CC BY
146
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 2020, 10 (2), 92-105, doi: 10.15421/2020_70
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Ethnobotany of the Medicinal Plants Used by Indigenous Communities in the Mountain of Shishikoh Valley, Hindukush
Chitral
K. Ullah, G.M. Shah, J. Alam, M. Hussain
Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan Corresponding author E-mail: kaif. botany11@yahoo. com
Received: 04.04.2020. Accepted: 04.05.2020
Background: Communities of the valley may cause restricted health conveniences and nutrient deficit, often caused various human disorders. Since centuries, however, the local communities in these areas have developed traditional method of treating various sickness and local food capes that can be significance for public health and nutrient facilities. However lack of herbal based research and geographical restrictions, the traditional knowledge is in risk. So this study is the first was intended to document the traditional knowledge in of the local people in the Shishikoh valley, Chitral Northern Pakistan.
Method: Ethno-botanical data were collected over a period from July, 2016 to October, 2017 from respondents, by using semi structured questionnaire. Details about the local uses of plants species were documentalong with demographic characterestics of the visit communities. Quantitative indices such as relative frequency citation (RFCs), fidelity level (FL) tools were intended to evaluate the cultural importance of the reported species.
Results: In total 50 plant species belonging to 34 families and 48 genera were recorded. Fabaceae was dominant with 7 species, followed by Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Rosacea (6 species each). Leaves, root, flowers, seeds and fruits were the frequently utilized plant parts, whereas among drug formulations, decoction (49%) was ranked first. Majority of the plant species were used to treat abdominal, respiratory and dermal ailments (31, 12 and 12, respectively). RFCs value ranged 0.477 to 0.11 for Tanacetum falconeri and Aliium caroiinianum, respectively; while Hippophe rhamnoides and Thymus iinearis depicted 100% FL. Comparative assessment with previous reports revealed that traditional uses of 26% plant species counting Hedyserum falconeri, Aconttum vioioceum var. weileri, Arnebia guttata, Biebersteinia odora, Clematis alpine var. sibirica, Corydalis adiantifolia and Saussurea simpsoniana were reported for the first time.
Conclusion: The mountainous valley in the Northern Pakistan host significance traditional knowledge of local food and homoeopathic plant species, which need to reevaluated and reconsider by pharmacologist and health community. Additionally, the livelihood could be reinforced through launching collection sites, revolution and freshening centers for marketing of medicinal plant species.
Keywords: Medicinal plants; Shishikoh Valley; Hindukush Chitral
Introduction
Plants are considered the beneficial source for survive of human beings is dated back to the beginning of life on the globe. In the start, vegetation existed with uncountable potential from many features that have been used ordinarily and economically for comfort of human being. The dependency on wild plants increased both direct and indirectly (Ali et al., 2003; Ali, 2003; Ali & Qaiser, 2009).
The wild taxa remain quickly vanishing due to additional increase in human population, urbanization, habitat destruction and exploitation of resources in unsustainable way (Western, 2001; Woodruff, 2001; Ali, 2009). Furthermore, these taxa constitute main constituent of an ecosystem and ensure constancy and sustainability of that ecosystem. All animals are depending on these taxa for food, shelter and other requirements necessary for their survival (Alonson et al ., 2001). It is projected that there are about 35,000 to 70,000 curative plants, used as traditional medicinal in worldwide (Liwington, 1990; Farnsworth & Soyarto, 1991). Ethnobotany remains the flourishing interdisciplinary science field which covers all sorts of communication and association among plants and people. The history of homoeopathic plant use by human to treat various ailment dates back to early civilization (Ali, 1986; Ali, 2008). However the allopathic medication minimized the role of homoeopathic plants in favor of artificial drugs, little number of plants remedies have been based on medicinal plants used by indigenous people (Ali and Qaiser, 2009). Pakistan represents approximately 6000 species of flowering plant (S. Ali and M. Qaiser, 1986; S. Ali., 2008). Of the total at least 12 % of the plants species are used as medicinally, numerous of which are being exported ( Z.K, Shinwari and M. Qaiser, 2011). The ingredients of approximately 500 species are known. Variations in plants and diversity in people plant communications are further influenced by the selection of wild floras for nourishment and other intrinsic cultural uses. The ethnobotanical investigations primary objectives is the documentation of indigenous knowledge related with these wild plant species which is weakening day by day (Ali and Nasir, 1989-1991).
Additionally, maximum of them are designated from hilly zone of Pakistan (Ali & Qaiser, 1986). The unique floral diversity of Chitral restricted about 1500 (27.16%) species of flowering plants (Ali, 2008; Shinwari & Qaiser, 2011). In Chitral the initial majority of documented plants are medicinal (Khan, 1996). The inhabitance of far-flung area in any region always trusts on native indigenous knowledge of plant resources in order to treat various health ailments ( Ali and Qaiser 1993-2007; Alonson, et al., 2001).
Ethnobotanical information can provide an important feedback for public health and environmental policies through the understanding of sociocultural backgrounds and the analysis of ethnic-based strategies to combat diseases (Asase et al., 2005). Documentation of various significant medicinal plants was carried out in diverse valleys, in different time. Recently in literature the available research paper with respect to ethno botany are considered as Rashid awan et al., 2001, collected 35 medicinal plants from Chitral; Siraj et al., 2006 collected 75 medicinal plants from booni Valley; Farukh et al., 2007 collect 111 medicinal plants from mastuj valley; Ali and Qaiser, 2009, (83) plant taxa fromentire chitral; Khan et al., 2011, (31) plant taxa from chitral gole national park; Mukarram et al.,2012 (82) medicinal plants from Mastuj valley; Aftab et al., 2013, (40) medicinal plant from Chitral; Zahida et al., 2013, (20) medicinal plants from Booni valley; Asad et al., 2014 (62) taxa from Bumborate valley chitral ; Hadi et al., 2014 (31) weed plants from Rech valley district chitral, Hadi and Ibrar, 2014 (9) plant species from Bumborate valley District Chitral. At last Kifayat et al., 2015 from Mulkhow valley Distric Chitral. However, these all previous ethnobotanical investigations did not use quantitative methods and also Shishikoh valley is lack of ethnomedicinal literature so far. Therefore, the current study records and documents the remedial uses of plant species by the inhabitants, aiming to: (i) document traditional knowledge of herbal species used by the Shishi valley; (ii) quantify the ethnomedicinal plant uses retaining relative frequency of citation (RFCs) and Fidelity level (FL) indices; (iii) to highlight the supreme interest of the local community in medicinal plants collection and unique medicinal plants that have ever been previously been reported in nearby areas.
Methods
Study area
Geography: Shishikoh valley in Chitral is located (35°55'52" N and 71°50'03" E) at the elevation of 2000 to 7000 ft and covered area is 56586 hectares about 39 km away in the North of Tehsil Drosh district Chitral KP (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Administratively Drosh is the Headquarter despite being narrow the population of the valley 17580 (5.5%) of entire Chitral 318689 (Ali., 2009) according to the census 1998 (Akbar, 2014).
Climate and topography: The weather is tremendously harsh and cold in the wintertime and pleasant in the summer. Average temperatures in summer ranges from 25°C to 40°C, while in the winter the night time temperature occasionally drops to -10°C. The valley gets precipitation in the form of rain and snow where later is dominant in winter season. Furthermore infrequent rains also ensue during summer because of monsoon influence approaching from Swat. The climatic circumstances have remarkable effects on water convenience in the UC which is considered as water resourceful part in Chitral district contribution a fair share of vegetative cover. God has kindly blessed the area with natural resources. The chief sources of income of the valley's inhabitant are farming, laboring, shepherding, animal harboring, wood cutting and pine nut collection (Akbar, 2014).
Ethnographic background: The narrow valley existed by different tribes with their own indigenous particular tradition and distinct language i.e., Khow, Gujer, Pakhtoons and Madaklashti. The valley comprises of 2588 Households. The total population of the area is 17580 souls having 9228 men (52.49%) and 8352 women (47.51%). Out of the total population, there are 4863 children and 224 people found above 80 years of age (Akbar, 2014).
Socio-economic profile: In Shishikoh, livestock resources are important component of rural economy and largely comprise of cattle, sheep and goat, additionally also some donkeys as pack animals. Domestic poultry is also kept for household consumption and utility. These animals are basically reared for meat, milk, wool, manure and transportation of wood. For many people, livestock is also used as a source of cash income at the time of urgent need (Akbar, 2014).
Figure 1. Map of study area; Shishikoh Valley District Chitral; 1 Madaklasht, 2 Tangalgol, 3 Balpanch, 4 Kawash, 5 Tingel Gol, 6 Goren gol, 7 Kashendel, 8 Birga nisar, 9 Purgal. 10 Istroom, 11 Pursat, 12 Muzdeh, 13 Huzoor Begandeh, 14 Shishi.
No of uses %age
Figure 2. Use categories of ethnobotanical plant.
Ethnobotanical data collection: Ethnobotanical data was collected from 69 different informants (including 37 males, 27 females and five local herbalists) in the valley villages of Shishi, Huzoor Begandeh,Istroom, Shirati, Birganisar, Tingel, Ziarat, Kashidel, Khotik and Madaklasht (Figure 1). Formal agreement was received from informers regarding data collection and publication; previously the Participatory rural assessment approach as revealed in the Kyoto Protocol remained practical with the agreement of the informant. Ethical Strategies of the International Society of Ethnobiology (http:// www.ethnobiology.net) were rigorously followed. The methodology was considered through the sole purpose of attaining the invaluable wealth of local knowledge, with special importance on homoeopathic plant use (M.H. Hasrat, 2007; Muthul et al., 2006; Abbas et al., 2016). All the informants were categorized into six age groups, i.e., 11- 20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60 and above 60 years of age (Tables 1 and 2).
Question concerning the vernacular name, part (s) used, availability, diseases treated, modes of preparation and administration and cultural practices were asked in the native language. Within the chosen question, females often disliked talking with foreigners due to their remote social association and religious traditions.
Therefore, feminine informants continually had to be familiarized through their masculine relatives (e.g. brother, father or husband) (Muthul et al., 2006; Abbas et al., 2012).
Table 1. Characteristics of the study participants.
Catagoery
Gender Men Women Total
Education level
Illetrate
Middle
Metric
secodary
Graduate
Master
Socioeconomics
Labour Farmer Carpenter Shephered_
Number
37 15 52
18 2 5
7
8 12
8 16
3 3
Percentage
71.15 28.84
34.61
3.84
9.61
13.46
15.38
23.07
15.38 30.76 5.76 5.76
House wives 3 5.76
Students 13 25
Teacher_6_11.53_
Later on the collected plant species were identified by means of the Flora of Pakistan and additional literature sources (Nasir et al., 1972; Shinwari et al., 2006). The botanical names and respective families were confirmed through the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (K. Mesfin et al., 2013). All the collected specimens were properly identified and and stored in the Herbarium of Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan.
Data analysis
All collected data were analyzed after field survey based on use reports of plant part (s) of each species to treat a particular health complaint. The traditional remedies of each taxon along with diseases cured were calculated using the number of citations through the informants. The importance of each plant species was estimated by the relative frequency citation index (RFCi), which designates the indigenous status of each species. RFCi values were calculated via the frequency of citation (FC, the number of informants mentioning the use of the species) divided by the total number of informants participating in the survey (N), without considering the use-category values as reported previously (Khan and Khatoon, 2007; Comaraet al., 2009; Abbas et.,al 2016). Fidelity Level (FL) remained recognized by Friedman et al. (1986) is the proportion between the number of informants who mentioned the use of a plant for a particular purpose and the total number of informants who mentioned the use of the plant for any purpose (regardless the category). Fidelity Level (FL) is calculated using the following formula:
FL (%)= (Ip/Iu) 100, where Ip is the number of informants who independently recommended the use of a plant for a particular purpose, and Iu is the total number of informants who mentioned the plant for any use or purpose.
The preference ranking index was calculated, as explained by Asase et al., 2005, according to the level of effectiveness of the reported plant species. Each rank was given a numeral (1, 2, 3, 4 or 5), with the most effective plants assigned a value of 5.
Table 2. Total number and percentage of interviewees per age group.
Age group No of interviever Male Female Percentage
11-20 9 5 4 17.3
21-30 10 7 3 19.23
31-40 11 8 3 21.15
41-50 16 ... 16 30.76
51-60 4 ... 4 7.69
60-onward 2 ... 2 3.84
The concern valley is out of the reach of researcher and lack of data related to Medicinal plants. So the concern study is considered.
Results and Discussion
The research area showed great taxonomic diversity. In spite of the arid habitats at most of the research area, all the three major groups of spermatophytes are well represented in the research area. Spermatophytes in the research area are represented by gymnosperms and angiosperms including both monocots and dicots. The research area showed great variation in the composition flora at different sites.
The diversity increased gradually along the valley and reached its top at Madak Lasht, the last village of the valley having the highest altitude i.e., 2800 m. Similar diversity records have also been reported by Ali and Qaiser (1986) and Ali (2000 & 2008) for various regions of Pakistan.
The current research work reported a total of 29 plants belonging to the 19 genera of four (4) Major families of the research area, Shishi Koh Valley Chitral Pakistan. Family Lamiaceae contributed the largest number of species (10), followed by family Rosaceae (8), followed by family Apiaceae (7) and family Euphorbiaceous (4) as shown in Table 1.
Ethno botanical data Analysis
Traditional ecological knowledge of the valley is understand through this work in which data analysis also include how the knowledge is possible, adapted, linked and transmitted through generation.
Informant demographics: Ancient time the informants, who were mostly shepherds, wood cutters, farmers, teachers, tourist monitors and housewives, show additional ethnobotanical information as compared to younger informents. These must be possible and adopt due to fluctuating lifestyles, expansion and urbanization of towns such as cities extension, greater dependency on allopathic drugs , poetry and the lack of attention in current generations. Two-thirds of the informants remained illiterate owing the nonexistence of education facilities, while the remaining one-third were educated (mostly secondary school level or below) (Table 1).
Taxonomic diversity: According to Khan, 2005; Nasser and Dickore, 2002; Sher, 2002, Floristically Chitral District in northern Pakistan show some rich in cultural, geophysical and biological diversity. Available composition of flora resources exhibits a diverse basic resources such as food, medicines and building materials for inhabitants of the valley. The reduction of preferred plants,
Ethnobotany of the Medicinal Plants Used by Indigenous Communities particularly therapeutic plant resources, results in the suffering of personally deficiency and loss of economic opportunities for the inhabitants of the area.
In total, 50 plant species belonging to 33 families and 48 genera were documented as used by the Shishikoh Valley. The most important families was Asteraceae with 8 species and Lamiaceae, Umbellifarae and Rosaceae with 3 species in each, followed by 5 Families with 2 (species in each) in the terms of ethnobotanical usage. Twenty four families were represented by single species each. Among genera, Artemisia and Mentha each featured two ethno medicinally important species. With respect to growth habit, herbs were the dominate form 28 (56%), followed by trees 14 (28%) and shrubs 8 (16%). Reported species were classified into different classes on the basis of their nature of usage, i.e., ethno medicinal (38 spp. 58 %), fuel perpose (8 spp. 12%), Vegetable, Argiculture, Ferniture, Naswar formation with (3 spp. 4%), Fertilizer (2 spp. 3%) and Thatching, Ttea, Skin problem, Stick (1 spp. 2%) in each.
Table 3. Table 3 Folk medicinal plant uses recorded in Tormik Valley, Karakorum Mountain Range.
Botanical name/Local name/ Families/Voucher No
Locality Availability Habit
Alcea rosea L. Cav./Layn/ Birga MalvaceaeHUP4089 nisar
Non.
Shrub
Part use
Whole plant
Aliium cepa L./ Theshto/ Alliaceae HUP 4080
Huzoor
begande
h
Cult.
Herb
Bulb
Anthemis cotula L./ Madakla Shirisht/Asteraceae HUP4082 sht
Non.
Herb
Aerial part
Drug Disease
description treated
Paste is made by chopping and roots powder
Decoction is taken two time and bulb heated within hot ashe than the paste is applied
Decoction is taken 3 times a day
bone
Joindic problem, infection, applied on boils to dry the puss and improve hair brighness
Cough , cool, scorpian bites, ear problem in children, joindic problem and Gastrointestinal problem
Stomach pain, abdominal pain and abdominal worms.
RFCs n=55
0.21
FL
41
%
0.32
44
%
0.38
бб
%
Artemisia maritima
Phespok/Asteraceae/
HUP4083
L./
Muzh Deh
Non.
Herb
Aerial parts
Decoction is taken 3 times a day
Worm repelent, abodminal pain, stomach pain , fuel purpose
0.3б
б5
%
Artemisia parvffoia Roxb ex. D. Don. /Kharkhalich/ Asteraceae HUP4097
Kharkhal ich
Non.
Herb
Whole plants
Berberís ycium Royle./ Chowenjh/ Tingeel
Berberidaceae HUP4099
Non.
Shrub
Whole plant
Aerial parts grind into powdered and
decoction obtain a glass from 2g per day.
Decoction is used 2 time a day
Sugar reductase, worm repellent and stomach pain, small doses with mother milk is given to new born baby to improve the fluency of tongue
Used against typhoid, worm repellent, juindic, chronic and diarrhea. Also root bark use as liver infection
0.2
72
%
0.41
78
%
Bergenia cHiata (Haw.) Sternb./Besabr/Saxifragaceae HUP4100
Madakla sht
Non.
Herb
Roots
Paste roots applied
from are
Sun block and skin diseases and improve the beauty
0.23
10
0
%
Cappris spinosa L./Kaveer/ Muzh Capparaceae HUP4104 Deh
Non.
Shrub
Flower
Flower
soaked and decoction
Diuretic, tonic, rheumetism, typhoid, malaria, blood purifier and "Parpi" a legendary drug is obtained which is very expesive remedies in the field of
medicine
0.25
78
%
Capsella bursa-pastoris. (L) Medic./Hardi Shishi
phato/Brassicaseae HUP4095
Non.
Herb
Leaves
and
flower
Leaves and floewr
cooked as vegetable
Vegetable fodder
and
0.23
76
%
Carthamus tinctorius L. Poom/Asteraceae HUP4109
Shishi Cult.
Herb
Flower
Celtis
australis
L./
Binjoo/Ulmaceae HUP4013
Ziarat
Non.
Tree
Stem
Extract is made from flower and dry flower is used
Stem cut and piece
Cough, diuretic and diaphoretic and dry
floweris used in traditional food for improve its colour and taste, children disease.
Hange with children against Evil eye.
0.25
0.23
64
%
10
0
%
Chenopodium murales L./ Kunakh/ Chenopodiaceae Shishi HUP4112
Non.
Herb
Whole plants
Cooked and then used
Abdominal pain , blood thinner and Diuretic
0.27
60
%
Cichorium intybus L./ Khasti/Asteraceae HUP4113
Shishi
Non.
Herb
Whole plants
Coriandrum sativum L./ Shonjmook/Umbelliferae Shishi HUP4115
Cult.
Herb
Aerial parts
Cotoneaster acuminata Lindl. / Ishkorelik/Rosaceae Istroom Non.
HUP4114
Tree
Cratagus sonagarica G. Koch./ Gooni /Rosaceae HUP4116
Datura stramonium L./
zharjosho/Solanaceae
HUP4117
Birga nisar
Cult.
Tree
Stem, fruits
Fruits
Madakla sht
Non.
Herb
Aerial parts
Decoction of whole plants is taken 3 times a day
Herbal made fruits drunk a day
tea from is
thrice
Typhoid, high fever, diarrhea and malaria. Also used to promote digestion. Carminative, fever,
abdominal pain and stomach pain, control the risk of heart attack
Wood and brach cut off and fruits choped and colour fluid is obtained Obtained decoction is made and used twice a day.
Leaves are dried small doses used towice a day
Handle
different
instrument,
0.34
0.25
for
0.23
Heart tonic and improve blood flow, Asthma and abdominal pain
Small doses used as
Sedative, asthma, cough and whooping. High doses may cause death
0.3
0.23
73
%
10
0
%
10
0
%
10
0
%
69
%
Elaeagnus angustifolia L. var angustifolia./ Shinjoor/ Elaeagnaceae HUP4122
Tingeel Cult.
Tree
Fruits
and
latex
Ephedera gerardiana Wall. Ex pjncja
Stapt./Soomani/ Pinda
Ephederaceae HUP4132 Och
Non.
Shrub
Aerial parts
Equisetum arvensss L./Rom/ ..
Equisetaceae HUP4124 Shishi
Non.
Herb
Foeniculum vulgare
Bodyong/Umbelliferae
HUP4133
L./
Shishi
Cult.
Shrub
Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley/
Shatara/Fumaricaceae HUP4135
Birga
Non.
Herb
Giycerhiza glabra L./ Moyo/ ^¡shi
Papilionaceae 4127 Shishi
Non.
Shrub
Whole plants
Aerial parts
Whole plants
Leaves
Heiianthus annuus L./ Yorotmokhno korak/
Asteraceae 4128
Hippophae rhamnoides L./ Mirghez/ Eleagnaceae
HUP4137
Iris germanica L./Soosan / Iridaceae HUP4129
Huzoor
begande
h
Non.
Shrub
Seed
Shishi
Non.
Tree
Taar
Non.
Herb
Jugians regia L./Birmogh /Juglandaceae HUP4130
Tingel
Cult.
Tree
Fruits and
Barriers
Rhizome
Nut,bar k, wood and leaves
Soaked in water and extraction made from fruit then used 3 times a day . Latex is dried and use weekly
Steam at the time of sleeping and Exrtact is applied on joints 3 times a day. Wood burn and ashe is used
Decoction of plant is taken twice a day
Powedered is used three time a day
Decoction
Extraction is taken therice a day and ashe paste is applied externally sun blocker
Seed grind into powder
Barries are chopped and taken thrice a day
Bioled and extraction is given 3 to 4 times a day
Wood, bark powdered and then used, fresh leaves used directly and dried fruits
The extraction used against cool, cough and worm repellent, Fresh fruit juice is used against
cough,throught infection and latex is used as hair tonic Bronchitis, hay fever, cough, asthma,
bronchitis and joints problem. Ashe used to improve the quality of Naswar and abdominal worm release in children
Urinary infection
0.38
80
%
0.25
78
%
tract
0.23
Stomach pain, cough and cool,chest pain, vission, abdominal pain and mouth wash
Constipation, abdominal pain and Diarrhea
Asthma, anthelmintic and skin
problem. Ash paste used as sun block
Oil of seed used for cooking, hair restorer, bronchial disorder, given to hen to enhance egg production Diabates joindics, blood pressure, protector. Abdominal ailment when Large intestine blocked in cattle and kidney disorder Ferniture, cleaning teeth lipsticks, tonic, used as reducer
0.32
0.29
0.27
10
0
%
83
%
81
%
73
%
0.25
71
%
and High
skin
0.29
0.3б
of and heart fruits BP
0.25
81
%
10
0
%
10
0
%
Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. /
Sarooz/Cupressaceae
HUP4161
Birga Dap
Non.
Tree
Leaves/ Twigs
Krascheninmkovia ceratoides Huzoor (L) Guldonist./ Godroon/ begande Chenopodiaceae HUP4164 h
Herb
Aerial parts
Linium usitatissimum L./
Shentheeki/Linacaea
HUP4139
Madakla sht
Cult.
Herb
Seed
Meia azedarach L./
Bakayeeni Shishi Cult.
/Meliaceae/HUP4141
Mentha arvensis L./Podina/ Madakla
Lamiaceae HUP4165
Mentha longifolia (L.) L./Bain/Lamiaceae/ HUP4142
Morus alba L./Mrach / Moraceae HUP4143
sht
Cult.
Shishi Cult.
Common Cult.
Nepeta cataria L./ Birga Motrich/Lamiaceae HUP4166 ghari
Non.
Tree
Herb
Herb
Tree
Herb
Aerial parts
Aerial parts
Whole
Fruits
Whole plants
Papaver somniferum L./
Afyun/Papavaraceae
HUP4190
Birga Bala
Cult.
Herb
Plantago lanceolata L./ Ispaghool/Plantaginaceae Shishi HUP 4150
Non.
Herb
Platanus orientais L./ Chinar/Platanaceae HUP4151
Shishi
Cult.
Tree
Fruit
Seed/ Leaves
Stem
and
bark
Podophyllum emodi Wall. Ex Royle / Mamekhi/ Shishi Podophylaceae/ HUP4152
Non.
Herb
Roots
Ashe and aerial parts
is
Extraction made
obtained in the form of oil
Grind and extract
Stem leaves
and
Improve quality of naswar and plants is
respected by the people thus its steam ans smoke is against eye in
use evil
Powedered is used three time a day
Paste is made by chopping
Dried fruits are soaked in water for one week then filtered one time a dayBoiled in water and used
Cut the unripe fruit and the milky exudate from capsule is collect
Seed used
Powder of bark is used orally 3 time
Roots are boiled and used Orally
spinal
0.32
children
Abdominal pain specially against stomach pain
Traditional food locally (Sanabachi, Halwa,
Ghazhaghazhi) The oil is used against spot in face or skin. Fertilizer and insecticide which applied against insect in field.
Abdominal pain, stomach pain.
Joindic problem
Throat remedy, worm repellent
Malaria, bones infection, worm Repellent
Low doses used mind
refreshment, Joindic problem and reduce fever, smoked for mental excitement
Stomach pain,
Bronchial
problem
Control diarrhea stem is making carriage, boxes paneling Blood purifier, joindic problem,
0.2
0.21
0.25
0.4
0.27
0.23
0.3
0.38
0.3
and used gun small and
0.23
card
problem, tonic 0.09
and used
against urine disease
10
0
%
10
0
%
10
0
%
10
0
%
10
0
%
10
0
%
69
%
82
%
52
%
58
%
84
%
40
%
Pronus armanica L./ Zholi/ Rosaceae HUP 4153
Quercus baloot Giff./ Banj/Fagaceae/H UP4154
Rheum emodi D.Don, Prodr./ Ishpar/Polygonaceae/HUP415 5
Shishi
Birga bala
Cult.
Tree
Non.
Tree
Fruits ,Stem and flower
Ashes
Tingeel Non.
Herb
Aerial parts
Salix babylonica L./ Madakla Teeli/Salicaceae /HUP4156 sht
Cult.
Tree
Stem
Seriphidium chttraiense (Podiech) Y R. Ling./ Shishi Droon/Asteraceae/HUP4157
Sisymbrium irio L./ Khelikheli/Brassicaceae/HUP4 Shishi 158
Non.
Herb
Sophora moliis Stocks./ Beshoo/
Papiliomaceae/HUP4159
Dap birga
Non.
Non.
Herb
Shrub
Tanacetum pamiricum BBurnm. /Kharkhaiich / Shishi Asteraceae/HUP4170
Urtica dioca L./ Dozoono/Urticaceae/HUP417 1
Birga Bala
Non.
Non.
Herb
Tree
Aerial parts
Aerial parts
Whole plants
Aerial parts
Whole plants
Ve^œm thapsus L/ Madakla Gordogh karo/
Scrophulariaceae/ HUP4172
sht
Non.
Herb
Whole plants
Vicatia coniifoiia DC./ Danoo/Umbelliferae/HUP417 Shishi
3
Non.
Herb
Aerial parts
and to in and aerial
Ripen fruit is taken orally, Paste of Flower. Leaf
collected given cattle winter ash of part
Boiled and the vapours or steam applied on fracture
Stem and branch cut off
Fresh plants is boiled in water and used 2 times a day while paste is applied on bite spot
Leaves are dried into Powdered
Collected and applied in field of rice.
Paste in applied on scorpion bite. Powdered is used 3 times a day
Decoction is taken thrice a Day
The aerial part and roots
grinded and poweder is used
Extraction make from leaves and taken orally
Laxative, block and disease
Sun skin
Improve
qaulity
naswar.
0.07
Improve the
qaulity of
naswar and
useas winter
fodder for cattle.
0.12
Bone fracture. 0.09
Fuel purposes, plough,
ploughing stick , different instrument locally (Shakarai, ingot, Basket, Chay) which are locally used for different
0.14
Atomach pain, worm repellent, abdominal pain and scorpian bites.
0.2
the of
and
0.29
0.16
Fertilizer insecticide which applied against insect in rice field.
Scorpian bite, Stomach pain and worm .
repellent.
Joints pain and blood tonic
Arial parts are given to cow for enhance milk production and makes it dense. The powder of roots used to reduce suger level in
The extraction from leaves used as worm repellent and digestion problem._
0.07
0.25
0.2
10
0
%
10
0
%
80
%
10
0
%
72
%
10
0
%
10
0
%
85
%
50
%
50
%
10
0
%
Furthermore, cultural plants were further categorized into 11 use categories, i.e., beverages (4 spp.), hut and fencing (9 spp.),
thatching (3 spp.), agricultural tools (4 spp.), domestic fuel (7 spp.), fodder and forage (11 spp.), wool weaving tools (6 spp.), bio-repellant (1 sp.), evil repellant (1 sp.), fragrance and affection (5 spp.), and polo stick making (3 spp.) (Figure 2).
Vernacular nomenclature
Plant species locally assign by name known as Vernacular nomenclature for medicinal or cultural purposes. Sometime the native designations of plant species provide signs about myths, community associations, habitation type, growth habit, stem morphology, fruit and medicinal uses. So some plants in the study area also given name due to their nature for instance, the vernacular name of Podophyllum emodi Wall. Ex Royle " Mamekhi" is derived from meekh (nail). Like nail, the plants utilize against joint problem or join the fracture bones or spinal card, thus it is named mamekhi. Artemisia parvifoiia Roxb ex. D. Don. Locally known as Kharkhalich which is assign by this due to the bitter nature on taste. Helianthus annuus L. locally (Yorotmokh no korak means opposing sun) this name is assign to this plants due to changing direction against sun in day time Datura stramonium L. locally zharjosho (Zhar means venom and josh means herbs) thus the species is full of venom, even any cattle of human ate it mistakenly will not beable to survive. Verbascum thapsus L. Gordogh karo (gordogh means donkey and kar means ear) thus the leaf of the plants is look like that of ear of donkey so the name is assigned. However, the etymology of many other local names of plant species was not known; for instance.
Ethnomedicinal uses
Traditional Medicines show global economic significance due to its medicinal uses in worldwide (Hadi et al., 2014). In developing countries, Traditional Medicine are frequently the only available and cheap source of medications (Lemieux et al., 2012). That's reason the herbal medicines are the worlds beneficial means to contest illnesses for a huge percentage of individuals in developing countries, in both urban areas and rural areas (Hussain et al., 2007).
A total of 26 species representing 26 genera and 26 families were used to treat 11 different human ailments, namely gastro-intestinal diseases, dermatitis, jaundice, hepatitis, cancer, pneumonia, tonic, asthma, urinary disorders, joint pain and eye pain (Table 3).
Recorded plant species were also examined for part (s) used, remedy preparation, route of administration and given dosage for a particular ailment. Eleven different parts of these 26 plants were being utilized in the region (Figures 3 and 4). Regarding routes of administration, 62 % of species were taken orally and 15 % of species were reportedly applied externally, while 23.07 % were used either orally or externally.
Figure 3. Ethnomedicinal uses of various plant parts.
Figure 4. Classification of plant species based on part (s) used in traditional medicines Whole plants (Wp), Aerial (Ae), Seed (Se), Rhizome (Rh), Flower (Fl), Stem (St), Roots (Rt), Stem and Fruits (St+Ft), Fruits/Latex (Ft+Lt), Fruits/Barries (Ft+Br), Nut/Bark (Nt+Br), Seed/Leavea (Sd+Lvs), Ashe (As), Bulb (Bu), Leaves /Flower (Lvs+Fl), Leaves (Lvs) and Fruit (Ft).
Comparative analysis of our finding with previous work
The present study is the first ever comprehensive ethnobotanical investigation of Shishikoh valley. However, the findings of the current study were compared with those of previous ethnobotanical investigations carried out in neighboring Vallies of Chitral. This study revealed that most medicinal plants were herbaceous, followed by trees and shrubs. The dominant herbaceous medicinal species in the region are similar to those reported by previous studies. Some of the mentioned plant, Equisetum arvensis L. , Fumaria indica (Hausskn.)Pugsley, Datura stramonium L., Krascheninmkovia ceratoides (L.) Seriphidium chttralense (Podlech) Y. R. Ling. are first time introduced as medicinally important plants in Shishikoh Valley, no any visitor mentioned these species in their medicinal research work from entire Chitral. Remaining plants were also found in the adjacent valleys but our findings are in contrast to certain previous ethnobotanical studies in neighboring regions, where different plant species were reported with respect to their preferred use (Abbasi et al., 20013; Abbasi et al., 2015; Abbasiet al., 2016; Afolayan anf Jimoh 2008; Akber, 2014; Ali, 1986; Ali, 2008; Ali and Qaiser 2009).
As far as ethnobotanical importance is concerned, the uses of certain medicinal plants are the most significant (Table 3), as there is some similarities in uses with (Abbasi et al., 20013; Abbasi et al., 2015; Abbasiet al., 2016; Afolayan anf Jimoh 2008; Akber, 20145) and few dissimilar with (Abbasi et al., 2013; Abbasi et al., 2015; Abbasiet al., 2016; Afolayan anf Jimoh 2008; Akber, 2014). This study reveals that the medicinal plant species were reported for the first time from Shishikoh valley regarding their use (Table 3). Interestingly, indigenous knowledge of plants and their uses change with respect to geographic area and ethnic group. For instance, the bulb of Allium cepa L. is used to treat cough and cool, ear problem and digestive ailment (Mukkarm shah and kifayat), but in Shishi Valley the whole plant is additionally use to treat scorpion bites. Powder made from the leaves of Sisymbrium irio L. is used as worm repellent and stomach (Asad, Nasirullah, Siraj, Kifayat), but in Shishikoh Valley the same species is used as Blood pressure rerductase. According to previous worker (Nasir ullah, Hadi et al., Siraj, kifayat) Artemisia parvifoiia Roxb ex. D. Don. Is used against stomach pain, worm repellent, Bp reductase and abdominal pain but the concern valley is investigate that the people use this species against BP reductase as well as used against scorpion bite and given to new born infant with mother milk for tongue fluency. Coriandrum sativum L. (Rashid awan, Asad, Sadia and Hadi etal) is used by neighbouring area as Stomach pain, Diarrhea,malaria diuretic and abdominal pain while in concern area the same species used against heart problem risk of heart attack.
Relative frequency of citation and preference ranking
Ethnobotanical various tools such as relative cultural importance indices are applied to measure cultural preference of plant taxa in a specific area. We applied the Relative Frequency of Citation index (RFCi), Fidelity level (FL) and the proportion of entities with traditional knowledge to evaluate the ethnobotanical knowledge of the local informants concerning the medicinal uses of the described plant species; as in Table 3. From a therapeutic point of view BBerberis lyceum, Anthemis cotuia, Eiaeagnus angustifoiia L. var. angustifolia, Papaver somniferum exhibited significant RFCi values (0.41, 0.38, 0.38, 0.38, 0.38 and 0.37 respectively). Fidelity level of the valley is also examined, the highest FL is 100% (21 species), followed 6 species show FL between 81-90%, 16 species (61%-80%) and 8 species show below 60% respectively. The high RFCs Berberis lyceum,s used remedies is decoction from leaves and roots followed by Anthemis cotuia (Decoction from aerial parts), Eiaeagnus angustifoiia L. var. angustifoiia (Fruits and latex), Papaver somniferum (Fruits) artimisia maritima (aerial parts).
Cultural aspects of botanical taxa
The results presented in Table 4 demonstrate that 24 plant species have various indigenous uses among local peoples according to their cultural requirements. Inhabitants of Shishikoh Valley use 12 plant fuel perpose. Cotoneaster acuminate Lindl, Eiaeagnus angustifoiia L. var. angustifolia, Hippophae rhamnoidesL., Jugians regia L.,
Morus aba L., Piatanus orientaiis L and Saiix babyionica L are cut and use as the perpose of different Agricultural tool and handle of tools. Cappris spinosa L, Capseiia bursa-pastoris. (L) Medic, Carthamus tinctorius L., Chenopodium muraies L, Mentha iongffoiia (L.), Linium usttatissimum L. are used as traditional food and domestic food. Moreover, Hippophae rhamnoides L. and Sophora mollis Stocks are used as thatching perpose built around home gardens, vegetable patches and other crop fields to protect them from herbivorous animals. How ever Juglans regia L and Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb locally used as furniture formation juglans species is very strong wood for furniture. Meiia azedarach L. and Sophora moiis Stocks used as best fertilizer in the study area. The braches cut down and place below the ground in winter and later the soil may be best fertile for each crops. Chenopodium murales L, Urtica dioca L, Verbascum thapsus L The aerial parts of these species are used as best source of vegetable in the valley, the species like Cettis austrais L., Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb are considered as a remedies against evil eye. Again Cotoneaster acuminate Lindl and Saiix babyionica L utilize as ploughing stick and walking stick. Our findings of the cultural uses are very important for economic improvement and cultural development. The studied cultural uses are introduced first time in the study area as well as Chitral valley.
Table 4. Food and other non-medicinal plant uses recorded in Shishikoh Valley, Chitral.
Botanical name/ Families/ V.No
Artemisia maritima L./ Asteraceae /HUP4083
Local name
Phespok
Uses
AT DF EE FP TP WS PS VP Fu
Fe
No of
uses
Artemisia parvifoiia Roxb
ex. D. Don. / Asteraceae Kharkhalich
/HUP4097
Cappris spinosa L. / Capparaceae /HUP4104
Kaveer
1
1
+
1
+
Capsella bursa-pastoris. (L) Medic./
Brassicaseae/ HUP4095 Carthamus tinctorius L. /Asteraceae /HUP4109 Cettis austraiis L. / Ulmaceae/HUP4013 Chenopodium murales L./ Chenopodiaceae/ HUP4112
Cotoneaster acuminate Lindl./ Rosaceae/ HUP4114
Cratagus sonagarcca G. Koch./ Rosaceae/ HUP4116
Etaeagnus angustifolia L. var. angustifolia./ Elaeagnaceae/ HUP4122 Hippophae rhamnoides L. / Eleagnaceae/ HUP4137 Juglans regia L./ Juglandaceae/ HUP4130 Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb./ Cupressaceae/ HUP4161
Linium usitatissimum L./ Linacaea / HUP4139
Melia azedarach L. / Meliaceae/ HUP4141 Mentha longffolia (L.)/ Lamiaceae/HUP4142 Morus abba L./ Moraceae HUP4143 Platanus orientalis L./ Platanaceae/ HUP4151 Pronus armanica L./ Rosaceae/ HUP 4153 Quercus baloot Giff./ Fagaceae/ HUP4154 Salix babylonica L./ Salicaceae/ HUP4156
Sophora mollis Stocks./ Papiliomaceae/ HUP4159
Urtica dioca L. / Urticaceae/ HUP4171 Verbascum thapsus L./ Scrophulariaceae/ HUP4172
Hardi phato
Poom Binjoo
Kunakh
Ishkorelik
Gooni
Shinjoor
Mi rghez Birmogh Sarooz
Shentheeki
Bakayeeni Bain Mrach Chinar zooli Banj Teeli
Beshoo Dozoono Gordogh karo
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
11
2
1
+
+
2
+
+
4
+
+
+
+
1
+
2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1
+
1
+
Conclusion
The present study revealed that the Shishikoh valleys in Chitral show a extraordinary Traditional Knowledge. Indigenous knowledge of these plants have represented the sign of the traditional food systems and could still represent as a support of the local food authority, while medicinal plants play a vital role, which need to be reconsidered and carefully reevaluated by ethno pharmacologists and public health actors. The collected data may be also of interest to initiatives aimed at fostering sustainable rural development in an area that faces serious economic problems, widespread illiteracy, and isolation. The findings of this paper to ensure the dynamic conservation of invaluable local knowledge systems, as well as plant diversity in Pakistani mountain regions.
Acknowledgement
We are very grateful to the inhabitants of Shishikoh Valley for sharing their indigenous knowledge. We are also very grateful to Sajjad Ahmad engineer SRSP Chitral, Pakistan, who provided GPS for field survey.
Funding; This paper is a part of PhD study conducted by Kifayat ullah (first author), PhD student in Hazara University Mansehra-Pakistan. No funding was provided by any source to conduct this survey.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for Publication
Our manuscript does not contains any individual's person data.
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Citation:
Ullah, K., Shah, G. M., Alam, J., Hussain, M. (2020). Ethnobotany of the Medicinal Plants Used by Indigenous Communities in the Mountain of Shishikoh Valley, Hindukush Chitral. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10 (2), 92-105.
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