul
3 Hedera nepalensis Hed nep 25 Isodon rugosus Iso rog
4 Calotropis procera Cal pro 26 Ocimum basilicum Oci bas
5 Caralluma tubercullata Car tub 27 Lathyrus aphaca Lat aph
6 Taraxacum officinale Tar off 28 Otostegia limbata Oto lim
7 Xanthium strumarium Xan str 29 Melia azedarach Mel aze
8 Silybum marianum Sil mar 30 Oleaferruginea Ole fer
9 Carthamus oxycantha Car oxy 31 Oxalis corniculata Oxa cor
10 Launea procumbense Lau pro 32 Piper nigrum Pip nig
11 Conyza canadensis Con can 33 Plantago lanceolata Pla lan
12 Berberis lycium Ber lyc 34 Polygonum barbatum Pol bar
13 Nasturtium officinale Nas off 35 Rumex hastatus Rum has
14 Cannabis sativa Can sat 36 Desmostachya bipinnata Des bip
15 Opuntica monacantha Opu mon 37 Punica granatum Pun gra
16 Euphorbia helioscopia Eup hel 38 Rubus fruiticosus Rub fru
17 Trigonella foenum-graecum Tri foe 39 Zanthxylum armatum Zan arm
18 Medicago sativa Med sat 40 Dodonaea viscose Dod vis
19 Fumaria indica Fum ind 41 Verbascum thapsus Ver tha
20 Ajuga bracteosa Aju bra 42 Solanum nigrum Sol nig
21 Mentha longifolia Men lon 43 Vitex negundo Vit neg
22 Mentha spicata Men spi 44 Verbena officinalis Ver off
After collection, the plants were pressed to obtain good herbarium specimens. They were pressed before their wilting in newspaper sheets. The newspapers were changed every 24 hours. After pressing and drying, the specimens were mounted on herbarium sheets for obtaining morphological data for their identification to species level. After their identification, all the available information about the taxa were transferred upon their respective herbarium sheet. The plant species were either identified directly in the field or after processing at the Botanical Garden and Herbarium, University of Malakand Chakdara, Dir lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with the help of flora of Pakistan, flora of Australia and other relevant published sources. The voucher specimen of each species was deposited in the Herbarium and Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Pakistan.
Results
The ethnomedicinal flora of Nawagai Village consists of 44 species belonging to 27 families. Among the collected plants, 9 plants belong to
the family Lamiaceae, 6 to the family Asteraceae, 2 to Asclepiadaceae, Polygonaceae, Fabaceae and Verbenaceae. One species was recorded for Adiantaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Araliaceae, Berberidaceae, Brassica-ceae, Cactaceae, Cannabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae, Oleaceae, Oxa-lidaceae, Piperaceae, Plantaginaceae, Poaceae, Punicaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Solanaceae (Fig. 2).
Table 4
List of therapeutic uses abbreviation
No Full name Abbreviation No Full name Abbreviation
1 stomach-ache sto 38 tumours tum
2 vermifUge ver 39 anaemia ane
3 diurietries diu 40 digestive dig
4 astringent ast 41 appetite app
5 diarrhrea dia 42 lung infections lun
6 expectorant exp 43 cancer can
7 cough cou 44 heartburn hea
8 tonic ton 45 sore throat thr
9 stimulant sti 46 antioxidant ant
10 purgative pur 47 antimicrobial ant
11 rheumatism rhe 48 cns disorders cns
12 toothache too 49 ant dyspeptic ant
13 honey formation hon 50 cholagogue cho
14 fever fev 51 diaphoretic dia
15 blood purifying blo 52 abdominal cramps abd
16 dysentery dys 53 achene's ach
17 laxative lax 54 antiseptic ant
18 carminative car 55 analgesic ana
19 sedative sed 56 aromatic aro
20 asthma ast 57 ear pain ear
21 emetic eme 58 burns bur
22 diabetes dia 59 gum diseases gum
23 pulmonary pul 60 hysteria hys
24 skin disease ski 61 antiperiodic ant
25 hypertension hyp 62 curing of flu cur
26 kidney kid 63 muscle relaxation mus
27 liver disease liv 64 mouth diseases mou
28 flow flo 65 fish poison fis
29 haemorrhage hae 66 strangury str
30 apparent app 67 vaginal discharges vag
31 sudorific sud 68 vesicle calculi ves
32 cnolagugue cno 69 biliousness bil
33 micturition mic 70 bladder diseases bla
34 wound wou 71 swelling swe
35 anti-scorbic ant 72 opthalmopathy opt
36 narcotic nor 73 odontalgia odo
37 urinary uri 74 verminosis ver
S
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11111 2 1 1 , 1 1 1
/MJ
/ffWW^W/^W®
Fig. 2. Frequency distribution of selected plant families
Fig. 3. Frequency distribution for habits of selected plant species
Based on their status, these plants were further divided into herbs, shrubs and trees (Fig. 3).
Ali- Adi Nar Hed Cal Car Tar Xan Sil Car Lau Con Ber Nas Can Opu Eup Tri Med Fum Aju Men Men
ments ven taz nep pro tub off str mar oxy pro can lyc off sat mon hel foe sat ind bra lon spi
sto -------- + -- - + -- -- - + - + -
ver ---------- + -- -- -- -- -- -
diu + -- -- + -- -- + -- -- -- -- -- -ast - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -dia - -- -- -- -- - + -- -- -- -- - + -exp - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -cou - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - -ton - - - - - + - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - -sti - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + pur - + - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -rhe - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -too - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -hon - + - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - -fev - - + - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - + - - -blo - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - -dys - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + -lax - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - -car - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + sed - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - + - - -ast - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - -eme + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -dia - - + - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -pul - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -ski - -- + -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -hyp - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - -kid - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - -liv - - - - - + - + - - - + - - - - - - - - - -flo - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -hem - - - - - - - + - - + - - - - - - - - - - -app - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - -sud - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - -cno - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - -mic - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - -wou - -- -- -- -- + - + -- -- -- -- -ant - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - -nor - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - -uri - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - -tum - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - -ane - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - -dig - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - -app - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -lun - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - -can - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - -hea - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - -thr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - + - -ant - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - -ant - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - -cns - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - -ant - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - -cho - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - -dia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - -abd - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - -ach - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - -
ant
ana
aro
ear
bur
gum
hys
ant
cur
mus
mou
fis
str
vag
ves
bil
bla
swe
opt
odo
ver
ant
Ali- Sal Ori Iso Oci Lat Oto Mel Ole Oxa Pip Pla Pol Rum Des Pun Rub Zan Dod Ver Sol Vit Ver
ments moo vul rog bas aph lam aze fer cor nig lan bar has bip gra fru arm vis 1ha nig neg off
sto - -- -- -- - + -- - + -- -- -- -- -
ver - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - -
diu - + - - - - - + - - - - + - - + - - - + - -
ast - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - -
dia + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - + - - +
exp - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - -
cou + - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - + - - -
ton - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - + - -
sti - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
pur - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
rhe - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - -
too - + - - - - - + + - - - - - - - + - - - - -
hon - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
fev - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - + + - - - - +
blo - - - - - - + - - - - - + - + - - - - - - +
dys + - - + - - - - + - + - - - + - - - + - - -
lax - - - - - - - - - - + - - - + - - - - - - -
car - - - + - - - - - - - - + - - + - - - + - -
sed - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - -
ast - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - -
eme - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
dia - - - - - - + + - - - - - + - - - - - - - -
pul + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - -
ski - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - + - -
hyp - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
kid - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
liv - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
flo - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
hem - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
app - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
sud - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
cno - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
mic - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
wou + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - - - - + +
ant - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
nor - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
uri - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
tum - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ane - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
dig - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
app - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
lun - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
can - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
hea - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
thr - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - -
ant - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ant - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
cns - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ant - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
cho - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
dia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
abd - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - -
ach - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ant + - + - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - + - -
ana + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - -
aro - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - -
ear - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
bur - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - -
gum - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - + - - - -
hys - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ant - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - -
cur - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - -
mus - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - -
mou - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - -
fis - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - + - -
str - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - -
vag - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - -
ves - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - -
bil - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - -
bla - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - -
swe - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - -
opt - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
odo - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
ver - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
ant - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
As per medicinal use of the plants, 74 therapeutic classes as shown in Table 5, 6 were formed, in which 8 plants are used for fever, 7 as diuretics, 7 as cure for dysentery and 7 helping in wound healing, 6 as cough suppressant, 6 used as tonic, 6 plants are also used for curing diarrhea, 6 plants are used for the treatment of stomach ache and 6 species are used for curing diabetes, 5 as blood purifying, 4 as antiseptic, 4 used as laxative, 4 used for skin disease and 4 plants are used in toothache, 3 as honey bee plants, 3 as sedatives, 3 used in asthmatic situation, 3 as cure for pulmonary and liver disease, 2 plants are used as vermifuge, 2 as astringent, 2 as purgative, also 2 plants are used as anti-emetic, 2 as hypertension remedy, also 2 species used in kidney problems, 2 as haemorrhage, 2 used in abdominal cramps, 2 as analgesic, 2 as aromatic, 2 used for burns, 2 as gum disease, and 2 plants used as fish poison. And only one plant species is used for each of the following: stimulant, rheumatism, flow, apparent, sudorific, micturition, antiscorbic, narcotic, urinary, tumors, anemia, digestive, appetite, lung infections, cancer, heartburn, sore throat sore, antioxidant, antimicrobial, CNS disorders, ant dyspeptic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, achene's, ear pain, hysteria, antiperiodic, curing of flu, muscle relaxation, mouth diseases, strangury, vaginal discharges, vesicle calculi, biliousness, bladder diseases, swelling, ophthalmopathy, odontalgia, verminosis and anti-inflammatory.
Discussion
The study indicates that the local people use various native plants for different purposes such as for fuel e.g. Berberis lycium, Cannabis sativum and as fodder for animals like Plantago lanceolata, Oxalis corniculata, Medicago sativa. Some people used these plants as medicine against different diseases, Ajuga bracteosa is used for abdominal pain, Verbascum thapsus for external wound healing and Berberis lycium for gum diseases. Extraction of leaves of Hedera nepalensis locally used to maintain level of diabetes. The leaves of Mentha longffolia, Isodon rogusus, Ajuga bracteosa, Salvia moorcroftiana were used for the treatment of abdominal pain, digestive disorders, woundshealing. In the Indian system of medicines Zanthoxylum armatum is used as carminative, stomachic and treatment of toothache (Prasanta & Mukherjee, 2011).
Medicinal plants have no side effects so use of medicinal plants or their resources should be rapidly increased, and they should be easily available and this is only source of health care available to the middle-class population (Acharya et al., 2009). Ahmad et al. (2014) reported a total of 50 plant species belonging to 48 genera of 35 families from Chail valley Swat. Umair et al. (2017) listed 85 species belonging to 71 genera, and 34 families were documented along with their ethnomedicinal uses. A total of 163 plant species belonging to 73 families were reported with the help of standardized questionnaires for their traditional, medicinal and economic uses (Sher et al., 2014). A total of200 local inhabitants were found utilizing 52 plants of 37 families for various ethnobotanical purposes, notably as timber wood, fodder and forage for cattle, condiments, for shade, usage in construction and agricultural tool making etc. (Hassan et al., 2015). Khan and Musharaf (2015) also reported 34 plant species belonging to 20 families from tehsil Thakht bhai, District: Mardan. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in Tirat Valley, Swat District, Pakistan, reporting 65 species belonging to 35 families, from the Valley which belonged to the ethnomedical domain of the area (Ali et al., 2017). The author found that Myrtus communis is a bushy, aromatic, ever-green shrub, belonging to the family Myrtaceae, is commonly found in Bajaur Agency (FATA) Pakistan.
Our study indicated that local people of the area used different parts of medicinal plants. Taraxacum officinale is used in many traditional medical systems particularly in Asia, Europe, and North America , the root being primarily considered a gastrointestinal remedy supporting digestion and liver function, while the leaf is used as a diuretic and bitter digestive stimulant (Yarnell & Abascal, 2009).
References
Abbasi, A. M., Khan, M. A., Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., Jahan, S., & Sultana, S. (2010). Ethnopharmacological application of medicinal plants to cure skin diseases and in folk cosmetics among the tribal communities of Norlh-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 128(2), 322-335.
Acharya, K., Chaudhary, R., & Vetaas, O. (2009). Medicinal plants of Nepal: Distribution pattern along an elevational gradient and effectiveness of existing protected areas for their conservation. Banko Janakari, 19(1), 16-21.
Ahmad, M., Sultana, S., Fazl-i-Hadi, S., ben Hadda, T., Rashid, S., Zafar, M., Khan, M., Khan, M. P., & Yaseen, G. (2014). An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in high mountainous region of Chail valley (District Swat-Pakistan). Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 10(1), 36.
Akhtar, N., Rashid, A., Murad, W., & Bergmeier, E. (2013). Diversity and use of ethno-medicinal plants in the region of Swat, North Pakistan. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 9(1), 25.
Ali, K., Khan, N., Rahman, I. U., Ahmad, S., Khan, W., Ali, M., & Sheday, A. A. (2017). Climate change: An evil or an opportunity-evidence from the Hindu Kush Mountain system of Pakistan. International Journal of Biosciences, 11(2), 99-105.
Ali, K., Khan, S., Khan, N., Khan, W., Rahman, I. U., Ullah, F., Ali, K., & Nisar, M. (2017). Ethnobotanical and ecological study of Punica granatum in Dir district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 8(4), 656-661.
Ali, K., Ullah, F., Khan, N., Rahman, I. U., Ullah, S., Khan, W., Ali, M., Uddin, N., & Nisar, M. (2017). Ethnobotanical and ecological study of Myrtus communis (L.) in Bajaur agency (FATA) Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 11(1), 152-164.
Ali, M., Begum, R., Ali, K., Nisar, M., Khan, W., Hassan, N., Uddin, N., Wadood, S. F., Zaman, S. U., Rahman, I. U., & Khan, N. (2017). Ethnobotanical survey of wild medicinal plants of Tirat Valley district Swat, Khyber-Pakhtun-khwa. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 11(3), 91-101.
Bako, S. P., Bakfur, M. J., John, I., & Bala, E. (2005). Ethnomedicinal and phyto-chemical profile of some savanna plant species in Nigeria. International Journal of Botany, 1(2), 147-150.
Govaerts, R., & Govaerts, R. (2001). How many species of seed plants are there? Taxon, 50(4), 1085.
Habib-Ul-Hassan, W. M., Ahmad, N., Tariq, A., Khan, I., Akhtar, N., & Jan, S. (2015). Indigenous uses of the plants of Malakand valley, district Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Weed Sciences Resources, 21(1), 83-99.
Halberstein, R. A. (2005). Medicinal plants: Historical and cross-cultural usage patterns. Annals of Epidemiology, 15(9), 686-699.
Hussain, S. Z., Malik, R. N., Javaid, M., & Bibi, S. (2008). Ethnobotanical properties and uses of medicinal plants of Morgah Biodiversity Park, Rawalpindi. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(5), 1897-1911.
Ibrar, M., Hussain, F., & Sultan, A. (2007). Ethnobotanical studies on plant resources of Ranyal Hills, District Shangla, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 39(2), 329-337.
Ikram, S., Bhatti, K. H., & Parvaiz, M. (2014). Ethnobotanical studies of aquatic plants of district Sialkot Punjab (Pakistan). Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 2(1), 58-63.
Khan, M., & Musharaf, S. (2015). Ethnomedicinal and conservation status of plant species in Tehsil Takht Bhai, District Mardan, Pakistan. International Letters of Natural Sciences, 37, 18-29.
Manan, Z., Sirajuddin, A., Razzaq, M., & Islam, M. (2007). Diversity of medicinal plants in Wari subdivision District upper Dir, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Plant Sciences, 13, 21-28.
Parada, M., Caniô, E., Bonet, M. À., & Vallès, J. (2009). Ethnobotany of the Alt Empordà region (Catalonia, Iberian Peninsula). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 124(3), 609-618.
Shahzeb, S., Mehmood, R., khan, U., & Khan, S. U. (2013). Use of medicinal plants of District Bannu in Unani Medicines. International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 1(2), 81-88.
Shinwari, Z. K. (2010). Medicinal plants research in Pakistan. Journal of Medicinal Plants Resources, 4(3), 161-176.
Umair, M., Altaf, M., & Abbasi, A. M. (2017). An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Hafizabad district, Punjab-Pakistan. PLoS One, 12(6), e0177912.
Zaman, S., Farrukh, H., & Muhammad, I. (2014). Traditional knowledge on plant resources of Ashezai and Salarzai Valleys, District Buner, Pakistan. African Journal of Plant Science, 8(1), 42-53.
