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72ANGLICISMS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
Many political, economic, and cultural changes are underway in modern society. A lot of them are the result of globalization. Intercultural communication is actively developing all over the world, which can only affect people's everyday lives. Globalization concerns not only the scientific, economic, and cultural life of society, but the language of certain people as well. As these changes are largely the result of the discovery of Western culture, it is clear that many languages are going through the intensive borrowing process.
Keywords
the English language, borrowings, globalization, intercultural communication
AUTHORS
Elena V. Vasilyeva,
Lecturer the North-West Branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Saint Petersburg 5, Aleksandrovsky park, Saint Petersburg, 197046, Russia evasilyeva1@hotmail.com
Yuvelina B. Abramovich,
Student the North-West Branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Saint Petersburg 5, Aleksandrovsky park, Saint Petersburg, 197046, Russia yuvelinaa@mail.ru
Language is not a genetic gift, it is a social gift. Learning a new language is becoming a member of the club - the community of speakers of that language
Frank Smith
1. Introduction
Language, as a human society, changes in time. Borrowing is considered as a language unit that changes from the language of the donor to the language of the recipient because of the economic, political, and cultural ties of peoples, it is assimilated to perceptive language (formalized according to the rules and means) and is stored in dictionaries (sports, internet, notation, etc.)
At present, the researchers note the intensification of worldwide internationalization, the consequence of which is linguistic contact. Modern linguistic contacts take place at a high level of intensity. This is facilitated by international educational exchanges, radio, TV, and international political relationships. The cooperation and interaction of representatives of different cultures lead to the penetration of new words in the vocabulary by borrowing them from other languages. It is the lexical system, which is more receptive to foreign elements.
Because of the contact with another language and therefore the influence that languages have on each other, new foreign language elements are constantly adopted. Furthermore, familiarity with foreign samples leads to the creation of additional forms by individual languages and users. Russian is one of the languages, which has been most often
influenced, by foreign languages (French, German, Dutch, etc.) throughout its history. At present, English has a strong influence on the Russian language. Throughout its history, the Russian language has adapted several foreign elements to the languages of donors.
The issue of borrowing in the Russian language, particularly Anglicisms, is considered in numerous national studies. However, the lexical level of the Russian language is open to innovations, including borrowings, so that constant follow-up and analysis of these linguistic phenomena is necessary.
2. Discussion
At present, there is no doubt about the significant influence of English on the Russian language. However, the place of anglophone growth in Russian culture is being debated.
The term "Anglicism" is most commonly used as a general designation for borrowing in an English-speaking area of British-English or American-English[1].
Anglicism is a sort of borrowed word; the language of the addressee borrows the word itself (concept), one of its meanings, phrases. Anglicism is a word borrowed "from the English language or translated from it or formed out of its pattern [1]."
Anglicisms (Anglo-Americanisms) - "words, expressions borrowed from the English language, or a turn of discourse built upon a characteristic pattern of the English language [2]."
The dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov defines "Anglicism" in the following way:
"ANGLICISM, -a, M. A word or turn of language in a language borrowed from the English language or modeled after an English word or phrase [3]."
Thus, the term "Anglicism" is most often used as a general term for borrowing for an anglophone region, i.e. British English or American French.
Diverse political, economic, and cultural changes are occurring in modern society. Many of them have to do with globalization. Intercultural communication is actively developing around the world, which can only affect the daily lives of individuals. Globalization applies not only to the scientific, economic, and cultural life of society but also to the language of a certain person. As these changes are largely the result of the discovery of Western culture, it is clear that many languages are going through an intensive borrowing process.
English has now become an international language, its influence on other languages is clear.
Russian Anglicisms are needed firstly to name objects and phenomena that have appeared recently: writer, patchwork, remake, supply, etc. Some of these words may have Russian equivalents. For instance, the word "handler" is replaced without losing semantics by the original Russian word "handler". But such replacements are not always possible.
Anglicisms in Russian are used to name objects and phenomena of some kinds of human activities (usually professional): Diving, Fitness, Snowblade (Sport); Offshore, Immersion, Ranking (Business, Economics), Website, File (Information Technology and Computer Science). Less frequently, English borrowings are used in the sphere of the house (toaster, shaker, rotisserie).
The emergence of Anglicisms is mainly due to the fashion of language; Anglicism sounds more prestigious and expressive: hit, single, poster, promoter; supplier, real estate agent, security, peeling, lifting.
Therefore, the main reasons for the appearance of borrowing in modern Russian are as follows:
1) the semantic ability of a foreign lexical unit allows to record vocal resources (this is particularly characteristic of conversational style). Curling is a team sport for moving a granite projectile on ice on a given target; a blog is a thematic page on the Internet in the form of a magazine or diary.
2) the language mode for foreign language units, that, as a rule, have not yet entered the codified literary language, most often these borrowings are slander: cache, user, google, selfie, etc.
Anglicisms in the late twentieth century began to penetrate the Russian language so quickly that many linguists began to speak English as a donating language. F.P. Filin writes: "There is nothing wrong with the words "computer", "liner" or "bit" and "byte"; they are appropriate in Russian."
Anglicisms penetrate all functional styles of literary language, as well as into national forms of language. For example, since the era of "perestroika" (the period of formation of the market relations), many foreign words have penetrated, many of which were either inappropriate or not understandable (attaining, listing, holding (media holding), etc.). However, later foreign words appeared which were required to describe the new realities of Russia: businessperson, presentation, resume, follow-up, marketing. However, many borrowed units have droplets in Russian (manager-managed, top manager-managed, Troc - exchange, casting tests), which shows the inexpedience of their borrowings.
If we analyze the English borrowings in Russian, they appear mainly in fields like the economy and management, education, and culture. As well, they form derivatives, e.g.: sport (sport) > sports; alternative > no alternative; experiment > experimental; lobby > lobbying.
Russian-borrowed English words adapt well to the Russian phonological system. One of the most notable adaptations is the stress shift in words such as Marketing - to market; monitoring - to monitor;
Anglicisms are also used in speech to give stylistic colours to the expressions in order to produce an emotional impact:
a new bestseller instead of a "new book"; Russian show with an English accent instead of "presenting" . Therefore, Anglicisms are successfully adapted to the Russian language and their number keeps increasing.
According to the borrowing method, foreign language words are subdivided into: direct - foreign language words that pass "from one language to another, following the interaction of two peoples through spoken or written word" [1]; Indirect - foreign words borrowed from other languages.
According to the degree of assimilation, researchers differentiate between the following types of English borrowings:
Russian words are totally assimilated borrowings which correspond to all morphological, phonetic and orthographic standards of the Russian language and are perceived by the speakers as Russian words, and not foreign. Like culture, operator, information; partially assimilated borrowings, which remained foreign in spelling, pronunciation, or grammatical forms, for example, CD-ROM. Unassigned borrowings are borrowings that denote concepts related to other countries and have no equivalent in the Russian language. For example, Spanish: Quenya, real (track), English: iPhone, MacBook [2].
In modern linguistics, there are numerous classifications that cover different principles and depend on the origin of foreign language borrowings.
Native speakers frequently use Anglicisms in the linguistic flow. This is due to both objective reasons, as well as the linguistic taste, fashion and choice of the speaker's personal language. In this respect, Anglicisms can be justified and unjustifiable.
Justified Anglicisms serve to name concepts/objects/phenomena which did not previously exist in the language: mix, cocktail, hip-hop, roaming, diving [1].
Unjustified Anglicisms are synonyms of the Russian-speaking world, and this native word means a concept that already exists in the language. Unjustified Anglicisms are a double of the original word: jeep - SUVs, vacation - holidays, fake - deception.
Active borrowing from English is noted in corporative terminology. It is due to the prestige of Anglicism (regarding the native): presentation (instead of "show"), exclusive (instead of "unique "), information (instead of "message"), etc.
Borrowings are widespread in scientific work as a result of globalization, scientific discoveries from a certain country become available and are studied in other states. Anglicisms are both completely assimilated (essay, company culture, remark, ignorance, monopoly, etc.) and partially (infrastructure, corridor, correlation, competence, master class, superpower (tracing paper of the English "superstate"). Sometimes foreign lexical units are used in scientific research without altering their graphical aspect: on-line, expertise. The reason for this is the lack of such units in the Russian language.
Anglicisms are very high-profile. They describe a range of human activities (work, culture, day-to-day):
1) Anglicisms name one individual for each occupation: manager, freelancer, blogger;
2) Anglicisms work in the media: action, horror, letting go, remake, simple;
3) Anglicisms are denouncing the objects and phenomena of the fashion industry (fashion industry): arc, brand, sweater, fashion.
It is possible to identify the characteristic slang units of web-based communication. However, they can also be found in media texts like, project, Google (Google), selfie, mainstream.
The results of the practical work were obtained from the analysis of questionnaires of pupils (13-17 years), in which they expressed their opinion on Anglicisms in the Russian language.
The following questions were addressed to the students:
1. Do you think the terms "to like", "alike", "to repost", "fake", "mainstream" are appropriate in your mother tongue?
2. How frequently would you use those words?
a) rarely;
b) once in a while;
c) often.
3. Name the source to which you hear these words most often: comp, fake, maserphaser, friend, ticket, etc.
a) from friends;
(b) through the Internet;
c) Magazines, TV, radio.
The responses for the first question can be found in Table 1:
TABLE 1. THE RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS' QUESTIONNAIRES ON THE USE OF UNJUSTIFIED ANGLICISMS IN SPEECH
Answers Number of students %
sometimes 4 5,4 %
inappropriate 14 18 %
appropriate 40 50 %
no answer 20 25,6 %
Thus, table 1 shows that 4 schoolchildren (5.4%) believe that sometimes unjustified Anglicisms are appropriately in speech (this is probably influenced by language fashion, however, these schoolchildren have an idea that such units are not always appropriately in speech). Slightly less (3-4 units) are regarded as inappropriate. 40 school children (50%)
consider these Anglicisms appropriate in speech ("so everybody says", "fashionable", "understandable"); 20 people (22.6%) did not reply, did not comment on the reason. These results show little knowledge of borrowing and its use in speech. To the second question, students responded as follows:
TABLE 2. THE RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS' QUESTIONNAIRES TO IDENTIFY THE USE OF UN-JUSTIFIED ANGLICISMS IN THEIR OWN SPEECH
Answers Number of students %
rare 13 17 %
from time to time 25 32 %
often 40 51 %
The results of this analysis show the relation to the results of the responses to the first question of the questionnaire. Half of the surveyed schoolchildren use unjustified Anglicisms in speech (OK, WOW, happy end etc.) Roughly the same number responded that they use these units from time to time - 21 schoolchildren (32%). These units are rarely used by 13 respondents (17%), almost one-quarter of respondents.
The responses to the third question appear in Table 3.
TABLE 3. THE RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF STUDENT QUESTIONNAIRES TO IDENTIFY SOURCES
OF INFOR-MATION ON NEW ANGLICISMS
Answers Number of students %
Internet 65 83%
friends 10 13%
media 3 4%
The survey results presented in Table 3 show that the majority of schoolchildren (65 persons, 83%) learn Anglicism through the Internet.
3. Conclusion
The results of the survey show that pupils are familiar with a foreign language vocabulary, distinguishing it from that of origin. However, they have little knowledge about how, where and what Anglicisms to use in oral expression.
The results of the experimental work showed that pupils often use Anglicisms in their discourse, most of them referring to unjustified Anglicisms. Some respondents did not reply without commenting on that position. The positive attitude of schoolchildren towards borrowings and their frequent use in their speech is influenced by the language mode and the Internet.
A special place in the Russian lexical system is taken by borrowing from the English language, the so-called Anglicisms, the number of which is developing rapidly today. This process is going on today due to political and socio-economic factors.
The article outlines the following reasons for such "easy adaptation" of the English vocabulary: good knowledge of English, especially among young people, journalists, specialists in various fields. Easy access to electronic technology, in which English is often used; the role of mass media in the dissemination of linguistic innovations.
The greatest number of borrowings falls on new fields in which the Russian system of terms or names has not yet developed, among which the following can be distinguished: companies; new employment sectors; modern technologies; beauty and fashion industries; food; sports; advertising and commercialization.
The following functions of Anglicisms in the modern discourse of native speakers of the Russian language are defined: getting attention; naming means; compression; language mode.
Anglicisms can now be considered to be one of the functional styles of the Russian language.
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