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Analysis of phytoplankton of a small water body in the zone of influence of a large industrial center by the example of the Lake Vos'merka (Samara Region, Russia)
Elena S. Krivina
Institute of ecology of the Volga river basin RAS - Branch of the Samara Federal Research Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Komzina 10, Togliatti, Samara Region, 445003 Russia
pepelisa@yandex.ru
The analysis of the changes of the general species composition of phytoplankton and of the complex of dominant algae species has been performed for a small urbanized water body under the influence of anthropogenic load by the example of the Lake Vos'merka (Togliatti city, Samara Oblast, Russia) from 1991 through 2015. The species composition of the algae of the lake was characterized as green algae-diatom-cyanobacteria and was taxonomical-ly stable over the study period. Low intra-rank saturation degree and a small percentage of polytypic genera indicated harsh conditions in the studied ecosystem. The species composition of the complex of dominant algae species has changed significantly. By 2013, anthropogenic transformation promoted the transition of the Lake Vos'merka to the Planktothrix-type and developing there the Oscillatoria-induced disease.
Keywords: phytoplankton, urbanized water body, floristic analysis, ecological-geographical analysis, dominant species.
Krivina, E.S., 2020. Analysis of phytoplankton of a small water body in the zone of influence of a large industrial center by the example of the Lake Vos'merka (Samara Region, Russia). Ecosystem Transformation 3 (3), 12-33.
Received: 09.04.2020 Accepted: 22.04.2020 Published online: 03.07.2020
DOI: 10.23859/estr-200409 UDC 574.587:57.043
ISSN 2619-094X Print ISSN 2619-0931 Online
Translated by D.M. Martynova
Introduction
The pollution of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems due to human activities is a recognized global problem nowadays. The influence of various pollutants of anthropogenic origin negatively affects the state of aquatic ecosystems. In particular, the supply of nutrients, primarily phosphorus and nitrogen, promotes eutrophication, which is often accompanied by the blow-up development of algae (water "blooming") and the deterioration of the sanitary, hygienic, and recreational properties of water bodies (Birch and McCaskie, 1999; Kleeberg, 2003; Kopylov and Kosolapov, 2011; Korneva, 2015). In contrast, heavy metals and toxic organic substances lead to reduced productivity and death of organisms. Easily
degradable organic substances promote both the dominance of heterotrophic metabolism in the aquatic ecosystems (in hydrobiological practice, it is customary to refer to the increase of saprobity index) and a decrease in oxygen concentration, ending up to the development of anaerobic conditions in some cases. Anthropogenic impact may also lead to a change in the hydrological and hydrochemical properties of the water and thereby cause anthropogenic succession both of the key groups of hydrobionts and the entire aquatic ecosystem (Krivina and Tarasova, 2017a, 2017b; Ostvald, 1987; Trifonova, 1990).
Large industrial centers represent a number of the point sources of pollution, which vary in power characteristics, toxicity, type of exposure, and
intensity. In addition, such centers are also a source of diffuse pollution as a result of recreational and cultural activities of the local population and the activity of secondary pollution sources. Aquatic ecosystems located in such areas are under significant adverse effects. The transformation of these ecosystems is complex and multidirectional in most cases.
A number of studies analyze the ecosystems of urbanized water bodies both in Russia (Babanazarova et al., 2011; Mingazova et al., 2014; Okhapkin et al., 2003; Protisty..., 2009) and overseas (Anneville, 2002; Barinova et al., 2006; Birch and McCaskie, 1999; Kleeberg, 2003; Reynolds et al., 2002). However, despite the large amount of information available, the data on the current state and changes in the ecosystems of small water bodies of the urbanized landscape, especially in the zone of influence of large industrial centers, are still relevant.
The Vasilievskie Ozera lake system is located in Togliatti city, the Samara Region, Russia. The environmental state of these water bodies is influenced by emissions and wastes of industrial enterprises, transport, agricultural and recreational activities of residents living in the Vasilievka settlement, horticultural cooperatives and cottages.
The study aims to analyze the floristic composition and taxonomic structure of the phytoplankton of a small urbanized water body affected by a large industrial center by the example of the Lake Vos'merka (Togliatti city, Samara Region, Russia).
Materials and methods
The Lake Vos'merka is a small urbanized pond located in the southern part of the Vasilievskie Ozera lake system (N 53°49'88", E 49°49'97''). The lake of natural origin, it was formed in the middle of the XX century as a result of filling the natural relief depressions with groundwater after the construction of the Kuibyshev Reservoir. It has an irregular, oblong shape, its length is about 700 m. According to the outline of the water area, it may be attributed to type IV, oval (Litinsky, 1960). According to the main morphological indicators, the lake belongs to the class of small and very small lakes (Kitaev, 1989): its volume is 395 000 m3, reservoir area, 12.88 ha, maximum depth, 8.0 m, average depth, 3.1 m.
The phytoplankton samples were taken from the surface of the Lake Vos'merka. Sampling was performed according to standard hydrobiological methods every 10 days from June through October 1991 and from May through October 1992. Monthly sampling was performed from June through October 2013 and from May through October 2001 and 2014-2015.
The main abiotic environmental parameters of the Lake Vos'merka during the study period are presented in Table 1.
During the study, in late spring and summer, temperature and oxygen stratification was well
pronounced along the water column in the studied lake. The thermocline was located at a depth of 3-4 m. The oxycline was narrower, but most often located within the boundaries of the thermocline. In October-November, during the period of autumn homothermy, the entire water column of the lake was saturated with oxygen. As a rule, pH changed from slightly alkaline in the epilimnion zone to almost neutral near the bottom (Gorbunov et al., 2014).
Regard must be paid to a change in the hydrochemical class of water in Lake Vos'merka under the influence of anthropogenic load from 1991 to 2015. In 1991-1992, the waters of the lake corresponded to the hydrocarbonate class of calcium group, but in 2013-2015, to the sulfate class of sodium group. Probably, these changes were associated with the processes of water income from the technogenic Lake Otstoynik located nearby (Gorbunov et al., 2014; Protisty..., 2009).
The material was obtained using the Ruttner bathometer, the samples were fixed with a 40% formaldehyde solution and concentrated by direct filtration method. The study of the phytoplankton of the lake was carried out according to standard hydrobiological methods. Cell counting was carried out in the Uchinskaya counting chamber (0.01-mL volume), the phytoplankton biomass was calculated by the method of reduced geometric figures (Metodika..., 1975).
The floristic list of species, varieties and forms of algae found in Lake Vos'merka are presented in accordance to the algae classification recommended by algologists of Papanin Institute of Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences (Borok, Russia), summarized in the work of L.G. Korneva (2015), and the system presented in (Vasser et al., 1989), which is a transformed system of M.M. Hollerbakh (1977), where Cryptophyta, Dinophyta, and Raphi-dophyta are considered as independent phyla. The diatom species are given according to the accepted classification (Diatoms of the USSR, 1988), considering later publications on this taxon (Krammer and Lange-Bertalot, 1986, 1988, 1991a, b); Dinophyta, by J. Popovsky and L. Pfister (Popovsky and Pfiester, 1990); Chlorococcales order, according to P.M. Tsa-renko (1990); green phytoflagellates, according to N.A. Moshkova and M.M. Hollerbakh (1986). The work took into account systematic revisions in floris-tic reports on cyanobacteria (Komarek and Anagnos-tidis, 1999, 2005).
The degree of similarity in the species composition of various algae species was determined using the S0rensen index (Shmidt, 1980, 1984).
Results and discussion
In total, the planktonic algae of 298 taxa of a species and sub-species rank were registered in the Lake Vos'merka, belonging to 10 phyla, 11 classes, 23 orders, 52 families, and 112 genera (Table 2).
Table 1. Main physico-chemical characteristics of the surface water layer of the Lake Vos'merka at different study periods. The data are given according to literary sources (Gorbunov et al., 2014; Materialy otsenki vozdeystviya..., 2012; Ogurechnikova and Pimenov, 2012, 2015 with alterations; Protisty..., 2009). Values above the line are the average, below the line, limits of variation
Year
Period, months
Secchi disk depth, m T, °C pH O2, mg/l
1.17 20.8 8.99 11.75
0.8-1.6 13.0-24.1 8.60-9.33 8.29-16.97
1.20 19.5 8.94 10.47
0.75-1.6 10.2-23.6 8.3-9.28 8.67-12.83
1.04 19.7 8.82 10.03
0.75-1.35 5.9-24.3 8.42-9.18 8.33-12.06
0.51 19 8.82 9.15
0.35-0.8 8.2-24.3 7.38-9.58 6.15-12.86
0.45 16.2 9.14 11.08
0.35-0.77 3.2-21.0 9.05-9.98 8.17-15.18
0.48 17.4 9.02 10.98
0.36-0.77 4.7-23.0 8.85-9.67 8.07-15.38
1991
1992
2001
2013
2014
2015
VI-X
V-X
V-X
VI-X
V-X
V-X
The taxonomic structure of the phytoplankton community of the Lake Vos'merka was stable at the level of large taxonomic ranks (phyla) (Table 3). At each study period, it could be characterized as green algae-diatom-cyanobacteria. It should be noted that the predominance of phyla Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta in regard to the species richness is a characteristic of water bodies and streams of the temperate climatic zone and is widely observed in reservoirs of both protected areas and anthropogenically transformed landscape (Balashova and Nikitin, 1989; Ekologicheskiye problemy ..., 2001; Fitoplankton..., 2003; Gerasimova, 1996; Mingazova et al., 2014; Okhapkin, 1994). Phylum Cyanoprokariota occupies the third place in terms of the algae species richness. The same ranking of phyla by the richness of species, varieties and forms of algae, is observed in the Kuibyshev Reservoir, and the Lake Vos'merka has formed as a result of its development (Ekologicheskiye problemy..., 2001; Fitoplankton..., 2003; Protisty..., 2009). However, this ratio is not necessarily observed in all urbanized water bodies. For example, in the lakes of the cultural landscape of Nizhny Novgorod and Samara cities, the algoflora of plankton is characterized as green algae-diatom-Euglenidae (Okhapkin et al., 2003; Protisty... , 2009).
The most taxonomically significant orders through the entire study were Chlorococcales, Raphales, Euglenales, Chroococcales, Desmidia I es, Oscillatoriales, Nostocales, Araphales, Chlamydomo-nada I es and Cryptomonadales, which accounted for more than 80% of species and varieties of algae.
The dominating families representing the algoflora appearance and reflecting the taxa at the
developmental optimum were Euglenaceae, Scenedesmaceae, Naviculaceae, Chlorellaceae, Desmidiaceae, Nitzschiaceae, Cryptomonadaceae, Pseudanabaenaceae, Oaceystaceae, Chlamydomo-nadaceae, Fragilariaceae, and Anabaenaceae. These families comprised over 60% of taxa of subgenus rank in regard to the total species richness.
Floristically significant genera were Navicula, Scenedesmus, Euglena, Cosmarium, Nitzschia, Trachelomonas, Fragilaria, Cryptomonas, Phacus, Anabaena, Chlamydomonas, Monoraphidium, and Closterium, which comprised in total 40% of the total number of taxa of a sub-genus rank. As a rule, high floristic importance of the genera Navicula and Sce-nedesmus is noted in many reservoirs with a high concentration of nutrients (Ekologicheskiye proble-my..., 2001; Fitoplankton..., 2003; Protisty..., 2009).
The ratio of the various taxonomic ranks of the Lake Vos'merka planktonic algoflora evidenced that the main floristic coefficients (species-, genus-, family-, and order-related saturation) were low at each stage of the study and did not change significantly over time. A weak trend of increasing of species-, genus-, and family-related saturation index reflected probably the adaptation of the algocenosis of the reservoir to a change in the hydrochemical properties and justified the increase of the trophic status of ecosystem. However, this needs to be clarified and requires further research.
The saturation coefficients of taxa of various ranks in the Lake Vos'merka (Table 4) were approximately similar to those in other small reservoirs of central Russia, belonging to the cultural and anth-ropogenically transformed landscape and affected by
Table 2. Species composition of algae of the Lake Vos'merka during different study periods. List of designations here and in Table 5: characteristics by habitat: B - benthic, E - epibiont, L - littoral, F - fouling, F-P - fouling-planktonic, P - planktonic, P-B - planktonic-benthic, P-F - planktonic- fouling, P-L - planktonic- littoral; by geographical distribution: b - boreal, sb - subboreal, c - cosmopolitan, n-a -north-alpine, st - subtropical; by halobility: Hb - halophobic, Hph - halophilic, Ind - indifferent, Mh - mesohalobiont, Ohb - oligohalobiont; in regard to the environmental pH: Al - alkaliphilic + alkalibiont, Ind - indifferent, Ac - acidophilic + acidobiont; "?" - no data.
CD
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Species occurrence
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Class CHROOCOCCEAE
Order CHROOCOCCALES
Family SYNECHOCOCCACEAE
Aphanothece clathrata W. et G.S. West P c Ind ? - + +
Cyanothece aeruginosa (Näg.) Komarek L c Ind ? + + +
Dactylococcopsis rupestris Hangs. E c ? ? + - -
Rhabdogloea elenkinii (Roll.) Komarek et Hindak P c ? ? + + +
R. planctonica (Teiling) Kom. P c ? ? + - -
R. smithii (R. et F. Chodat) Komarek P c ? ? + - -
Family MERISMOPEDIACEAE
Aphanocapsa incerta (Lemm.) Croberg et Kramer P c Ind ? + + +
Marssoniella elegans Lemm. P c Ind ? - + +
Merismopedia minima G. Beck F-P c Hph Al + + +
M. punctata Meyen P c Ind Ind + + +
M. tenuissima Lemm. P c Ind ? + + +
Snowella lacustris (Chodat) Komarek et Hindak P c Ind ? + + +
Family MICROCYSTACEAE
Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz. P c Ind Al + + +
M. pulverea (Wood) Forti emend. Elenk. P c Ind Al + + +
M. wesenbergii Komarek P c Ind Al + + +
Family CHROOCOCCACEAE
Chroococcus dispersus (Keissl.) Lemm. P ? Hph ? + - -
C. minutus (Kütz.) Näg. P c Hph ? + + +
C. turgidus (Kütz.) Näg. L c Hph ? + + +
Class HORMOGONIOPHYCEAE
Order OSCILLATORIALES
Family PSEUDANABAENACEAE
Geitlerinema amphibium (Ag. ex Gom.) Anag. P-B c Hph ? + + +
Jaaginema gracile (Boch.) Anag. et Kom. P-B c Ind ? + + +
J. gemincensis (Menegh. ex Gom.) Anag. et Kom. P-B c ? Ind + + +
Leptolyngbya foveolara (Rab. ex Gom.) Anag. et Kom. B c ? ? - + +
Typical habitat Distribution Halobility PH preference Species occurrence CN m CO T- cn _ o 7 § 7 Sí ° £ en o 12
L. fragilis (Gom.) Anag. et. Kom. B c ? ? + + +
L. mucicola (Lemm.) Anag. et Kom. ? ? ? ? + - +
Limnotrix planctonica (Wolosz.) Meff. P c Ind ? + + +
L. redekei (Van Goor) Meff. B ? Hph ? + + +
Planktolyngbya limnetica (Lemm.) Kom.-Legn.et Gronb. P c Ind Ind + + +
Pseudoanabaena mucicola (Hub.) Anag. et Komárek P c Ind ? + + +
P. limnetica (Lemm.) Kom. P-B c ? ? + + +
R. gracilis (Koczw.) Koszw. L c Ind ? + + +
S. magnifica (Capeland) Anag. P ? ? ? + + +
Family PHORMIDIACEAE
Phormidium ambiguum Gom. B c Ind Ind - + +
£ o P. molle (Kütz.) Gom. L c Ind ? + + +
Planktothrix agardhii (Gomont) Anagn. et Kom. P c Ind ? + + +
< * o Family OSCILLATORIACEAE
w R Q. Oscillatoria limosa Ag. ex. Gom. P c Hph Al + + -
O Z O. tenuis Ag. P c Ind ? + + +
3£ o Order NOSTOCALES
m 3 Family ANABAENACEAE
J >- Anabaena circinalis (Kutz.) Hansg. P c Ind ? + - +
X Q. A. flos-aquae (Lyngb.) Breb. P c Ind ? + + +
A. planctonica Brunnth. P ? Hph ? + + +
A. sigmoidea Nyg. P ? ? ? - + +
A. variabilis Kutz. var. variabilis B c Ind ? + + +
Anabaenopsis arnoldii Apt. P-B ? ? ? + + +
A. elenkinii Mill. P-B ? Hph ? - - +
A. raciborskia Wolosz. P st ? ? - + +
Family APHANIZOMENONACEAE
Aphanozomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs. P c Ind ? + + +
A. gracile (Lemm.) Lemm. P ? ? ? + + -
A. issatschenkoi (Ussatsch.) Pr.-Lavr. P c Ind ? + + +
A.klebahnii (Elenk.) Pechar et Kalina P ? ? ? + + +
A. ovalisporum Forti P c ? ? + - +
Typical habitat Distribution Halobility PH preference Species occurrence CN m CO T- cn _ o 7 § 7 Sí ° £ en o 12
Class CHRYSOPHYCEAE
Order CHROMYLINADALES
Family CHRYSOCOCCACEAE
f£ Kephyrion moniliferum (Schmid) Bourrelly P b Ohb ? - - +
>-X K. rubric-claustri Conrad Bb Ind ? + + +
Q. O tf\ K. schmidtii (Schmidt) Bourrelly ? ? ? ? - + +
1 Order OCHROMONADALES
X o Family DINOBRYONACEAE
m 3 Dinobryon divergens Imhof Pc Ind Ind - - +
J Y D. sertularia Ehr. P? ? ? - + +
H Q. D. sociale Ehr. Pc Ind ? - + +
Pseudokephyrion schilleri (Schiller) Conrad Pc Ohb ? + + +
Family SYNURACEAE
Synura uvella Ehr. Pc Ind Ac - + +
Class CENTROPHYCEAE
Order THALASSIOSIRALES
Family THALASSIOSIRACEAE
Skeletonema subsalsum (Cl.-Euler) Bethge Pc Hph ? + + +
Family STEPHANODISCACEAE
Cyclostephanos dubius (Fricke) Round Pb Ind Al - + -
Cyclotella atomus Hust. P-B c Hph Al + + +
Y C. meneghingiana Kütz. Pc Hph Al + + +
H Q. C. radiosa (Grun.) Lemm. Pc Ind Al + + +
<J ÛÎ C. pseudostelligera Hust. Pc ? ? + + +
!5 C. stelligera Cl. et. Grun. Pc Ind Al + + +
o < Stephanodiscus hantzschii Grun. Pc Ind Al + + +
m S S. makarovae Genkal P? ? ? + - +
3 Order MELOSIRALES
Y H o. Family MELOSIRACEAE
Melosira varians Ag. Pc Hph Al + + +
Family AULACOSIRACEAE
Aulacoseira granulata (Ehr.) Sim. Pc Ind Al + + +
A. islandica (O. Müll) Sim. P-B c Ind Al + + +
Order COSCINODISCALES
Family HEMIDISCACEAE
Actinocyclus normanii (Gregory) Hustedt P? Hph Al - + +
te ta n ce
b a
Species occurrence
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Class PENNATOPHYCEAE Order ARAPHALES
Family TABELLARIACEAE
Y
H
P
IO RI
A
C A B
Y H P
Tabellaria fenestrata (Lyngb.) Kütz. P-B c Hb ? + + -
T. tabulata (C.A. Agardh) Snoeijs B c Mh Ind + + +
T. ventricosa Kütz. P-B c Hb Ac + - -
Family FRAGILARIACEAE
Fragilaria atomus Hust. B ? Ind ? + + +
F. capucina var. rumpens Desmaz. B c Ind Al + + +
F. capucina Desmaz. var. vaucheriae (Kütz.) Lange-Bertalot L c Ind Al + - +
F. crotonensis Kitt. P c Hph Al - + +
F. ulna (Nitzsch) Lange-Bertalot var. ulna L c Ind Ind + + +
F. ulna var. acus Sippen P c Ind Al + + +
F ulna var. angustissima Sippen P c Ind Al + + +
F. virescens Ralfs L b Ind Ind + + +
Synedra tabulata (C. Ag.) Kütz. B c Mh Ind + + +
Family DIATOMACEAE
Diatoma tenuis Ag. P b Hph Al + + +
Order RAPHALES
Family NAVICULACEAE
Navicula capitata var. hungarica (Grun.) Ross. L c Ind Al - + +
N. cincta (Ehr.) Ralfs B c Hph Al - + +
N. cryptocephala Kütz. P-B c Ind Ind + + +
N. clementis Grun. B c Ind Al + + +
N. halophila (Grun.) Cleve B c Ind Al + + +
N. trivialis Lange-Bertalot B c Ind Al + + +
N. laterostrata Hust. B b Ind Al + + +
N. longirostris Hust B c Hph Al + - -
N. minuscula Grun. B c Ind Al + - +
N. peregrina (Ehrb.) Kütz. var. peregrina B c Mh Al + + -
N. peregrina var. minuta Skv. B ? ? ? + - -
N. placentula (Ehr.) Grun. var. placentula B c Ind Al + + +
N. placentula var. rostrata A. Mayer P b Ind Ac + - -
N. pupula Kütz. var. pupula B c Hph Ind + + -
N. pupula Kütz. var. elliptica B c Hph Ind + - -
rrr CD Species occurrence
Typical habita Distribution Halobility PH preferenc 1991-1992 2001 2013-2015
N. pseudoanglica Lange-Bertalot ? ? ? ? - + +
N. semen Ehr. emend Donk. B b Ind Ind + - -
N. seminulum Grun. P-B c Ind Ind + - -
N. tripunctata (O.F. Mull) Bory B c Ind Al + + +
N. tuscula (Ehr.) Grun. P-B c Ind Al + - -
N. veneta Kütz. B c Hph Al - + -
Neidium productum (W. Sm.) Cl. B c Ind Ac + - -
Family ACHNANTHACEAE
Achnanthes exigua Grun. B c Ind Al + + +
A. exilis Kütz. B c Ind Al + - -
A. lanceolata (Breb.) Grun. var. lanceolata F c Ind Al + - +
A. minutissima Kütz. var. minutissima B c Ind ? + - -
A. minutissima var. affinis (Grun.) Lange-Bertalot in Lange-Bertalot & Krammer F c Hph Ind - + +
Í Cocconeis placentula Ehr. F c Ohb Ind + + +
r X Q. C. thumensis A. Mayer B ? ? Ind - - -
O C£ Family EUNOTIACEAE
< J i Eunotia bilunaris (Ehrb.) Mills B c Hb Ac - - +
Ô ef E. zebra (Kütz.) Breb. B c Ind Al - - +
m Family CYMBELLACEAE
3 Amphora delicatissima Krasske B c Mh ? + + +
>- H A. ovalis (Kütz.) Kütz. B c Ohb Al - - -
ÍL A. veneta Kütz. L c Ind ? + + +
Cymbella affinis Kütz. B c Ind Al - + +
C. cistula (Ehrb.) Kirchn. B c Ind Al + + -
C. silesiaca Bleich. F c Ind Ind - - -
C. tumidula Grun. in A. Schmidt B ? Ind Al + - -
Family GOMPHONEMACEAE
Gomphonema acuminatum Ehr. var. acuminatum P-B c Ind Al - + +
G. constrictum Ehr. F c Ind Al + - -
G. olivaceum (Horn.) Breb. B c Ind Al + + +
G. parvulum Kütz. var. parvulum F c Ind Ind - + +
G. parvulum var. subelliptica Cl. B c Ind Ind - - +
Family NITZSCHIACEAE
Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehr.) Grun. L c Ind Ind - - +
Nitzschia acicularis (Kütz.) W. Sm. B c Ind Al + + +
te ta n ce
b a
Species occurrence
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Y
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LAR
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A B
Y H P
Y H P O H
A
X
Y H P
Y H P O T P YPR
C
Y H P
N. closterium (Ehr.) W. Sm. P c Hph ? + - +
N. communis Rabenh. B b Ind ? + + -
N. palea var. tenuirostris Sippen L c Ind Ind + + +
N. linearis (Ag.) W. Sm. B c Ind Al - + -
N. palea (Kütz.) W. Sm. var. palea L c Ind ? + + +
N. paleacea Grun. P c Ind ? + + +
N. pusilla Grun. L c Ohb Ind - + +
N. subtilis Grun. B c Ind Ind + + +
Family SURIRELLACEAE
Cymatopleura solea (Bréb.) W. Sm. L c Ind Al + - -
Class HETEROCOCCOPHYCEAE
Order HETEROCOCCALES
Family PLEUROCHLIRIDACEAE
Goniochloris fallax Fott P c ? ? + + +
G. spinosa Pasch. L ? Hb Ac + - -
G. torta Pasch. L ? Hb Ac + + +
Tetraedriella regularis (Kütz.) (= Tetraedriella gigas (Pasch.) Ded.-Stscheg.) L c Hb Ac - + -
Клаве CRYPTOMONADOPHYCEAE
Order CRYPTOMONADALES
Family CRYPTOMONADACEAE
Chroomonas acuta Uterm. P c Ind ? + + +
C. minima Czosn. L ? ? Ac + + +
Cryptomonas borealis Skuja P c Ind Ac + + +
C. curvata Ehr. P ? ? ? + + +
C. erosa Ehr. P c ? ? + + +
C. gracilis Skuja P c Ohb Ac + + +
C. lucens Skuja L ? ? ? + + +
C. marssonii Skuja P c Ind Ind + + +
C. ovata Ehr. P-B c Ind Ind + + +
C. reflexa Skuja P c Hph ? + + +
C. rufescens Skuja B ? Hph ? + - +
Rhodomonas lens Pasch. et Ruttn. P n-a Ind Ind - +
tu
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Species occurrence
cd eg
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Class DINOPHYCEAE Order GYMNODINILES
Family GYMNODINIACEAE
Gymnodinium lacustre Schill. in Rabenh. P ? ? ? + + +
G. paradoxum A.J. Schill P ? ? ? + - +
Order GONYAULACALES
A Family CERATIACEAE
1- Y H Ceratium hirundinella (O.F. Müll.) Bergh P c Ind ? + + +
P O Order PERIDINIALES
IN DI Family GLENODINIOPSIDACEAE
M 3 Sphaerodinium cinctum (Her.) Wolosz. P c Ind Ind + + +
L Y Family PERIDINIACEAE
H P Durinskia occulata (F. Stein) G. Hansen et Flaim (P. oculatum (Stein) Bourrelly) P c Ind Ind + + -
Glochidinium penardiforme (Er. Lindem.) Boltovskoy (P. penardiiforme) P c Ind Ind + + +
Peridiniopsis quadridens (Stein) Bourrelly P c Ohb Al + + +
P. penardii (Lemm.) Bourrelly P c Ind Ind + - +
Peridinium aciculiferum Lemm. P ? ? ? - + -
<t P. umbonatum Stein P c Ind ? + + +
p >- I Q. О Class RAPHYDOPHYCEAE
0 >- 1 Order RAPHYDALES
Q_ Family RAPHYDACEAE
S 3 J >- I Vacuolaria virescens Cink. P c ? Ac - + +
Q_ Class EUGLENOPHYCEAE
Î Order EUGLENALES
Y H P Family EUGLENACEAE
O N Astasia inflata Duj. f. fusiforme (Skuja) Popova P ? ? ? - + -
E L G 3 E A. parva E.G. Pringsh. P c Ind ? + - +
Euglena acus Ehr. L c Ind Ind - + +
M 3 E. clara Skuja L b Mh ? - - +
L Y E. minima France L ? ? ? + + +
H P E. limnophyla Lemm. L c ? Ind - + +
E. limnophyla var. swirenkoi (Arnold.) Popova L c Ind ? - + +
t rrr e Species occurrence
Typical habité Distribution Halobility PH preferenc 1991-1992 2001 2013-2015
E. pasheri Swir. P-B sb ? Ind + + +
E. texta (Duj.) Hubner L c Hph Ind + + +
E. variabilis Klebs L c Ind Ind + + +
Lepocinclis fusiformis (Carter) Lemm. var. fusifmisor L c Hph ? - + -
Í >- L. ovum (Ehr.) Lemm. P c Ind Ind + + +
X Q. Phacus inflexus (Kiss.) Poch. ? ? ? Ind - + +
O z m P. pleuronectes var. prunoides (Roll) Popova L c Ind Ind - + +
j O P. pseudonordstedtii Pochm. P-B ? ? ? - + +
3 m T. cylindrica Ehr. sec. Playf. ? ? ? ? + + +
3 i T. hispida (Perty) emend. Defl. var. hispida P c Ind Ind - + +
>-X T. hispida var. coronata Lemm. P c Ind ? - - +
Q. T. hispida var. granulate Playf. L c Ind Ind - + +
T. planctonica Swir. var. planctonica P c Ind ? + + +
T. oblonga Lemm. P c Ind ? - + +
T. rotunda Swir. emend. Defl. P ? ? Ind + + -
T. volvocina Ehr. P c Hph Ind + + +
Class PRASINOPHYCEAE
Order TETRASELMIDALES
Family TETRASELMIDACEAE
Tetraselmis arnoldii (Pr.-Lavr.) Norris et al. P c Hph ? + + +
T. tetrathele (G.S. West) Butcher P ? ? ? - + +
Class CHLOROPHYCEAE
£ >- Order CHLOROCOCCALES
X Q. « Family CHARACIACEAE
O úí o Characium ornithocephalum A. Br. E c Ind ? - + +
w -J X Schroederia setigera (Schrod.) Lemm. P c Ind ? + + +
o M S. spiralis (Printz) Korsch. ? ? ? ? + + +
3 -J Family GOLENKINIACEAE
^ X Q. Golenkinia radiata Chod. Family HYDRODICTYACEAE P c Ind ? + + +
Pediastrum boryanum (Turp.) Menegh. P c Hph ? + + +
P. duplex Meyen var. duplex P c Ind Ind + + +
Family MICRACTINIACEAE
Golenkiniopsis solitaria (Korsch.) Korsch. P c Ind ? + - -
Micractinium pusillum Fres. P c Ohb ? + + +
Species occurrence
te ita n nce
£ -à P СЧ ю
™ ^ = СЯ T—
E ^ & CO _ CD al trib lo ref -1 01 -2 ica ist a pr 1- 00 3£ Ô X I CO ™ "
со о
P
2
Y H P
O R
O L H C
Y H P
Dictyosphaerium anomalum Korsch. P c Ind ? + + -
D. pulchellum Wood P-B c Ind Ind + + +
D. subsolitarium von Goor P c Ind ? + + +
Quadricoccus ellipticus Hortob P c Ind ? - - +
Family RADIOCOCCACEAE
Coenochloris korshikovii (Korsch.) Hind. B c Ind ? - - +
C. pyrenoidosa Korsch. P-B ? ? ? + - -
Eutetramorus planctonicus (Korsch.) Bourrelly B c Ind Ind + + +
E. polycoccus (Korsch.) Kom. P c Ind ? - - +
Family OOCYSTACEAE
Lagerheimia ciliata (Lagerh.) Chod. P-B c ? ? - + -
L. genevensis (Chod.) Chod. P c Ind ? + + +
L. longiseta (Lemm.) Wille P c Ind ? - - +
L. marssonii Lemm. P c ? ? + - -
Nephrochlamys allanthoidea Korsch. P-B b ? ? + - -
N. rotunda Korsch. P c Ind ? + + +
N. subsolitaria (G.S. West) Korsch. P c Ind ? + + +
Oocystis borgei Snow P c Ind ? + + +
O. lacustris Chod. P-B c Hph ? + - +
O. submarina Lagerh. P c Hph ? + + +
Family CHLORELLACEAE
Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs L c Ind ? - + +
A. fusiformis Corda P c Ind ? - + -
A. gracile (Reinsch) Korsch. P-B ? ? ? + + +
Chlorella vulgaris Beijer. P c Ohb Ind + + +
Hyaloraphidium contortum Pasch. et Korsch P-B c Ind ? + + +
Kirhneriella danubiana Hind. P ? ? ? - - +
Monoraphidium arcuatum (Korsch.) Hind. P-B c ? ? + + +
M. contortum (Thurn.) Kom.-Legn. P c Ind ? + + +
M. griffithii (Berk.) Kom.-Legn. P c Ind ? + + +
M. irregulare (G.M. Sm.) Kom.-Legn. P c Ind Ind + + +
M. minutum (Näg.) Kom.-Legn. P-B c Ohb ? + + +
M. tortile (W. et G.S. West) Kom.-Legn. P ? ? ? + + +
Raphidocelis sigmoidae Hind. P c Ind ? + + +
Species occurrence
te ita n nce
ab tio ity en 2 5
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h bu bi fe 99 1 01 al trib lo ref -1 01 -2 ica ist a pr 1- 00 3£ ö x i ™ "
en о
P
2
Y H P
O R
O L H C
Y H P
R. subcapitata (Korsch.) Nyg. et al. P c Ind ? - + -
Selenastrum gracile Reinsch P-F c Ind Ind - + +
Siderocelis ornata (Fott) Fott L c Ind Ind - + +
Tetraedron caudatum (Corda) Hansg. P c Ind Ind - - +
T. incus (Teil.) G.M. Sm. P c Ind Al + + +
T. minimum (A. Br.) Hansg. P-L c Ind ? + + +
T. triangulare Korsch. P c Ind ? + + +
Family COELASTRACEAE
Actinastrum hantzschii Lagerh. P c Ind ? + + +
Coelastrum astroideum de Not P c ? ? + + +
C. microporum Näg. in A. Br P c Ind Ind + + +
Family SCENEDESMACEAE
Crucigenia fenestrata (Schmidle) Schmidle P c Ind ? + - -
C. tetrapedia (Kirchn.) W. et G.S. West P c Ind Ind + + +
Crucigeniella apiculata (Lemm.) Kom. P c Ind ? + + +
Didymocystis inermis (Fott) Fott + + +
D. planctonica Korsch. P c Ind ? + + +
Scenedesmus acuminatus (Lagerh.) Chod. P c Ind ? + + +
S. acutus Meyen P-B c Ind ? - + -
S. bicaudatus Deduss. P ? ? ? + - -
S. caudato-aculeolatus Chod. P c ? ? - + +
S. communis (Hegew.) Hegew. P-B c ? ? - + +
S. ellipticus Corda P-B c ? ? - + +
S. falcatus Chod. P c Ohb Al + + +
S. gutwinskii Chod. P c Ind ? + + -
S. intermedius (R. Chod.) Hegew P-B c ? ? + + +
S. magnus Meyen P c ? ? + - +
S. microspina Chod. P-B ? ? ? + + +
S. obliquus (Turp.) Kütz. P-B c ? ? - - +
S. obtusus Meyen P-B ? ? - + +
S. opoliensis P. Richt. P c Ohb Ind + + +
S. protuberans Fritsch P c Ind Ind + + +
S. quadricauda (Turp.) Bréb. P c Ohb Ind + + +
S. sempervirens Chod. P c Ind Ind + - -
S. spinosus (R. Chod.) Hegew. P-B ? ? ? - - +
rrr CD Species occurrence
Typical habité Distribution Halobility PH preferenc 1991-1992 2001 2013-2015
Tetrastrum glabrum (Roll) Ahlstr. et Tiff. P c Ind Ind + - -
T. heteracanthum (Nordst.) Chod. P c Ind ? + - -
T. staurogeniaeforme (Schröd.) Lemm. P-B c Ind ? + + +
T. triacanthum Korsch. P ? ? ? - + -
Westella botryoides (W. West.) de Wild P c Ind ? + + +
Class CHLAMYDOPHYCEAE
Order CHLAMYDOMONADALES
Family CHLAMYDOMONADACEAE
Cartería globosa Korsch. P c Ind ? + + +
C. klebsii (Dang.) Francé P c Ind ? + + +
C. multifilis (Fres.) Dill. P c Ind ? + + +
Chlamydomonas asymmetrica Korsch. P ? Ind ? - - +
C. debaryana var. atactogama (Korsch.) Gerloff. P c Ind ? - + -
f£ C. globosa Snow. P c Ohb ? + + +
>-X C. incerta Pasch. L c ? ? - - +
Q. O A/ C. monadina Stein P c Ind ? - + -
ÛL o j C. reinhardtii Dang. P-B c ? ? + + +
X o C. simplex Passh. P c Ind ? + + +
m 3 C. snowiae Printz. P c Ind ? + + +
J >- Gloeomonas mucosa (Korsch.) Ettl. P c Hb ? + - +
Q. Family PHACOTACEAE
Phacotus coccifer Korsch. P ? Ind Ind - + -
Pteromonas aculeata Lemm. P c Ind ? + - -
P. torta Korsch. P c Ind ? + + +
Order VOLVOCALES
Family VOLVOCACEAE
Pandorina morum (Müll.) Bory P c Ind ? + + +
Class ULOTRICHOPHYCEAE
Order ULOTRICHALES
Family ULOTROCHACEAE
Elakatotrix biplex (Nyg.) Hind. P ? ? ? + + +
E. gelatinosa Wille P c Ind ? + + +
Gemnellopsis fragile Korsch. ? ? ? ? + + -
Koliella longiseta (Vischer) Hind. P c Ind ? + + +
CO
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Species occurrence
2
CO CO
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Class CONJUGATOPHYCEAE
Order DESMIDIALES
Family CLOSTERIACEAE
Closterium acutum (Lyngb.) Bréb. P c Ind ? + + +
C. acutum var. variabile (Lemm.) Krieg. B ? ? ? + + +
C. ceratium Perty ? ? ? ? + - -
C. gracile Bréb. ? ? ? ? - - +
C. selenastroides Roll P c ? ? + + -
Jn DESMIDIACEAE
Cosmarium abbreviatum W. et G.S. West P c ? ? + + +
C. bipunctatum Borg. P ? ? ? - - +
C. cruatum Borg. P-B ? ? ? - - +
C. formosulum Hoffm. ? ? ? ? + + -
C. margaritiferum Menegh. B c Ind ? + + +
C. pygmeaum Arch. L c ? ? + - +
C. rectangulare Grun. L c ? ? - - +
C. subcostatum Nordst. L ? ? ? - + +
C. undulatum Corda P c Ind ? + - -
C. vensutum (Bréb.) Archer in Pritchard P-B ? ? Ac - + -
Staurastrum chaetoceros (Schrod.) G.M. Smith ? ? ? ? + + +
S. gracile Ralfs P ? ? Ac + + +
S. tetracerum Ralfs P c Ind ? + + +
>-
X Q.
R
Q.
m K I—
w m
3
J >-
X Q.
a strong anthropogenic load (Korneva, 2015; Krivina and Tarasova, 2017a, b; Okhapkin et al., 2003; Protisty..., 2009). The degree of intra-rank saturation allowed to characterize the environmental conditions of the Lake Vos'merka and other cited reservoirs as harsh, with pronounced processes of anthropogenic eutrophication and the absence of nutrient limitation (Barinova, 2011; Protisty..., 2009; Trifonova, 1990).
Ecological and geographical analysis of the planktonic algae of Lake Vos'merka did not reveal significant differences at different study periods (Table 5). Depending on the habitat, planktonic forms prevailed in the reservoir at each observation period, they comprised 56-60% of the total number of intragenera taxa with a known habitat. The Lake Vos'merka is a small and relatively shallow water body, therefore, it is logical that the share of benthic
(13-17%), plankton-benthic (12-13%), and littoral forms (8-13%) are also noticeable here. In regard to the geographic distribution, 95% of the species are cosmopolitan. Species with wide salinity range tolerance predominate (74-77%), as well as the species with wide pH range (45-50%) and alkaliphilic forms (42-46%).
Generally, the algae species composition of the Lake Vos'merka did not change much from 1991 to 2015. S0rensen similarity index exceeded 80%, indicating a high degree of similarity of algal communities. However, the species composition of planktonic algae, dominating by abundance and biomass, has changed significantly (Table 6).
At the beginning of the study, in 1991-1992, the dominant phytoplankton complex was presented by the most widespread representatives of M-type
Table 3. The species richness of various planktonic algae phyla of the Lake Vos'merka during different study periods. The values left to slash indicate the number of species and intraspecific taxa of algae, right to slash, % of the total species richness.
Phylum 1991-1992 2001 2013-2015
Cyanoprokaryota 41/19 41/18 43/18
Chrysophyta 2/1 5/2 8/3
Bacillariophyta 53/25 54/23 54/23
Xanthophyta 3/1 3/1 2/1
Cryptophyta 11/5 11/5 11/5
Dinophyta 10/5 8/3 8/3
Raphydophyta 0/0 1/< 1 1/< 1
Euglenophyta 10/5 20/9 20/8
Chlorophyta 74/34 76/33 78/33
Streptophyta 12/5 11/5 13/5
Total 219 230 238
Table 4. Saturation coefficients of various ranks of planktonic algoflora in the water bodies of different types.
Water body Number of families / number of orders Number of genera / number of families Number of species / number of genera Number of intraspecific taxa / number of species
Lake Vos'merka, 1991-1992 2.33 1.94 2.25 0.02
Lake Vos'merka, 2013-2015 2.17 2.02 2.29 0.03
Lake Bol'shoe Vasilievskoe, 19911992 (Krivina, 2019) 2.22 2.14 2.52 0.09
Lake Bol'shoe Vasilievskoe, 20132015 (Krivina, 2019) 2.32 2.25 2.59 0.06
"Technogenic" reservoirs of the Vasilievskie Ozera lake system of the Samara Region (Krivina, Tarasova, 2017b) 1.93-2.17 1.79-1.82 1.80-1.92 0.02-0.04
Water bodies of cultural landscape in Nizhny Novgorod (Okhapkin et al., 2003) 1.85-2.50 1.72-2.62 2.00-3.74 0.05-0.16
(Microcystis) and H1-type (Anabaena, Aphonizomen) cyanobacteria (Reynolds et al., 2002). Centric diatoms, cryptophytes, and dinophytes dominated by biomass. As the trophic status of the water body has increased since 2001, the role of filamentous S1-type cyanobacteria (genera Planktothrix, Limnotrix, Oscillatoria, and Planktolyngbya) increased also; these cyanobacteria were represented mostly by highly toxic species that could cause Oscillatoria-induced disease (Birch and McCaskie, 1999; Kleeberg, 2003; Kopylov and Kosolapov, 2011; Korneva, 2015). In 2013-2015, these species almost absolutely
dominated by abundance, but their share in terms of biomass was insignificant. Firstly, the cells of these algae are extremely small in size; secondly, large-cell mixotrophic algae, such as dinophyte Ceratium hirundinella and centric diatom Stephanodiscus hantzschii, most adapted to a high content of organic substances, develop actively as the process of eutrophication intensifies in the water body.
According to S0rensen index, the degree of similarity of the dominant complex (in terms of abundance) at the initial and final stages of the study was extremely low, accounting for 25% only
Table 5. Ecological and geographical analysis of planktonic algae of the Lake Vos'merka at different periods of the study. Notation conventions are similar to Table 2.
1991-1992 2001 2013-2015
Habitat
B 35 31 30
L 17 25 30
F 3 3 4
F-P 1 1 1
P 124 127 128
P-B 26 28 29
P-L 1 1 1
P-F 0 1 1
E 1 1 1
Total 208 218 225
Distribution
b 8 6 6
c 173 178 185
n-a 0 1 0
sb 1 1 1
st 0 1 1
Total 182 187 193
Water salinity preference
Hb 3 1 1
Hph 25 25 25
Ind 124 129 132
Mh 3 3 3
Ohb 11 10 13
Total 166 168 174
pH preference
Al 39 39 39
Ind 38 46 46
Ac 7 7 6
Total 84 92 91
Table 6. Planktonic algae species dominating by abundance and biomass in the Lake Vos'merka at different study periods. % - share from total phytoplankton abundance/biomass.
Period Dominant species, by abundance % Dominant species, by biomass %
1991- -1992
5/V Spirulina magnifica 10 Stephanodiscus hantzschii 33
Cryptomonas ovata 10
Microcystis pulverea 20 Cryptomonas reflexa 13
11/VI-14/VI Dictyosphaerium subsolitarium Microcystis aeruginosa 13 10 Stephanodiscus hantzschii 10
Planktothrix agardhii 13 Cyclotella radiosa 20
9/VII-13/VII Dictyosphaerium subsolitarium Microcystis pulverea 12 12 Ceratium hirundinella 20
Microcystis aeruginosa 31 Ceratium hirundinella 17
29/VII-30/VII Planktothrix agardhii 11 Cyclotella radiosa Microcystis aeruginosa 14 10
Microcystis aeruginosa 32 Melosira varians 23
13/VIII Cyclotella radiosa Ceratium hirundinella 15 10
Microcystis aeruginosa 32 Cyclotella radiosa 26
25/VIII-31/VIII Melosira varians Ceratium hirundinella 16 14
10/IX-12/IX Microcystis aeruginosa Leptolyngbya fragilis 30 10 Stephanodiscus hantzschii Cyclotella radiosa 18 15
Microcystis aeruginosa 23 Stephanodiscus hantzschii 18
Leptolyngbya fragilis 18 Cyclotella radiosa 12
20/IX Planktolyngbya limnetica 18 Microcystis aeruginosa 11
Planktothrix agardhii 16 Leptolyngbya fragilis Cyclotella meneghingiana 10 10
2001
12/V Planktolyngbya limnetica 24 Stephanodiscus hantzschii 24
Limnotrix redekei 11
Planktolyngbya limnetica 14 Stephanodiscus hantzschii 16
8/VI Monoraphidium contortum 12 Chlamydomonas simplex Cyclotella radiosa 13 11
24/VI Planktolyngbya limnetica Planktothrix agardhii 15 11 Ceratium hirundinella 15
Period Dominant species, by abundance % Dominant species, by biomass %
Planktolyngbya limnetica 20 Ceratium hirundinella 20
7/VII Planktothrix agardhii Aphanozomenon flos-aquae 12 11
Planktolyngbya limnetica 23 Ceratium hirundinella 24
20/VII Planktothrix agardhii 16 Cyclotella radiosa 10
Microcystis aeruginosa Aphanozomenon flos-aquae 15 14
Aphanozomenon flos-aquae 22 Ceratium hirundinella 43
25/VIII Microcystis aeruginosa 21 Cyclotella radiosa 14
Planktothrix agardhii Planktolyngbya limnetica 20 13 Microcystis aeruginosa 10
Planktothrix agardhii 30 Ceratium hirundinella 49
7/IX Planktolyngbya limnetica 20
Aphanozomenon flos-aquae Microcystis aeruginosa 16 16
Planktothrix agardhii 35 Ceratium hirundinella 29
17/IX Planktolyngbya limnetica Aphanozomenon flos-aquae 27 12 Peridinium umbonatum 10
Planktothrix agardhii 38 Stephanodiscus hantzschii 13
24/X Planktolyngbya limnetica 28 Cyclotella radiosa 10
Limnotrix redekei 10 Peridinium umbonatum 10
2013- -2015
Limnotrix planctonica 48 Stephanodiscus hantzschii 32
20/V-25/V Planktolyngbya limnetica 12 Anabaena flos-aquae A. planctonica 13 10
17/VI-25/VI Planktolyngbya limnetica Limnotrix redekei 18 16 Cyclotella radiosa Ceratium hirundinella 17 12
Planktothrix agardhii 24 Ceratium hirundinella 25
24/VII-27/VII Planktolyngbya limnetica Aphanozomenon flos-aquae 15 14 Cryptomonas ovata 12
Planktothrix agardhii 28 Ceratium hirundinella 63
3/IX-14/IX Planktolyngbya limnetica Aphanozomenon flos-aquae 25 14
17/X-20/X Planktothrix agardhii Oscillatoria tenuis 53 11 Stephanodiscus hantzschii Cryptomonas curvata 15 13
Table 7. Similarity of the species composition of algae, dominating by abundance and biomass in the phytoplankton community, at different study periods
Abundance,% Biomass, %
Year 1991-1992 2001 2013-2015 1991-1992 2001 2013-2015
1991-1992 100 46 25 100 54 52
2001 46 100 53 54 100 40
2013-2015 25 53 100 52 40 100
(Table 7). The degree of similarity in terms of biomass for the dominant complex was slightly higher (52%) and was estimated as median. Nevertheless, it can be said with confidence that the transformation of the algal community of the Lake Vos'merka under the influence of anthropogenic pressure went along the Planktothrix-type over time (Reynolds et al., 2002).
Conclusion
The Lake Vos'merka is a classic example of a small pond located in the urban landscape. The studies of the phytoplankton of this water body in 19911992, 2001, and 2013-2015 made it possible to characterize its algoflora as green algae-diatom-cy-anobacteria by the species composition and as taxo-nomically stable within the study period. The species composition, floristic, and ecological-geographical characteristics of the planktonic algoflora of the Lake Vos'merka are typical for the water bodies of the an-thropogenically transformed landscape of central Russia. Low intra-rank saturation index and a small percentage of polytypic genera indicate harsh environmental conditions in the system. The species composition of the dominant algae complex has changed significantly under the influence of anthropogenic load both in terms of abundance and biomass in contrast to the general species composition of phytoplankton. By 2013, anthropogenic transformation brought the Lake Vos'merka to the Planktothrix-type and promoted developing here the Oscillatoria-induced disease.
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