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100Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences Scientific Journal Impact Factor Advanced Sciences Index Factor
VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 10 ISSN 2181-1784 SJIF 2022: 5.947 ASI Factor = 1.7
TYPES OF ANGLICISMS IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
Sobirova Mohira Farhodjon kizi,
2nd-year master's student in the direction of Linguistics: Russian language,
Sobirova Zilola Mahmudovna, Candidate of Philosophy, Associate Professor Ferghana State University
ABSTRACT
The article is devoted to the study of one of the urgent problems of modern linguistics - the borrowing of foreign words into the speech of modern youth. The choice of topic seems to be relevant since today there are serious concerns about a powerful influx of borrowings that can lead to the depreciation of the native language and the Russian word as a whole. The results of the study showed that, on the one hand, numerous anglicisms penetrating into the Russian language is a natural phenomenon, reflecting the growth of globalization as a whole throughout the planet, and the process of assimilation of foreign words into the Russian language enriches the native language, makes it more capacious, expressive and developed. On the other hand, in an effort to copy Western patterns, there is a loss of cultural identity of the national language, because. language reflects the way of life and way of thinking of the people who speak it.
Keywords: anglicisms, lexical meaning, youth slang, foreign words.
АННОТАЦИЯ
Статья посвящена изучению одной из актуальных проблем современного языкознания - заимствованию иностранных слов в речь современной молодежи. Выбор темы представляется актуальным, так как сегодня есть серьезные опасения по поводу мощного наплыва заимствований, которые могут привести к обесцениванию родного языка и русского слова в целом. Результаты исследования показали, что, с одной стороны, проникновение многочисленных англицизмов в русский язык является закономерным явлением, отражающим рост глобализации в целом по всей планете, а процесс ассимиляции иностранных слов в русский язык обогащает родной язык, делает его более емким, выразительным и развитым. С другой стороны, в стремлении копировать западные образцы происходит утрата культурной самобытности национального языка, т.к. язык отражает образ жизни и образ мыслей людей, говорящих на нем.
Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences Scientific Journal Impact Factor Advanced Sciences Index Factor
VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 10 ISSN 2181-1784 SJIF 2022: 5.947 ASI Factor = 1.7
Ключевые слова: англицизмы, лексическое значение, молодежный сленг, иностранные слова.
INTRODUCTION
English plays a big role in the life of young people who actively use foreign words in everyday life. In their opinion, it sounds beautiful and fashionable. In turn, the native language is clogged with jargon, and the culture of native speech is harmed.
Borrowing foreign words is, first of all, a way of human development. Thanks to the development of international relations, language contact has a huge impact on the speech of young people and directly on the vocabulary of the Russian language. The appearance of new foreign words in the speech of young people, on the one hand, replenishes their vocabulary, and on the other hand, the language loses its unique beauty and originality. Linguists and philologists note that the regular borrowing of foreign vocabulary has reached alarming rates. They are alarmed by the very fact that in the speech of Russian-speaking youth, borrowings from English slang appear more and more often, borrowed words make up to 25% of the commonly used vocabulary. With the help of foreign words, it is easier for young people to express their thoughts and feelings. This fact causes concern, since L.P. Krysin notes that ignorance of the terms of the native language indicates a decrease in intellectual abilities and even some degradation of modern young people.
In the explanatory dictionary of Efremova you can find the following definition: anglicism is a word, an expression borrowed from the English language, or a figure of speech built on a model characteristic of the English language.
Russian-English relations are of great importance for the history of the formation of the Russian national language and play an important role in the process of its merger with other European languages. The emergence of Russian-English relations and the beginning of borrowing foreign words date back to the 16th century.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
During the XVI-XX centuries, the borrowing of words from the English language is constantly growing: in the XVI-XVII centuries. - 52 words; in the XVIII century - 287 words; in the 19th century - 714 words; in the 20th century (until the 80s) - 1,314 words. During the specified time (XIX-XX centuries), 2367 words were already borrowed.
Borrowing can be carried out at different language levels: graphic (Zanoza, Wardrobe), morphological (super-, -ing), lexical (cheeseburger, second-hand, talk show), syntactic and spelling, for example, writing each word in the product name
Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences Scientific Journal Impact Factor Advanced Sciences Index Factor
VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 10 ISSN 2181-1784 SJIF 2022: 5.947 ASI Factor = 1.7
with capital letters, as is customary in the English-speaking written culture (aerosol air freshener Glade Lily of the Valley, Weasel Magic Balm). One of the features of the modern borrowing process is the hybridization of the English and Russian language systems in the field of graphics (Blin'ok, ZHARA, CHERDAK), vocabulary (shub-tour, lensline) and syntax, when we are dealing with a combination of English and Russian words in one sentence (eastern express, happy weekend at Baikal). Domestic linguists call the results of linguistic hybridization differently: graph derivatives, binomials, isafets, however, these phenomena are considered mainly within the framework of word formation. In the examples above, we are dealing not only with new words, but also with a change in the graphic form of existing words using English graphic characters. A natural question arises: what dictated the avalanche-like appearance of anglicisms in the Russian language and what could this lead to?
Entering into language interactions, people form a language environment specific to a particular team at a particular point in time. On the other hand, linguistic activity is experiential in nature, which means the maintenance of certain linguistic traditions, their recursive nature. The interpretation of linguistic signs proceeds based on individual and social linguistic experience, which, together with the immediate environment (context in the broadest sense of the word), makes it possible to construct meanings in the process of linguistic interactions. In other words, a person, as a rule, uses in his speech or in writing such words and expressions that he has already heard or read; and vice versa, is able to understand what is already familiar. The meaning of a new language unit is formed based on the context by relying on already familiar units (allegory, definition, etc.). The creation of new nominations is also carried out on the basis of a certain linguistic experience, since "creativity is mainly manifested in the choice of certain forms from among ready-made ones", i.e. those with whom you already have experience.
Throughout history, many scientists have devoted their works to studying the influence of foreign words on the formation of the Russian language. M. V. Lomonosov made a great contribution to the study and regulation of foreign borrowings of the 18th - 19th centuries in his work "Anthology on the history of Russian linguistics". In his opinion, the Russian language has lost its stability and linguistic norm due to the "clogging" of the living spoken language with borrowed words. However, such scientists as V.G. Belinsky, R.F. Brandt, Ya.K. Grot, E.F. Karsky express the opposite point of view and believe that anglicisms and other borrowings are useful for the Russian language and inevitable, since the language is a
Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences Scientific Journal Impact Factor Advanced Sciences Index Factor
VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 10 ISSN 2181-1784 SJIF 2022: 5.947 ASI Factor = 1.7
living organism that lives, develops, changes and borrows words from other languages.
M.A. Breiter, who studied the problem of borrowing foreign words, argues that there are several ways of penetration of foreign borrowings into the Russian language:
- direct borrowings are words that almost do not differ from their original meaning. For example: entourage (entourer - surround) - entourage, chips (chips) -fried crispy potatoes, etc. It was in this way that most advertising agencies, the media, the names of cafes and restaurants arose;
- hybrids - modified words, due to the addition of a Russian suffix, prefix and ending to a foreign root. In this case, the meaning of the borrowed word - the source -changes somewhat. For example, comebacks (come back - return, ask (to ask)) - ask, buzz (busy - restless, fussy);
- tracing paper - these are words that have completely retained their appearance: menu - menu, disk - disk. And also semicalca - words that, during grammatical development, obey the rules of Russian grammar (suffixes are added). Such as: gerla - (girl - girl), babe (baby - baby);
Jargons are words that people use to quickly convey information, most often with informal communication. For example: crazy (crazy) - crazy;
- exoticisms - words that characterize the specific national customs of other peoples and are used when describing non-Russian reality. A distinctive feature of these words is that they do not have Russian synonyms. For example: lavash (pita), aul (aul), suluguni (suluguni), hot dog (hot-dog), cheeseburger (cheeseburger);
- composites - words consisting of two English words, for example: photoshop -graphic editor (photo - photography, shop - store).
Anglicisms in the speech of young people can be divided into several thematic groups: fashion, food, business, sports, mass and youth culture.
Young people spend a lot of time shopping, making purchases. The names of many things came to us from English. For example, shopping, sweater, stretch, leggings, shorts, etc. Being an international language, English is the language used by businessmen in business negotiations, so many words from the economic sphere are reflected in Russian speech. For example: default (default - lack), investor (investor -depositor), dealer (dealer - trader), brand (brand - brand).
Such anglicisms as: doping (doping), penalty (penalty), football (football), sport (sport), fitness (fitness) and many others gradually penetrated into sports terminology.
Modern youth has an irresistible desire to look brighter and more modern, to stand out from the ordinary mass of people with their speech, so their speech is
Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences Scientific Journal Impact Factor Advanced Sciences Index Factor
VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 10 ISSN 2181-1784 SJIF 2022: 5.947 ASI Factor = 1.7
replete with foreign words. Anglicisms are so deeply rooted in their speech that teenagers are not even aware that they are borrowings. For example: respect - respect, image - image, boyfriend - boyfriend, friendzone - friendzone.
Popular culture is also a powerful source of influx of Anglicisms. Many Russian stars use foreign pseudonyms, and famous shows have foreign names: comedy club, comedy woman, etc.
All anglicisms can be classified according to areas of use. Many borrowings that are included, for example, in the dictionary of a business person, are rarely heard in the speech of a teenager. Anglicisms are divided into several groups according to the areas of use:
1. Mass media. In this area, the number of anglicisms is growing rapidly. On the Internet, most borrowings are used, especially in advertising texts, news reports. It would seem that the task of this sphere is to bring the culture of the language "to the masses". However, in reality, everything is exactly the opposite: Russian media contribute to the spread of foreign words in Russian speech and in the Russian language (face control, stylist, talk show, online, image maker).
2. Technique. In connection with the rapid development of computerization, first in the professional environment, and then outside it, terms related to computer technology came into use: the word computer itself, file, printer, scanner, laptop, browser, site. For new technologies and machines, new names are invented in English, and the rest of the world adopts both technologies and their names (blender, scanner, monitor, mixer, photoshop).
3. Politics, power. Recently, more and more foreign words have appeared in the political vocabulary of the Russian language. For example, a deputy is a vice-premier, the chairman of the Council of Ministers is a prime minister. More often in this area, such words as inauguration, speaker, PR, president, mayor, vice-mayor, electorate are used.
4. Cinema, music. It was this one that brought the majority of foreign words into the modern Russian language, thanks to pop culture, most Anglicisms entered the everyday life of a Russian person without any obstacles. Today, many Russian stars sing in English, a huge number of films are shot in this language, memorable phrases appear, words, for example, the famous phrase of A. Schwarzenegger "I'll be back". Later, these phrases remain in everyday youth slang. Also, words denoting genres or anything related to the process of making movies or music often come from the English language. These are words like thriller, remake, rap, soundtrack.
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5. Economy. There are words in this area that every businessman knows and uses. These are words like marketing, dealer, price list, manager, boss, boss, establishment.
6. Sports. Many words that we are so accustomed to and use so often, it turns out, came to us from the English language. For example, foreign words are athlete, football, bodybuilding, fitness, match, goal, goalkeeper, fitness, bike, volleyball, basketball. The process of borrowing from the English language is inevitable as an actual requirement of modern life with its scientific and technological progress. It is important to respect the native language, which is a precious heritage of modern man. You need to correctly and appropriately use anglicisms in your speech.
CONCLUSION
The use of unnecessary borrowings for the sake of their prestige, following the fashion for everything Anglo-American, is best avoided. It must be remembered that our language is also diverse, rich and expressive. After all, as V. G. Belinsky wrote: "To use a foreign word when there is a Russian word equivalent to it means to insult both common sense and common taste."
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