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Ukrainian Journal of Ecology
Ukrainian Journal ofEcology, 2019, 9(4), 505-514.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Floristic diversity, biological spectrum of lower Tanawal,
KP, Pakistan
Adeela Bibi, Zafar Iqbal , Ghulam Mujtaba Shah, Manzoor Hussain and Inayat UR
Rahman
Uman National University of Horticulture, Uman, Ukraine Department ofBotany, Hazara University Mansehra-21300, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
E-mail: drzafar.hu@yahoo.com Received: 14.11.2019. Accepted: 05.12.2019
Field surveys were carried out to evaluate the floristic diversity and biological spectrum of Lower Tanawal, District Abbottabad in different seasons during 2016-2018. This study area was divided into 80 stands on the basis of physiognomy of the vegetation. Life form classes and leaf spectra were classified following Raunkier's methodology. In total, 286 plant species belonging to 86 families were recorded, out of which herbaceous growth form dominated the study area with 187 species, followed by shrub with 54 species. Among all 86 families, Asteraceae was found to be the most dominant family with 25 species, followed by Fabaceae with 24 species and Rosaceae with 20 species. Based on life form classes, Therophytic life form was the leading class with 113 species (39.5104%), followed by Nanophanerophytes with 45 species (15.7342%). In leaf size spectra, Microphylls dominated the flora with 88 species (30.7692%), followed by Mesophyll with 81 species (28.3216%). This study shows the complete floristic composition that may be important as reference work for future ethnobotanical, ecological and conservational studies.
Key words: The floristic composition; Biological spectrum; Lower tanawal; Abbottabad; Pakistan
Introduction
Flora is a priceless donation of nature upon which the mankind always relies (Khan et al., 2013). Flora comprises the total plant species of any specific geographic region, which are characteristic of a geological period or in an ecosystem (Durrani et al., 2005). Nonetheless, the most useful source of botanical information of a particular area is its floristic checklists. Since, floristic composition is a decent floristic marker hence, any sort of changing floristic composition in various endogenous milieus highlights the presence of various environmental variables, prompting entomb and intra-variations (Safidkon et al., 2003). Floristic structure of a specific territory provides fundamental yet assorted information about the plant dissemination; and the motherland has diverse landscapes, topographies, and biological/ecological zones, which bolster distinctive floristic composition (Masroor, 2011). To contemplate the vegetation of a territory, it is essential to oversee the plants' life form, which is an indicator for both micro and macroclimate (Shimwell 1971). As leaf sizes and shapes (physiognomy) connects unequivocally with moisture and temperature from worldwide to neighborhood scales (Bailey and Sinott, 1915). Literature survey reveals that the study area is still virgin as no work has been done on biological spectrum in Pakistan (Shaheen et al., 2016). Thus, the present study was designed to document the floristic composition and biological spectrum of this unexplored area of the northern Pakistan.
Materials and Methods
Study area
The Lower Tanawal situated in District Abbottabad, Pakistan which lies between the latitudes 34° 12' .328 ,34° 15' .761 North, 73° 09' 398", 73°.03'. 316 East. The area occupies the intervening area between the Mansehra basin in the north and the Haripur basin to the south, adjacent and NE of the Tarbela Dam reservoir. Lower Tanawal is located in District Abbottabad Khyber -Pakhtunkhwa province, located towards west of Abbottabad. The altitudinal range of Lower Tanawal is from 2396 feet at Chamhad to 6742 feet at Karagali. Lower Tanawal is a component of many small and big villages almost adjoining each other. Lower Tanawal is located in a beautiful valley which is surrounded by large forested mountains on three sides. The boundary of Lower Tanawal area start from the village Paswal which is away from Abbotabad on the distance of 10 km and same road near the Soban Gali leads to adjunct areas of Union Council Chamhad and at the end its boundary attached with the District Haripur. While on the other side the Lower Tanawal area is attached from the Sherwan side with Mansehra and from the NE it close with Tarbela lake. The climate of the lower Tanawal area is cold during winters and mild during summers with humid temperatures during June and July. During the winter, the temperature may drop to below 0°C and snowfall is common especially in January (Gazetteer of Hazara, 2000). The January and February is the coldest months and March and April are pleasant while May and June are hot & dry month (Muhammad Rafique ,1997) . Most rainfall occurs during the monsoon season in summer stretching from May to August and can sometimes cause flooding.
Field work and plant collection
Extensive field surveys were carried out during 2016 to 2018. The study area was visited frequently for collection of data. The tools used during field survey were Camera (Nikon Cooplix A-100), twig Cutter, trowel, newspaper, plant presser, and polythene bags. Data was recorded in the field note book and every specimen was tagged. Specimens of each plant species have been collected, dried and fixed on standard herbarium sheets. The plant specimens were identified with the help of available literature herbarium specimen and flora of Pakistan (Nasir & Ali 1970-1989). These specimens were then placed in Herbarium, Department of Botany Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan.
Results
In total, 286 plant species belonging to 221 genera and 86 families were recorded from the study area (Table 1). Out of these 286 species, 281 species belonged to Angiosperms, followed by Pteridophytes with 4 species, single Gymnospermic species (Figure 1). Angiospermatophyta contains 82 families, Gymnosperm contain 1 families and Pteridophytes contains 3 families (Figure 2). In which Herbaceous growth form dominates the study area with 187 plant species followed by shrub with 54 plant species and 45 trees (Figure 3). Among all 86 families, Asteraceae was found to be the most dominant family with 25 plant species, followed by Fabaceae with 24 species followed by Rosaceae with 20 species, (Figure 4) Lamiaceae with 19 species, Poceae with 15 species respectively. (Table 1).
Table 1. List of plants species, biological spectrum of Lower Tanawal District Abbottabad, KP, and Pakistan.
S.No Plant name Family Habit Life Leaf
form Spectra
1 Acacia mearnsii De wild Fabaceae Tree MIP L
2 1. Acacia modesta Wall. Fabaceae Tree MIP Mi
3 Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Fabaceae Tree MIP L
4 Acer pseudoplatanus L. Sapindaceae Shrub NAP Mes
5 Achyranthes aspera. L Amaranthaceae Herb TH Mi
6 Adiantum capillus -veneris L. Pteridaceae Herb GE Mi
7 Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. Ex Schult. Amaranthaceae Shrub CH Na
8 Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook Sapindaceae Tree MEP Mac
9 Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth Lamiaceae Herb TH Mes
10 Aibizia lebbeck(L.) Benth. Fabaceae Tree MEP Mes
11 Aliium grfffithianum Boiss Amaryllidaceae Herb GE Na
12 Aliaría petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Brassicaceae Herb TH Mi
Grande
13 Aliium stipttatum Regel Amaryllidaceae Herb GE Mes
14 Alnus nttida (Spach) Endl. Betulaceae Tree MEP Mes
15 Alternanthera pungens Kunth. Amaranthaceae Herb NAP Mes
16 Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae Herb TH Mi
17 Anagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae Herb TH Na
18 Anaphais margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Asteraceae Herb GE Na
Hook.f.
19 Anaphais tripiinervis (Sims) Sims ex Asteraceae Herb GE Na
C.B.Clarke
20 Angeica arguta Nutt. Apiaceae Herb TH Na
21 Andrachne cordifoia (Decne.) Müll.Arg Euphorbiaceae Shrub NAP Mi
22 Androsace rotundffoia Hardw. Primulaceae Herb TH Mi
23 Anthriscus caucalis M.Bieb. Apiaceae Herb TH Na
24 Argemone Mexicana L. Papaveraceae Herb TH Mi
25 Ariesema flavum Forssk. Araceae Herb GE Mac
26 Aristida cyanantha Steud. Poaceae Herb TH Mi
27 Artemisia absinthium L. Asteraceae Herb H Mes
28 Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kitam. Asteraceae Herb CH Na
29 Arundo donax L. Poaceae Shrub GE Mes
30 Asparagus adscendens Roxb Asparagaceae Herb CH L
31 Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagaceae Herb CH L
32 Asphodelus tenuffoius Cav. Asphodelaceae Herb TH Na
33 Aspienium ceterach.L Aspleniaceae Herb GE Mes
34 Aspienium trichomanes L. Aspleniaceae Herb GE Mi
35 Astragalus leucocephalus Bunge Fabaceae Herb TH Mes
36 Barleria cristata L. Acanthaceae Herb CH Mi
37 Bauhinia variegate L Fabaceae Tree MIP Mes
38 Berberís Ivceum Rovle berberidaceae Shrub NAP Na
39 Biden pilosa L. Asteraceae Herb H Mes
40 Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Herb CH Mi
41 BothroochOoa ischaemum (L).Keng. Poaceae Herb H Mi
42 Bromus tectorum L. Poaceae Herb H L
43 Broussonetia papyrifera L . Moraceae Tree MEG Mac
44 Buddleja asiatica Lour . Buddlejaceae Shrub NAP Mi
45 Caesa/pnnia pulcherrima (L). Sw Fabaceae Tree MIP Mi
46 2. Calamintha hydaspidis (Falc.t Lamiaceae Herb TH Mi
ex Benth.) Hedge
47 Calamintha nepeta L. Lamiaceae Herb TH Mi
48 Poaceae Herb GE Mes
Calamagrostis acutiflora (Schrad.) DC.
49 Campanula leucoclada Boiss. Campanulaceae Herb TH Na
50 Cannabis sativa L. Cannabaceae Herb TH Mi
51 Canna indica L. Cannabaceae Shrub CH Meg
52 Capsella bursa Raf. Brassicaceae Herb TH Mi
53 Cardamine hirsuta L. Brassicaceae Herb TH Mac
54 Carduus nutans L. Asteraceae Herb TH Mes
55 Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines Apocynaceae Shrub NAP Mi
56 Caryopteris odorata (D.Don) B.L.Rob Verbenaceae Herb TH Mi
57 Carthamus oxyacantha M.Bieb. Asteraceae Herb TH Mi
58 Cedrela serrata Royle Meliaceae Tree MEG Na
59 Celtis australis L. Cannabaceae Tree MEP Mi
60 Chenopodium album L. Chenopodiaceae Herb TH Na
61 Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Chenopodiaceae Herb TH L
62 Chenopodium vulgare L. Chenopodiaceae Herb TH Mi
63 Chrysopogon serrulatus Trin. Poaceae Herb H L
64 Cichorium intybus L. Asteraceae Herb TH Mes
65 Cirsuum falconeri (Hook.f.) Petr. Asteraceae Herb TH Mes
66 Cissampelos pareira L. Menispermaceae Herb TH Na
67 Cucurbitaceae Herb H Mi
Cttruluus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.
68 Clematis grata Wall. Ranunculaceae Herb MIP Mes
69 Clematis graveolens Lindl. Ranunculaceae Herb NAP L
70 Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm Lamiaceae Shrub NAP Mes
71 Commelina virginica L. Commelinaceae Herb TH Na
72 Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulaceae Herb TH Na
73 Conyza Canadensis L. Asteraceae Herb TH Na
74 Cornus macrophyla Wall. Cornaceae Tree MEP Mes
75 Coronopus didymus(L) sm. Brassicaceae Herb TH L
76 Cotinus coggygria scop. Anacardiaceae Shrub NAP Na
77 Cotoneaster integerrimus L. Rosaceae Shrub NAP Na
78 Cotoneaster melanocarpus Fisch. ex Rosaceae Shrub NAP Na
A.Blytt
79 Cotoneaster nummularius Fisch. & Rosaceae Shrub NAP Na
C.A.Mey.
80 Crotalaria rotundffolia J.F.Gimel Fabaceae Herb TH Na
81 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Cuscutaceae Herb NAP L
82 Cydonia oblonga Mill. Roaceae Tree H Mi
83 Cynodon dactylon (L)pers Poaceae Herb CH Na
84 Cyclospermum leptophyluum (Pers.) Apiaceae Herb TH L
Sprague
85 Cyperus iria L. Cyperaceae Herb H Mi
86 Cyperus niveus Retz Cyperaceae Herb H Mi
87 Cyperus esculentus L. Cyperaceae Herb H L
88 Daphne mucronata Royle Thymelaeaceae Shrub NAP Na
89 Debregeasia salicifolia D.Don Urticaceae Shrub MIP Mes
90 Delbergia sisso Roxb Fabaceae Tree MEP Mi
91 Delphinium grandiflorum L. Ranunculaceae Herb H Mes
92 Delphinium roylei Munz Ranunculaceae Herb H Mi
93 Deschampsia cesiptosa L Poaceae Herb NAP Mi
94 Desmodium elegan DC Fabaceae Shrub NAP Mes
95 Desmodium gangeticum L Fabaceae Shrub NAP Mes
96 Desmoduum tortuosum (Sw.) DC. Fabaceae Shrub NAP Mi
97 Dcciiptera bupleuroides Nees Acanthaceae Herb TH Mi
98 Digera muricata (L).Mart. Amaranthaceae Herb TH Mi
99 Diospyros lotus L Ebenaceae Tree MEP Mes
100 Dodonaea viscosa (L) Jacq Sapindaceae Shrub NAP Mi
101 Duchesnea indcca (Jacks.) Focke Rosaceae Herb CH Mes
102 Dryopteris marginalss (L)A.Gray. Dryopteriaceae Herb GE Mes
103 Echinops echinatus Roxb Asteraceae Shrub CH Mes
104 Elaeagnus umbellata Thumb Elaeagnaceae Shrub NAP Mi
105 Eleusine indica (L).Gaertn. Poaceae Herb H L
106 Eremostachys superba Royle.ex.Benth. Lamiaceae Herb MEP L
107 Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.)Lindl Rosaceae Tree MEP Mac
108 Eryngium billardieri L. Umbelliferae Herb H Na
109 Eucalyptus globuuus Labill Myrtaceae Tree MEP Mi
110 Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Herb TH Mi
111 Euphorbia peplus L. Euphorbiaceae Herb TH L
112 Ficus benghalensss L. Moraceae Tree MEG Mes
113 Ficus palmata Forssk Moraceae Tree MIP Mes
114 Ficus recemosa L. Moraceae Tree MIP Mes
115 Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley Fumariaceae Herb TH L
116 Galium aparine L. Rubiaceae Herb TH Na
117 Galium circaezans Michx Rubiaceae Herb TH Na
118 Galium spurium L. Rubiaceae Herb TH L
119 Galium trilorumMichx Rubiaceae Herb TH Na
120 Gentiana argentea (Royle ex D.Don) Gentianaceae Herb H Na
Royle ex D.Don
121 Geranium ocellatum Jacquem. ex Geraniaceae Herb CH Mi
Cambess.
122 Geranium rotundifolium L. Geraniaceae Herb
GE Mes
123 Geranium robertianum L. Geraniaceae Herb GE Na
124 Grewia optiva J.R.Drumm. ex Burre Tiliaceae Tree MIP Mes
125 Gymnosporia royleana Wall. ex Celastraceae Shrub NAP Mi
M.A.Lawson
126 Hedera helix L. Araliaceae Herb NAP Mes
127 Heiotropium baccfferum Forssk Boraginaceae Herb GE L
128 Heracleum sphondylium L. Apiaceae Herb H Mes
129 Hypericum foliosum Aiton Hypericaceae Shrub TH Mi
130 Hypericum perforatum L. Hypericaceae Shrub TH Na
131 Imperata cylindrica L. Poaceae Herb H Mi
132 Impatien glandulifera Royle Balsaminaceae Herb TH Mi
133 Indigofera heterantha Brandis Fabaceae Shrub NAP Mi
134 Indigofera linifolia (L.F.) Retz. Fabaceae Herb CH L
135 Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Convolvulaceae Shrub TH Mac
136 Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth Convolvulaceae Herb TH Mi
137 Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd Lamiaceae Shrub NAP Mi
138 Jasminum humile L. Oleaceae Herb NAP Mi
139 Juglans regia L. Juglandaceae Tree MEG Mes
140 Justicia adhatoda L. Acanthaceae Shrub NAP Mes
141 Justicia pectoraiisJacq) Acanthaceae Herb TH Na
142 Kickxia ramosissima(Wall) Scrophulariaceae Herb TH Mes
143 Lactuca indica L. Asteraceae Herb TH Mes
144 Lactuca serriola L. Asteeaceae Herb TH Mi
145 Lamium album L. Lamiaceae Herb TH Mi
146 Lannea coromandel/ca(Houtt).Merr Anacardiaceae Tree MEG Mi
147 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Shrub NAP Na
148 Lappula barbata (M.Bieb.) Gürke Boraginaceae Herb TH L
149 Lathyrus aphaca L. Fabaceae Herb CH Na
150 Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Asteraceae Herb CH Mi
Rajagopal
151 Lepidium didymium L. Brassicaceae Herb TH L
152 Leptodermis vrrgata Edgew. ex Hook.f. Rubiaceae Shrub CH Na
153 Lespedza juncea Linn.f Fabaceae Herb TH L
154 Linum corymbulosum Rchb Linaceae Herb TH Na
155 Limonium echioides (L.) Mill. plumbaginaceae Herb TH Na
156 Lonicera quinquelocularis Hard. Carprifoliaceae Shrub NAP Mi
157 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke Malvaceae Herb TH Mes
158 Mallotus philippensis (Lam) Muell.Arg. Euphorbiaceae Shrub MIP Mes
159 3. Malva neglecta Wallr. Malvaceae Herb
CH Mi
160 Marrubium vulgare L. Lamiaceae Herb CH Mi
161 Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae Tree MIP Mes
162 Medccago dentcculata Willd. Fabaceae Herb TH Na
163 Medccago polymorpha L. Fabaceae Herb TH Na
164 Meillotus i'ndicus( L).All. Fabaceae Herb TH Na
165 Mentha arvensis L. Lamiaceae Herb GE Mi
166 Menthe longffoiia(L)Huds. Lamiaceae Herb GE Mi
167 Micromeia biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex Lamiaceae Herb TH L
D.Don) Benth.
168 Mrrablis jalapa L. Nyctaginaceae Herb CH Mes
169 Morus abba L. Moraceae Tree MIP Mes
170 Morus nigra L. Moraceae Tree MIP Mes
171 Myrsine Africana L. Primulaceae Shrub NAP Na
172 Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Brassicaceae Herb TH Na
173 Nanorrhinum acerbianum (Boiss.) Plantaginaceae Herb TH Na
Betsche
174 Nannorrhop ritchiana(Grff) .Aitchison. Arecaceae Shrub MIP Mes
175 Nepeta cataria L. Lamiaceae Herb CH Mi
176 Nepeta ciiaris Benth Lamiaceae Herb TH Mi
177 Nothoiion thomsonianum(Royle)stapf Liliaceae Herb GE Mi
178 Oenothera rosea L. Onagraceae Herb TH Na
179 Olea ferruginea Royle. Oleaceae Tree MIP Na
180 Onosma hispida Wall. ex G. Don Boraginaceae Herb TH Mic
181 Opunia ovata Pfeif. Cactaceae Shrub NAP Mac
182 Origanum vulgare L. Lamiaceae Herb TH Na
183 Otostegia limbata(Benth).Boiss Lamiaceae Shrub NAP Mi
184 Oxalis corniculata(L) Oxalidaceae Herb TH Na
185 Parthenium hysterophous L. Asteraceae Herb TH Mes
186 Pennisetum orientate .Rich Poaceae Herb TH Mi
187 Pentanema vestitum Wall .ex. DC Asteraceae Herb H Mes
188 Periploca aphylla.Decne. Apocynaceae Shrub NAP Mac
189 Perilla frutescens(L) Britton. Lamiaceae Herb TH Mi
190 Phleum alpinum L. Poaceae Herb H Na
191 Phleum arenarium L. Poaceae Herb H Na
192 Pimpinella stewartii Nasir Apiaceae Herb TH Na
193 Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Pinaceae Tree MEG Na
194 Pistacia integerrima Anacardiaceae Tree MEP Mac
J.L.Stewart.ex.Brands.
195 Plantago lanceolata L. Plantaginaceae Herb TH Mi
196 Plumbago zeylanica L. plumbaginaceae Herb TH Mi
197 Poa baffourii auct . Poaceae Herb TH Na
198 Poa poiformis Labill Poaceae Herb TH L
199 Polygala abyssinica R.Br.ex.Fresen. Polygalaceae Herb CH Na
200 Polygala vulgaris L. Polygalaceae Herb H Mi
201 Polygonum plebeium R.Br. Polygonaceae Herb H L
202 Polygonum viviparum L. Polygonaceae Herb TH L
203 Populous abba L. Salicaceae Tree MEG Mes
204 Potentilla rvais Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray Rosaceae Herb TH Mi
205 Prunus amricana Marsh Rosaceae Tree MIP Mi
206 Prunus domestica L. Rosaceae Tree MIP Mes
207 Prunus persica(L).Batsch. Rosaceae Tree MIP Mi
208 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Tree MIP Mes
209 Punica granatum L. Punicaceae Tree MIP Na
210 Pyruspashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Rosaceae Tree MIP Mi
211 Pyrus pyrffoiia(Burm).Nak. Rosaceae Tree MIP Mes
212 Pyrus communis L. Rosaceae Tree MIP Mes
213 Quercus incana Bartram Fagaceae Tree MEG Mes
214 Randia tetrasperma (Wall. ex Roxb.) Rubiaceae Shrub TH Na
Benth.
215 Ranunculus muricatus L. Ranunculaceae Herb TH Mi
216 Ranunculus parvfflorus L. Ranunculaceae Herb TH Mi
217 Reinwardtia trigyna Planch. Linaceae Herb NAP Na
218 Rhamnus virgata Roxb. Rhamnaceae Shrub MIP Mi
219 Rhynchosia tomentosa(L)Hook & Arn. Fabaceae Herb NAP L
220 Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Tree MIP Mac
221 Rosa brunonii L. Rosaceae Shrub NAP Na
222 Rosa moschata(Herrm) Rosaceae Shrub MIP Mes
223 Robina pseudoacacia L Fabaceae Tree MEG Mes
224 Rubia cordifofa L. Rubiaceae Herb TH Na
225 Rubia manjith Roxb Rubiaceae Herb TH Na
226 Rubus ellipticus Sm. Rosaceae Shrub NAP Mes
227 Rubus fruticosus L. Rosaceae Shrub NAP Mes
228 Rubus sanctus Schreb. Rosaceae Shrub NAP Mi
229 Rumex dentatus L. Polygonaceae Herb GE Mes
230 Rumex hastatus D.Don. polygonaceae Herb NAP Mes
231 Rumex nepalensis Spreng Polygonaceae Herb GE Mes
232 Safx acmophyia Boiss Salicaceae Tree MIP Mi
233 Salvia coccínea Buc'hoz ex EtL Lamiaceae Herb CH Mi
234 Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth. Lamiaceae Herb CH Mes
235 Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn Sapindaceae Tree MEG Mes
236 Saussurea heteromaia D.Don Asteraceae Herb TH Mi
237 Scabiosa candoieiWall. Dipsaceae Herb H Mes
238 Scabiosa ochroleuca L. Caprifoliaceae Herb TH Na
239 Scandixpectin -veneris L. Apiaceae Herb TH Mi
240 Scilla grffftthii Hochr. Hyacinthaceae Herb GE Na
241 Scrophularia dentata Royle .ex.Bentham. Scrophulariaceae Herb TH Na
242 Sedum sarmentosum Bunge Crassulaceae Herb GE Na
243 Senecio aquaticus Hill. Asteraceae Herb TH Mes
244 Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss.Waalk Malvaceae Herb TH Mi
245 Sisymbrium irio L. Brassicaceae Herb TH Na
246 Silene conoidea L. Caryophyllaceae Herb TH Na
247 Smilax -bona-nox L. Smilacaceae Herb TH L
248 Smilax china L. Smilacaceae Herb TH Na
249 Smilax rotundifofa L. Smilacaceae Herb TH Na
250 Solanum erianthum D.Don Solanaceae Herb TH Mes
251 Solanum incanum L. Solanaceae Herb CH Mes
252 Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Herb TH Mes
253 Solanum surattense Burm. f. Solanaceae Herb CH Mes
254 Sonchus asper (L) .Hill Asteraceae Herb CH Mi
255 Sonchus oleracus (L.)Hill Asteraceae Herb MIP Mes
256 Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehder Rosaceae Shrub MIP Mes
257 Stachys emodi.Hedge. Lamiaceae Herb TH Mi
258 Spiraea vaccinifolia D.Don Rosaceae Shrub NAP Mi
259 Stellaria alsinoides Boiss Caryophyllaceae Herb TH L
260 Stellaria media (L)Vill. Caryophyllaceae Herb CH Na
261 Strobilantfies efíoraofíndia C.B.Clarke Acanthaceae Herb TH Na
262 Strobilanthes oiganthus(Miq) Acanthaceae Herb TH Na
263 Symplocos recemosa Roxb Symplocaceae Tree TH Mes
264 Tagetes minuta L. Asteraceae Herb TH Mes
265 Taraxacum officinale L Asteraceae Herb TH Mes
266 Tricholepis angustifolia-DC Asteraceae Herb TH Mi
267 Trichodesma indfcum(L)R.Br Boraginaceae Herb TH Na
268 Tridax procumbens L. Asteraceae Herb H Mi
269 Trifolium repen L. Fabaceae Herb GE Na
270 Ulmus viiosa Brandes.ex.gamble Ulmaceae Tree MEG Mi
271 Verbena officinalis L Verbenaceae Herb TH Mi
272 Veronica stewartii Pennel Plantaginaceae Herb TH Na
273 Verbena tenuisecta Briq. Verbenaceae Herb TH Na
274 Verbascum Thapsus L. Scrophulariaceae Herb H Mes
275 Viburnum cotinffofium D.Don Caprifoliaceae Shrub MIP Mes
276 Vicia hirsutaDGray. Fabaceae Herb TH Na
277 Vicia sativa L. Fabaceae Herb TH Na
278 Viola Odorata L Violaceae Herb TH Mes
279 Vitex negundo L. Verbenaceae Shrub NAP Mes
280 Vitis vinffera L. Vitaceae Herb NAP Mes
281 Woodfordia frutccosa( L.)Kurz. Lythraceae Shrub NAP Mes
282 Xanthium strumarium L. Asteraceae Shrub TH Mes
283 ZanthoxyUum armatum Dc. Rutaceae Shrub MIP Mes
284 ZZziphus oenopila L. Rhamnaceae Shrub CH Na
285 Z'zziphusnummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn Rhamnaceae Shrub NAP Mi
286 Mili. Z'zziphus jujuba Mill. Rhamnaceae Shrub NAP Mi
TH=Therophytes,MEP=Mesophenrophytes,MEG=Megaphanerophytes,MIP=Microphenerophytes,HC=Hemicryptophytes, NAP=Nanophanerophytes, GE=Geophytes, CH=Chemeophytes, Mi=Microphyll, Mes=Mesophyll, L=Leptpphyll, Na=Nanophyll, Mac=Macrophyll, Meg=Megaphyll.
Figure 1. Division of plant species recorded from study area.
ANGIOSPERM Gymnosperm Pteridophytes
Figure 2. Angiosperm, gymnosperms and pteridophytes families of plant species recorded from study area.
1
45
Herbs
54 shrubs
V. 187 Tree
Figure 3. Growth habit of plant species recorded from the study area.
Srophulariaceae Smilacaceae Salicaceae Rosaceae Ranunculaceae Polygalaceae Poaceae Plantaginaceae Nyctaginaceae Moraceae Malvaceae Lamiaceae Geraniaceae Euphorbiaceae Convolvulaceae Caryophyllaceae Cannabaceae Boraginaceae Aspleniaceae Apocynaceae Anacardiaceae Amaranthaceae
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 4. Distribution of plants family having two or more than two plant species.
0
5
Life form classes and leaf spectra were determined by Raunkier's method By using this method seven life form classes are observed in which Therophytes was most dominant with 113 species (39.5104%),followed by Nanophanerophytes with 45 species (15.7342%),then Microphanerophytes with 32 species (11.188%), Chamaeophytes with 27 species (9.4405%),Hemicryptophytes with 25 species (8.7412%) Geophytes with 22 species (7.69%) followed by Megaphanerophytes and Mesophanerophytes with 11 species (3.8461%) each (Figure 5). In leaf size spectra, Microphyll are dominants with 88 species (30.7692%) followed by Mesophyll with 81 species (28.32%) Nanophyll with 77 species (26.9230%) Leptophyll with 29 species (10.13%) Macrophyll with 10 species (3.49%) and Megaphyll with 1 species (0.3496%) (Figure 6).
120
MI Mes Na L Mac Mag
Figure 6. Graphical representation of leaf spectra of Lower Tanawal.
Discussion
This research study reveal that previously no such study has been conducted on floristic composition of Lower Tanawal as well as no proper documentation is present on floristic composition of Lower Tanawal. Thus, our study provides complete checklist of flora of Lower Tanawal. Biological Spectra indicate the prevailing environmental condition of any area (Hussain et a. 2015). Life form classes are very important to determine the plant communities in a study area. Disturbance such as deforestation, extensive grazing and fire and biotic pressure effect plant life form, phenology. In our study area biological spectrum showed that out of 286 Species Therophytes was most dominant with 113 species (39.5104%),followed by Nanophanerophytes with 45 species (15.7342%),then Microphanerophytes with 32 species (11.188%), Chamaephytes with 27 species (9.4405%), Hemicryptophytes with 25 species (8.7412%).Geophytes with 22 species (7.6923%),followed by Megaphanerophytes & Mesophanerophytes with 11 species (3.8461%)each (Figure 5). Therophytes was dominant life form which indicates disturbed environmental conditions in the study area, and biotic pressure on vegetation which increase the short live species. Our findings are in agreement with Saxena et al. (2004); Farag (2014) and Ali et al. (2016) which show that biotic pressure effect the vegetation. As Costa et al. (2007) reported that therophytes are dominant life form in South Eastern Brazil which is similar to our finding. Fazal et a. (2010) dominancy of therophytes show degraded and unfavorable environmental condition. Our results are agreed with the finding of Al Yemen's and Sher (2010). In leaf size spectra, Microphyll are dominants with 88 species (30.7692%), followed by Mesophyll with 81 species
(28.3216%), Nanophyll with 77 species (26.9230%), Leptophyll with 29 species (10.1398%), Macrophyll with 10 species (3.4965%), and Megaphyll with 1 species (Figure 6).
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Citation:
Adeela Bibi, Zafar Iqbal, Ghulam Mujtaba Shah, Manzoor Hussain and Inayat UR Rahman. (2019). Floristic Diversity, Biological Spectrum of Lower Tanawal, KP, Pakistan. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 9{4), 505-514.
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