CC BY
16^ Трансформация экосистем
Ecosystem Transformation ^ --у www.ecosysttrans.com
The taxonomic and ecological-floristic characteristics of the phytoplankton of a technogenic reservoir after the cessation of industrial exploitation by the example of Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe Samara Region, Russia)
Elena S. Krivina*, Natalia G. Tarasova
Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Komzina 10, Togliatti, Samara Region, 445003 Russia
Received: 25.02.2019 Accepted: 08.05.2019 Published online: 03.02.2020
DOI: 10.23859/estr-190225 UDC 574.587:57.043
ISSN 2619-094X Print ISSN 2619-0931 Online
Translated by D.M. Martynova
The plankton algae species composition in the technogenic reservoir and the changes observed after the cessation of industrial exploitation have been studied using Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe as an example (Vasilievskie Ozera lake system, Samara Region, Russia). Comparison of the species composition and taxonomic structure of phytoplankton during the period of active industrial exploitation (1991-1992) and the post-exploitation period (2001) revealed an increase in the algae species richness and an increased complexity of the taxonomic structure. Therefore, this was the positive transformation of the phytoplankton community. The high species specificity of algoflora and the low level of species continuity in each study period indicated a significant degree of ecosystem transformation against the background of cessation of exploitation.
Keywords: phytoplankton, technogenic water body, floristic analysis, ecological-geographical analysis, indicator species, graphical analysis, saprobity.
Krivina, E.S., Tarasova, N.G., 2020. The taxonomic and ecological-floristic characteristics of the phytoplankton of a technogenic reservoir after the cessation of industrial exploitation by the example of Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe (Samara Region, Russia). Ecosystem Transformation 3 (1), 27-39.
Introduction
Small urbanized water bodies have great environmental and aesthetic value. However, they are subject to a strong anthropogenic load; as a result, the cycles of their natural functioning are disrupted. In this regard, assessment of their condition, as well as monitoring and forecasting the changes is one of the urgent problems of modern ecology (Kleeberg, 2003).
The "technogenic" reservoirs are among the most vulnerable groups of such reservoirs, they are regularly or periodically exploited for industrial use (Ostvald, 1987; Spiridonov, 2006). Currently, some of them have already ceased to be necessary for industrial enterprises, so the action is underway to preserve and restore particular reservoirs (Anneville et al., 2002; Birch and McCaskie, 1999; Mingazova et al., 2014).
Nevertheless, there is an insufficient amount of data on the processes that occur during their self-cleaning, in particular when predicting the development of a "zero" recultivation scenario, during which self-restoring of disturbed ecosystems takes place without any anthropogenic impact (Spiridonov, 2006).
In the urban district of Togliatti, there is a chain of small urbanized reservoirs - the Vasilievskie Ozera lakes, - which appeared in late 1950s after the launching of the dam of the Zhigulevskaya hydroelectric station as a result of groundwater raising that filled up the natural depressions. In addition to the active use of these reservoirs for daily recreational purposes, summer cottages were built around some of them, some were used for fish aquaculture, and some of them were operated by the city industrial enterprises and used as receivers of TPP waste. As a result, some of the lakes have dried up or turned into ponds of the ephemeroid type. Practically, by the end of the 1990s, which coincided with the beginning of the studies of the Vasilievskie Ozera lake system by the Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin, only one of these lakes was preserved, namely, Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe, which had turned into an ephemeroid reservoir by 2004 (Krivina and Tarasova, 2017b; Protisty i bacterii..., 2009).
The research aims to study the features of the taxonomic structure of the phytoplankton of a technogenic reservoir after the cessation of industrial exploitation by the example of Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe.
Materials and methods
Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe is a small reservoir of natural origin from the Vasilievskie Ozera lake system, located on the north-eastern margin of the Togliatti urban district.
For a long time, this reservoir was actively exploited for technogenic purposes. Even until the 1990s, Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe was used as a receiver of ash and slag from the Togliatti TPP. Wastewater discharged into the reservoir contained phosphates, chlorides, iron, copper, sulfates, ammonia nitrogen, and petroleum products. Since 1992, the discharge of waste into the water bodies has been significantly reduced due to a decrease in the intensity of industrial production. Since 1994, as a result of the introduction of low-waste and resource-saving technologies, the waste volume dumping into the reservoir has
decreased; and in 1996, the dumping has been stopped completely. Subsequently, due to a decrease in water level, the lake split into a number of shallow reservoirs with a depth of not more than a meter; it is now completely dry (Materialy otsenki vozdeystviya..., 2012; Ogurechnikova and Pimenov, 2012, 2015).
The environmental situation in the area of the Vasilievskie Ozera lake system has been influenced for a long time by the northern industrial hub of Togliatti, as well as horticultural and country cooperatives, which supplied and continue to supply biogenic elements to the local water bodies (Protisty i bacterii..., 2009; Ogurechnikova and Pimenov, 2012, 2015).
According to the outline of the water area, Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe belongs to type IV, oval (Litinsky, 1960). According to the main morphological indicators (Table 1), the reservoir may be classified as a small / very small lake (Kitaev, 1989).
The algological samples have been taken every 10 days from June through September 1991 and from May through October 1992; monthly, from May through October 2001.
The study of the lake phytoplankton was performed according to standard hydrobiological methods. Samples were taken with a Ruttner bathometer, fixed with a 40% formalin solution, and concentrated by direct filtration. Cell counting was carried out in Uchinskaya counting chamber (0.01 mL volume), the biomass was calculated by the method of reduced geometric figures (Metodika izucheniya..., 1975).
The algae classification is given in accordance with the recommendations of algologists of Papanin Institute of Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences (Borok), summarized in the work of L.G. Korneva (2015), and the system presented in (Wasser et al., 1989), which is a transformed system of M.M. Hollerbach (1977), where Cryptophyta, Dinophyta, and Raphidophyta are considered as independent phyla. The names of supraspecific taxa of diatoms are given according to the classification accepted in the book "Diatomovye vodorosli SSSR" (1988); Dinophyta, by J. Popovsky and L. Pfister (Popovsky and Pfiester, 1990), Chlorococcales order, according to P.M. Tsarenko (1990); green phytoflagellates, according to N.A. Moshkova and M.M. Gollerbakh (1986). The work took into account systematic revisions in floristic reports on cyanobacteria (Komarek and Anagnostidis, 1999, 2005). The names of species and intraspecific taxa of diatoms are presented according
Table. 1. Some morphometric indicators of Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe.
Study period Geographic position Area, m2 Length, m Volume, m3 Average depth, m
1991-1992 2001 N 53°52'12", E 49°50'94" 205 024 101 232 596 244 307 536 50 616 1.5 0.5
to the works of K. Krammer and H. Lange-Bertalot (Krammer and Lange-Bertalot, 1986, 1988, 1991a, b).
Ecological and geographical analysis of algoflora was carried out according to the data presented in the taxonomic keys, based on the most well-known and developed systems (Sladecek, 1973, 1986; Wegl, 1983), generalized for reservoirs of the Middle and Lower Volga River in the number of publications by the Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin (Fitoplankton Nizhney Volgi..., 2003; Protisty i bacterii..., 2009). If this information was absent in the sources cited above, the reference was made to literature data (Barinova and Medvedeva, 1996; Barinova et al., 2006; Davydova, 1985; Ekologicheskiye problemy..., 2001; Fitoplankton Nizhney Volgi..., 2003; Gerasimova, 1996; Korneva, 2015; Okhapkin, 1994; Okhapkin et al., 2003; Proshkina-Lavrenko, 1953).
The nature of the ecosystem transformation of the water bodies subjected to long-term technogenic exploitation was assessed according to the accepted methodology for graphic analysis modified for anthropogenically transformed aquatic ecosystems (Kolmar, 2006; Ostvald, 1987; Razumovsky and Moiseenko, 2009).
Results and discussion
Over the entire period of the study, 76 algal taxa of a rank lower than the genus have been found in the algal flora of the plankton of Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe, belonging to 7 phyla, 11 classes, 15 orders, 29 families, and 42 genera (Table 2).
The ratio of the species richness of the main algae phyla in the studied reservoir had a number of features that were not characteristic of many small reservoirs belonging to the basin of the Middle and Lower Volga River. Usually, in small reservoirs of this territory, most of the species, varieties and forms of algae belong to Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyceae,
followed, as a rule, by Euglenophyta, less often, by Cyanobacteria (Gerasimova, 1996; Okhapkin et al., 2003; Fitoplankton Nizhney Volgi..., 2003; Protisty i bacterii..., 2009). In Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe, as in most water bodies, green algae dominated and accounted for 30% of the total number of species, varieties and forms. However, the diversity of Cyanobacteria was atypically high, having the second place in terms of species richness. The share of Cyanobacteria slightly exceeded that of diatoms and amounted up to 21% of the total species richness of planktonic algoflora in the studied reservoir. The diatoms accounted for 20%. The share of other algae phyla was significantly lower and, as a rule, did not exceed 10%: Cryptophyta, 10%; Streptophyta, 8%, Euglenophyta, 7%; Dinophyta, 4%. The unusually high share of cyanobacteria was probably associated with specific conditions in the reservoir formed under the influence of industrial exploitation.
A complete list of species, varieties and forms of algae found in Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe at different periods of the study, and their ecological and geographical characteristics are presented in Table 3.
During the exploitation of the reservoir as a waste pond for thermal power plants (hereinafter, 1991 — 1992), the species richness of planktonic algoflora was minimal (31 algae taxa of a rank lower than the genus). After the cessation of the technogenic and especially toxicogenic impact on the water body (hereinafter, 2001), the total number of species and intraspecific taxa of algae increased by 2.3 times and amounted to 71 species and intraspecific taxa of algae.
Changes were also noted in the taxonomic structure of algoflora (Table 4). In 1991-1992, planktonic algoflora of Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe could be characterized as cyanobacteria-diatom with a noticeable participation of Cryptophytes and Chlorophyta; in 2001, it was dominated by
Table 2. Taxonomic structure of phytoplankton of Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe in the terminal phase of succession.
Number of taxa
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Taxa below the genus level
Species Intraspecific taxa Total
Cyanoprokaryota 2 3 7 11 16 0 16
Bacillariophyta 2 4 6 7 14 1 15
Cryptophyta 1 1 1 3 8 0 8
Dinophyta 1 2 2 3 3 0 3
Euglenophyta 1 1 1 2 4 1 5
Chlorophyta 3 3 10 13 23 0 23
Streptophyta 1 1 2 3 5 1 6
Total 11 15 29 42 73 3 76
Table 3. The species composition of phytoplankton in Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe in different periods of the study. List of designations characteristics by habitat: B - benthic, L - littoral, P - planktonic, P-B - planktonic-benthic; by geographical distribution: b - boreal, c - cosmopolitan, n-a - north-alpine, st - subtropical; by halobility: Hph - halophilic, Ind - indifferent, Ohb - oligohalobiont; in regard to the pH of the medium: Al - alkaliphilic + alkalibiont, Ind - indifferent, Ac - acidophilic + acidobiont; by saprobity: o - oligosaprobic, o-p - oligo-p-mesosaprobic, p-o - p-oligo-mesosaprobic, o-a - oligo-a-mesosaprobic, p - p-mesosaprobic, p-a - p-a-mesosaprobic, a-p - a-p-mesosaprobic, p-p - p-meso-polysaprobic, a - a-mesosaprobic. "?" - no data.
■Q
a
X
.9 c s= o
CO 3
o
CD to Ob
■Q
O CO
X
X
CP
■Q
O
cp
CO
W
Occurrence
1991-1992 2001
Class CHROOCOCCEAE Order CHROOCOCCALES
Family SYNECHOCOCCACEAE
O
Y R
A
*
O R
Q.
O N ANY
C
Y H
Q.
Cyanothece aeruginosa (Näg.) Komarek L c Ind ? 0 - +
Family MERISMOPEDIACEAE
Aphanocapsa incerta (Lemm.) Croberg et Krämer P c Ind ? ß + +
Merismopedia tenuissima Lemm. P c Ind ? a - +
Family MICROCYSTACEAE
Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz. P c Ind Al ß + +
M. pulverea (Wood) Forti emend. Elenk. P c Ind Al o-a + +
Family CHROOCOCCACEAE
Chroococcus turgidus (Kütz.) Näg. L c Hph ? o-ß - +
C. vacuolatus Skuja B b Ind ? ? + -
Class HORMOGONIOPHYCEAE
Order OSCILLATORIALES
Family PSEUDANABAENACEAE
Geitlerinema amphibium (Ag. ex Gom.) Anag. P-B c Hph ? o-a - +
Limnotrix planctonica (Wolosz.) Meff. P c Ind ? ß + +
Pseudoanabaena mucicola (Hub.) Anag. et Komärek P c Ind ? o-ß + +
P. limnetica (Lemm.) Kom. P-B c ? ? ß-o + +
Order NOSTOCALES
Family ANABAENACEAE
Anabaena flos-aquae (Lyngb.) Breb. P c Ind ? ß + +
A. planctonica Brunnth. P ? Hph ? ß-o - +
A. variabilis Kütz. B c Ind ? ß - +
Anabaenopsis Raciborskia Wolosz. P st ? ? ? - +
Family APHANIZOMENONACEAE
Aphanozomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs. P c Ind ? ß + +
■Q
a
x
c
ho au
CT'iz o
CD <2
Gd
■Q
lo al
X
X
p
■Q
ro p
a S
Occurrence
1991-1992
2001
Class CENTROPHYCEAE Order THALASSIOSIRALES Family THALASSIOSIRACEAE
Skeletonema subsalsum (Cl.-Euler)
Bethge
Family STEPHANODISCACEAE
Cyclotella radiosa (Grun.) Lemm.
C. stelligera Cl. et. Grun. Stephanodiscus hantzschii Grun.
P
Hph
ß-a
P c Ind Al o-ß - +
P c Ind Al ß-o + +
P c Ind Al a-ß + +
Order MELOSIRALES
Y
H
P
IO RI
A
C A
m
Y H P
Family AULACOSIRACEAE
Aulacoseira granulata (Ehr.) Sim.
P c Ind Class PENNATOPHYCEAE Order ARAPHALES
Al
ß-a
Y H P O T P YPR
C
Y H P
Family FRAGILARIACEAE
Fragilaria atomus Hust. B ? Ind ? o - +
F. ulna var. acus Sippen P c Ind Al o-ß - +
Order RAPHALES
Family NAVICULACEAE
Navicula capitata var. hungarica (Grun.) Ross. L c Ind Al ß-a + +
N. cincta (Ehr.) Ralfs B c Hph Al a-ß - +
N. clementis Grun. B c Ind Al o-ß - +
Family NITZSCHIACEAE
Nitzschia closterium (Ehr.) W. Sm. P c Hph ? ? - +
N. palea (Kütz.) W. Sm. L c Ind ? a + +
N. paleacea Grun. P c Ind ? a - +
N. pusilla Grun. L c Ohb Ind ß + +
N. sublinearis Hust. ? ? ? ? ? + -
Class CRYPTOMONADOPHYCEAE
Order CRYPTOMONADALES
Family CRYPTOMONADACEAE
Chroomonas acuta Uterm. P c Ind ? ß + +
C. minima Czosn. L ? ? Ac ? + +
Cryptomonas borealis Skuja P c Ind Ac ? - +
C. caudata Schiller P c Ind ? ? + +
C. erosa Ehr. P c ? ? ß - +
C. marssonii Skuja P c Ind Ind ß-o + +
C. reflexa Skuja P c Hph ? ß-o + +
Rhodomonas lens Pasch. et Ruttn. P n-a Ind Ind o-ß + +
+
+
+
Habitat Geographic distribution Halobility H p Saprobity Occurrence 1991-1992 2001
Class DINOPHYCEAE
AT Order GYMNODINILES
Y H P Family GYMNODINIACEAE
O IN Gymnodinium mitratum Schiller P ?? ? ? - +
DI Order PERIDINIALES
M U L Family PERIDINIACEAE
Y H P Peridiniopsis elpatiewsky (Ostenfeld) Bourrelly P ?? ? ? - +
Peridinium aciculiferum Lemm. P ?? ? ? - +
A Class EUGLENOPHYCEAE
AT Y Order EUGLENALES
H P O Family EUGLENACEAE
N E Euglena minima France L ?? ? о - +
L G U E E. limnophyla var. swirenkoi (Arnold.) Popova L c Ind ? ? - +
M U L Trachelomonas hispida (Perty) emend. Defl. P c Ind Ind ß - +
Y H T. vas Defl. P ?? Ac ? + +
P T. volvocina Ehr. P c Hph Ind ß + -
Class CHLOROPHYCEAE
Order CHLOROCOCCALES
Семейство CHARACIACEAE
Schroederia setigera (Schrod.) Lemm .P c Ind ? о-а + +
Family GOLENKINIACEAE - -
AT Golenkinia radiata Chod. P c Ind ? о-а - +
Y H P Family BOTRYOCOCCACEAE - -
O R 0 1 L Dictyosphaerium subsolitarium von Goor P c Ind ? ? - +
H C Family OOCYSTACEAE
M U L Lagerheimia genevensis (Chod.) Chod. P c Ind ? ß - +
Y H Oocystis submarina Lagerh. P c Hph ? ? + +
P Family CHLORELLACEAE
Monoraphidium arcuatum (Korsch.) Hind. P-B c? ? ß + +
M. circinale (Nyg.) Nyg. P ? Ind Al ? + -
M. contortum (Thurn.) Kom.-Legn. P c Ind ? ß - +
M. griffithii (Berk.) Kom.-Legn. P c Ind ? ß - +
Habitat Geographic distribution Halobility H ΠSaprobity Occurrence 1991-1992 2001
Class CHLOROPHYCEAE
Order CHLOROCOCCALES
Family COELASTRACEAE
Coelastrum microporum Näg. in A. Br. P c Ind Ind ß - +
Family SCENEDESMACEAE
Crucigenia tetrapedia (Kirchn.) W. et G. S. West P c Ind Ind ß - +
Didymocystis planctonica Korsch. P c Ind ? ß - +
Scenedesmus falcatus Chod. P c Ohb Al ß - +
< S. intermedius (R. Chod.) Hegew P-B c ? ? ß - +
1— >- x S. obliquus (Turp.) Kütz. P-B c ? ? ß-p + -
Q. O S. protuberans Fritsch P c Ind Ind ? - +
ÚÍ O S. quadricauda (Turp.) Bréb. P c Ohb Ind ß - +
J X / ^ Class CHLAMYDOPHYCEAE
Order CHLAMYDOMONADALES
3 J v Family CHLAMYDOMONADACEAE
X Q. Cartería globosa Korsch. P c Ind ? ? - +
C. multifilis (Fres.) Dill. P c Ind ? ß-a - +
Chlamydomonas globosa Snow. P c Ohb ? ß + +
C. simplex Pasch. P c Ind ? a - +
Family PHACOTACEAE - -
Pteromonas aculeata Lemm. P c Ind ? ß - +
Class ULOTRICHOPHYCEAE
Order ULOTRICHALES
Family ULOTROCHACEAE
Koliella longiseta (Vischer) Hind. P c Ind ? ß - +
Class CONJUGATOPHYCEAE
Order DESMIDIALES
1>- Family CLOSTERIACEAE
X Û. R Closterium acutum (Lyngb.) Breb. var. acutum P c Ind ? ß-o + +
Q. m C. acutum var. variabile (Lemm.) Krieg. B ? ? ? ß - +
R i— w Family DESMIDIACEAE
m 3 Cosmarium abbreviatum W. et G.S. West P c ? ? ? - +
J >- x C. margaritiferum Menegh. B c Ind ? ? - +
Q. C. rectangulare Grun. L c ? ? ? - +
Staurastrum tetracerum Ralfs P c Ind ? 0 - +
Chlorophyta and Cyanobacteria with a noticeable share of diatoms, which was closer to the natural taxonomic composition of planktonic algoflora of small water bodies (Korneva, 2015; Krivina and Tarasova, 2017a, b; Protisty i bacterii..., 2009).
During the period from 1991-1992 to 2001, there was an increase in the number of algae species capable for a mixotrophic type of nutrition (Cryptophyta, Dinophyta, Euglenophyta, a number of diatoms and Chlorophyta) in the studied reservoir along with an increase in the total species richness of algoflora, although Dynophyta was totally absent in the reservoir in 1991-1992. Probably, the cessation of the severe technogenic impact on the lake resulted also for the start of the destructive processes, when organic matter available for the feeding of mixotrophic algae began to appear; the number of bacteria, also served as the food items, increased as well (Balashova et al., 1989; Kopylov and Kosolapov, 2011).
The saturation level of large taxonomic ranks of planktonic algoflora (orders and families) of the studied reservoir calculated by applying the floristic coefficients (Shmidt, 1980, 1984) has increased from 1991 to 2001 (Fig. 1). This reflects the increase in the complexity of the taxonomic structure of the plankton community in the reservoir, and thus it is a positive sign of the transformation of the ecosystem of the reservoir after the cessation of industrial exploitation. However, the level of genus and species richness was low at each period of the study, when most of the species and genera of the planktonic algoflora were presented by one or two representatives only. This allows us to suggest that, despite the general positive dynamics, "harsh" living conditions with clearly pronounced processes of anthropogenic eutrophication remained up to 2001, which was also noted for other reservoirs in the Vasilievskie Ozera lake system (Okhapkin et al., 2003; Protisty i bacterii..., 2009; Trifonova, 1990).
Planktonic algoflora of Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe was characterized by a high level of species specificity in each study period. The S0rensen's similarity coefficient (Ks) between the algocenoses during the period of intensive industrial exploitation (1991-1992) and after its cessation (2001) was low and amounted to 44%. The level of succession of algae species was also low (28%). The complex of successive species and intraspecific taxa comprised 22 algae species. The succession rate the most taxonomically significant divisions was 58% for cyanobacteria, diatoms, 38%, Chlorophyta, 22%.
A graphical analysis of the dominance curves of the number of particular phytoplankton species was applied in accordance with the accepted methodology (Kolmar, 2006; Ostvald, 1987; Razumovsky and Moiseenko, 2009) in order to assess the degree of transformation of the taxonomic structure of Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe phytoplankton from 1991 to 2001. In the study period, the spatiotemporal transformation of taxonomic proportions occurred according to the type of generation of the resulting lines with a single localization center (Fig. 2), i.e. the transformation was in the active phase.
The equations of the resulting lines according to the power dependence Y = kXa between the values of X(taxon order) and Y (its relative abundance) obtained in the logarithmic coordinate system are presented in Table 5. The change in the values of the aj parameter from 1991 to 2001 demonstrates the weakening of the negative impact on the ecosystem. A decrease in
the k coefficient indicates an increase in the number
i
of taxa supporting the ecological stability of an aquatic ecosystem and a decrease in the allowable lower threshold for their relative abundance, i.e., the ecosystem stability over time and its ability to withstand external adverse environmental factors are gradually increasing (Kolmar, 2006; Razumovsky and
Table 4. The role of the major phyla in forming the taxonomic structure of the phytoplankton of the Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe at various stages of the study. Numbers left to slash indicate the number of taxa below the genus level, right to slash, % of the total number of species, varieties, and forms of algae.
Phylum 1991-1992 2001
Cyanoprokaryota 9/29 15/21
Bacillariophyta 7/23 14/20
Cryptophyta 6/19 8/11
Dinophyta 0/0 3/4
Euglenophyta 2/7 4/6
Chlorophyta 6/20 21/30
Streptophyta 1/3 6/9
Total 31 71
2001
Fig. 1. The floristic richness index of the different taxonomic ranks of plankton algal flora of Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe.
Fig. 2. Graphical analysis of transformation of the taxonomic structure of phytoplankton in Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe in 1991-1992 and in 2001 in the logarithmic coordinate system.
Table 5. Equations of the resulting lines of transformation of the taxonomic structure of phytoplankton in Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe in 1991-1992 and in 2001.
Years Equation Determination coefficient R2
1991-1992 y = 46.21x-141 0.859
2001 y = 26.47.x~0-53 0.895
Table 6. Ecological and geographical characteristics of phytoplankton of Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe in different periods of the study. Designations are given in Table 3.
_1991-1992 2001
Habitat
B1 L 4
P 22
P-B 3
Total 30
Halobility Hph Ind Ohb Total
Geographic distribution b c
n-a st Total
pH
Al 7 11
Ind 4 8
Ac 2 3
Total 13 22
6 9
52
4
71
3 20 2
25
8
45 4
57
1
25 1 0
27
0 60 1 1 62
Moiseenko, 2009). This is undoubtedly a positive sign of spontaneous transformation of the ecosystem after the termination of technogenic press.
Therefore, it can be assumed that the ecosystem transformation was positive and could ultimately lead to a stable ecological equilibrium of the lake ecosystem if the intensive siltation of groundwater sources and, as a consequence, subsequent shallowing and transformation of the reservoir into an ephemeroid type did not take place.
Despite a significant increase in species richness, ecological and geographical analysis did
not reveal significant differences between the main characteristics of the planktonic algoflora of Lake Shlamonakopitelnoe in 1991-1992 and in 2001. Most of the registered species, varieties and forms of algae belonged to planktonic organisms in regard to the traditional habitat (73% of the number of associated intra-genus taxa in 1991-1992 and in 2001, Table 6); the share of littoral forms was also noticeable (13% and 12% in 1991-1992 and in 2001, respectively).
Most species, varieties and forms of algae were characterized by a wide geographical distribution (93% and 97% of the number of algae taxa of a rank lower
than the genus, for which their geographical distribution is known, in 1991-1992 and 2001, respectively).
In regard to water salinity, most algae were indifferent species (80% in 1991-1992 and 79% in 2001). The share of halophilic (12% and 14%) and oligohalo-bic organisms (8% and 7%) was noticeable.
In regard to the pH of the medium, alkaliphilic species, varieties, and forms dominated, which amounted to 54% in 1991-1992 and 50% in 2001 of the total species number, for which the preferable pH range is known. The share of the indifferent forms was also noticeable: 31% in 1991-1992 and 36% in 2001.
The species indicating different degrees of organic pollution of the water bodies belonged to 24 taxa of a rank lower than the genus in 1991-1992 and to 54 taxa in in 2001. Most saprobic algae belonged to p-mesosaprobes, i.e. the indicator species of medium degree of organic pollution (42% in 1991-1992 and a similar share in 2001). The indicator species of a low degree of organic pollution accounted for 38% in 1991-1992 and 37% in 2001; high degree, 20% in 1991-1992 and 21% in 2001.
Conclusions
The cessation of the commercial exploitation of the reservoir contributed to a significant increase in the species richness of the plankton algae of Lake Shla-monakopitelnoe at the level of all taxonomic ranks and to an increase of the number of polytypic genera. This allows us to suggest that the nature of the transformation of the phytoplankton community was positive, and the ecosystem of the reservoir, even after long-term technogenic and especially toxicogenic effects, had great potential for self-healing and self-purification.
The high species specificity of algoflora and the low level of species continuity during the period of intensive industrial exploitation (1991-1992) and after its termination (2001) indicate a significant transformation of the ecosystem against the background of the termination of industrial exploitation, while the taxonomic composition of the planktonic algoflora of this reservoir started to approach the floristic type usual for this region.
References
Anneville, O., Ginot, V., Angeli, N., 2002. Restoration of Lake Geneva: Expected versus observed responses of phytoplankton to decreases in phosphorus. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management 7,67-80.
Balashova, N.V., Nikitin, N.V., 1989. Priroda Lenin-gradskoy oblasti: Vodorosli [Nature of the Leningrad Oblast: Algae]. Lenizdat, Leningrad, USSR, 92 p. (In Russian).
Barinova, S.S., Medvedeva, L.A., 1996. Atlas vodorosley-indikatorov saprobnosti (Rossiyskiy
Dalniy Vostok) [Atlas of the indicator algae species of saprobity (Russian Far East)]. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, Russia, 364 p. (In Russian).
Barinova, S.S., Medvedeva, L.A., Anisimova, O.V., 2006. Bioraznoobraziye vodorosley-indikatorov okruzhayushchey sredy [Biodiversity of algae species serving as the indicators of the environment]. Pulies Studio, Tel-Aviv, Israel, 498 p. (In Russian).
Birch, S., McCaskie, J., 1999. Shallow urban lakes: a challenge for lake management. Hydrobiologia 395/396, 365-377.
Davydova, N.N., 1985. Diatomovye vodorosli - in-dikatory prirodnykh usloviy vodoyemov v golotsene [Diatoms used as indicator species of natural conditions in the water bodies in Holocene]. Nauka, Leningrad, USSR, 244 p. (In Russian).
Diatomovye vodorosli SSSR (iskopayemyye i sovre-mennyye). T. 2, vyp. 1 [Diatoms of the USSR (fossils and modern). Vol. 2, Iss. 1], 1988. Glezer, V.I. et al. (eds.). Nauka, Leningrad, USSR, 116 p. (In Russian).
Ekologicheskiye problemy Verkhney Volgi [Ecological problems of the Upper Volga], 2001. Kopylov, A.I. (ed.). Yaroslavl State Technical University, Yaroslavl, Russia, 427 p. (In Russian).
Fitoplankton Nizhney Volgi. Vodokhranilishcha i nizovye reki [Phytoplankton of the Lower Volga River. Reservoirs and lower reaches of the river], 2003. Trifonova, I.S. (ed.). Nauka, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 231 p. (In Russian).
Gerasimova, N.A., 1996. Fitoplankton Saratovskogo i Volgogradskogo vodokhranilishch [Phytoplankton of Saratov and Volgograd reservoirs]. Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin, Togliatti, Russia, 200 p. (In Russian).
Gollerbakh, M.M., 1977. Vodorosli i ikh otlichiya ot drugikh rasteniy [Algae and their differences from other plants]. In: Gollerbakh, M.M. (ed.), Zhizn' rasteniy. T. 3 [Plant life. Vol. 3]. Prosveshcheniye, Moscow, USSR, 7-9. (In Russian).
Kitaev, S.P., 1989. Ekologicheskiye osnovy bioproduk-tivnosti ozer ozer raznykh prirodnykh zon [Ecological bases of bioproductivity of lakes of different natural zones]. Nauka, Moscow, USSR, 207 p. (In Russian).
Kleeberg, A., 2003. Re-assessment of Wundsch's (1940) "H2S-Oscillatoria-lake"type using the eutro-phic lake Scharmutzel (Brandenburg, NE Germany) as an example. Hydrobiologia 501, 1-5.
Kolmar, A., 2006. Geografiya i monitoring bioraznoo-braziya [Geography and monitoring of biodiversity]. Moscow, Russia, 379 p. (In Russian).
Komarek, J., Anagnostidis, K., 1999. Cyanoprocaryo-ta 1. Teil: Chroococcales. Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Bd. 19/1. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Deutschland, 548 S. (In German).
Komarek, J., Anagnostidis, K., 2005. Cyanoprocaryo-ta 2. Teil: Oscillatoriales. Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Bd. 19/2. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Deutschland, 759 S. (In German).
Kopylov, A.I., Kosolapov, D.B., 2011. Mikrobnaya "petlya" v planktonnykh soobshchestvakh mors-kikh i presnovodnykh ekosistem [Microbial "loop" in plankton communities of marine and freshwater ecosystems]. KnigoGrad, Izhevsk, Russia, 330 p. (In Russian).
Korneva, L.G., 2015. Fitoplankton vodokhranilishch basseyna Volgi [Phytoplankton of reservoirs of the Volga River basin]. Kostromskoy Pechatnyi Dom, Kostroma, Russia, 284 p. (In Russian).
Krammer, K., Lange-Bertalot, H., 1986. Bacillariophy-ceae. 1. Teil: Naviculaceae. Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Bd. 2/1, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Deutschland, 876 S. (In German).
Krammer, K., Lange-Bertalot, H., 1988. Bacillario-phyceae. 2. Teil: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae. Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Bd. 2/2. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Deutschland, 596 S. (In German).
Krammer, K., Lange-Bertalot, H., 1991a. Bacillario-phyceae. 3. Teil: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunoti-aceae. Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Bd. 2/3. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Deutschland, 576 S. (In German).
Krammer, K., Lange-Bertalot, H., 1991b. Bacil-lariophyceae. 4. Teil: Achnanthaceae, kritische Ergänzungen zu Navicula (Lineolatae) und Gom-phonema. Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Bd. 2/4. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Deutschland, 437 S. (In German).
Krivina, E.S., Tarasova, N.G., 2017a. Osobennosti raspredeleniya planktonnykh vodorosley v stra-tifitsirovannom vodoyeme (na primere oz. Prudo-vikov, g.o. Toliatti) [Features of the distribution of planktonic algae in a stratified reservoir (on the example of Lake Prudovikov, Togliatti]. Voda: khi-miya i ekologiya [Water: Chemistry and Ecology] 9, 55-63. (In Russian).
Krivina, E.S., Tarasova, N.G., 2017b. Transformat-siya algoflory tekhnogennykh ozer (na primere g. Toliatti) [Transformation of the algal flora of anthropogenic lakes (by the example of Togliatti)]. Voda i ekologiya: problemy i resheniya [Water and Ecology: Problems and Solutions] 3 (71), 13-34. (In Russian).
Litinsky, Yu.B., 1960. Nekotoryye voprosy geomor-fologii ozer Karelskogo regiona [Some issues of geomorphology of lakes of the Karelian region]. In: Grigor'ev, S.V. (ed.), Materialy po gidrologii (lim-nologii) Kareliii [Materials on Hydrology (Limnology) of the Republic of Karelia]. Proceedings of the Karelian Branch of USSR AS 27, 10-59. (In Russian).
Materialy otsenki vozdeystviya na okruzhayushchuyu sredu pri realizatsii namechayemoy deyatelnosti: stroitelstvo ochistnykh sooruzheniy smeshanno-go potoka stochnykh vod predpriyatiy Severnogo promuzla (SPU) g. Toliatti v rayone reguliruyush-chey emkosti [Materials of environmental impact assessment in the implementation of the planned activity: construction of treatment facilities of mixed waste water flow of enterprises of the Northern Industrial Complex (NIC) of Togliatti in the area of regulatory capacity], 2012. Pimenov, A.A. (ed.). Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russia, 10 p. (In Russian).
Metodika izucheniya biogeotsenozov vnutren-nikh vodoemov [Methodology for the study of biogeocenoses of inland waters], 1975. Mor-dukhai-Boltovskoy, F.A. (ed.). Nauka, Moscow, USSR, 240 p. (In Russian).
Mingazova, N.M., Derevenskaya, O.Yu., Balagush-kin, O.V., Pavlova, L.R., Nabieva, E.G., Galeev, A.I., Shigapov, I.S., Zaripova, N.R., Zamaletdinov, R.I., Mingaleev, R.R., 2014. Inventarizatsiya i eko-logicheskaya pasportizatsiya vodnykh obyektov kak sposob sokhraneniya i optimizatsii ikh sosto-yaniya [Inventory and environmental certification of water bodies as a way to preserve and optimize their condition]. Astrakhanskiy vestnik ekologich-eskogo obrazovaniya [Astrakhan Herald of Ecological Education] 2 (28), 37-43. (In Russian).
Moshkova, N.A., Gollerbakh, M.M., 1986. Zelenyye vodorosli. Klass Ulotriksovyye. Opredelitel presno-vodnykh vodorosley SSSR, T. 10 (1) [Green algae. Class Ulotrichales. The taxonomic key of freshwater algae of the USSR, Vol. 10 (1)], 1986. Nauka, Leningrad, USSR, 360 p. (In Russian).
Ogurechnikova, M.A., Pimenov, A.A., 2012. Ob is-polzovanii aktivnykh ilov dlya ochistki stochnykh vod [On the use of activated sludge for wastewater
treatment]. Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russia, 94 p. (In Russian).
Ogurechnikova, M.A., Pimenov, A.A., 2015. O sovremennom sostoyanii ryada tekhnogennykh vodoyemov Samarskoy oblasti [On the current state of a number of technogenic reservoirs of the Samara Oblast]. Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russia, 94 p. (In Russian).
Okhapkin, A.G., 1994. Fitoplankton Cheboksarskogo vodokhranilishcha [Phytoplankton of the Cheboksary reservoir]. Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin, Togliatti, Russia, 275 p. (In Russian).
Okhapkin, A.G., Yulova, G.A., Startseva, N.A., 2003. Taksonomicheskoye raznoobraziye i struktura al-goflory planktona malykh vodoyemov urbaniziro-vannykh territoriy [Taxonomic diversity and structure of the algal flora of the plankton of small water bodies in urbanized areas]. Biologiya vnutrennikh vod [Inland Water Biology] 2, 51-58. (In Russian).
Ostvald, G., 1987. Osobennosti funktsionirovaniya antropogenno transformirovannykh vodoyemov [Features of functioning of the anthropogenically transformed water bodies]. Moscow, USSR, 296 p. (In Russian).
Popovsky, J., Pfiester, L.A., 1990. Dinophyceae (Di-noflagellida). Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Bd. 6. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Deutschland, 272 S. (In German).
Proshkina-Lavrenko, A.I., 1953. Diatomovyye vodoro-sli - pokazateli solenosti vody. Diatomovyy sbornik. Vyp. I [Diatoms as indicators of water salinity. Diatom collection. Issue I]. In: Proshkina-Lavrenko, A.I., Sheshukova, V.S. (eds.), Leningrad State University, Leningrad, USSR, 187-205. (In Russian).
Protisty i bakterii ozer Samarskoy oblasti [Protists and bacteria of the lakes of the Samara Region, 2009]. Zharikova, V.V. (ed.). Cassandra, Togliatti, Russia, 240 p. (In Russian).
Razumovsky, L.V., Moiseenko, T.I., 2009. Otsenka prostranstvenno-vremennykh transformatsiy oz-ernykh ekosistem metodom diatomovogo analiza [Estimation of space-time transformations of lake
ecosystems by diatom analysis]. Doklady Aka-demii Nauk. Obschaya biologiya [Doklady Biological Sciences] 429 (3), 274-277. (In Russian).
Shmidt, V.M., 1980. Statisticheskiye metody v srav-nitelnoy floristike [Statistical methods in comparative floristic plant biology]. Nauka, Leningrad, USSR, 176 p. (In Russian).
Shmidt, V.M., 1984. Matematicheskiye metody v botanike [Mathematical methods in botany]. Leningrad State University, Leningrad, USSR, 288 p. (In Russian).
Sladecek, V., 1973. System of water quality from the biological point of view. Achieves für Hydrobiologie - Beiheft Ergebnisse der Limnologie 7, 1-218.
Sladecek, V., 1986. Diatoms as indicators of organic pollution. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica 14 (5), 555-566.
Spiridonov, S.N., 2006. Rol' tekhnogennykh vodoyemov v formirovanii urbanizirovannykh land-shaftov [The role of technogenic reservoirs in the formation of urban landscapes]. Moscow, Russia, 144 p. (In Russian).
Trifonova, I.S., 1990. Ekologiya i suktsessiya ozer-nogo fitoplanktona [Ecology and succession of the lake phytoplankton]. Nauka, Leningrad, USSR, 183 p. (In Russian).
Tsarenko, P.M., 1990. Kratkiy opredelitel khlorokok-kovykh vodorosley Ukrainskoy SSR [A brief taxo-nomic key of chlorococcal algae of the Ukrainian SSR]. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, USSR, 208 p. (In Russian).
Vasser, S.P., Kondratyeva, N.I., Masyuk, N.P., Pala-mar'-Mordvintseva, G.M., Vetrov, I.Z., Kordyum, E.L., Moshkova, N.A. Prikhod'kova, L.P., Kova-lenko, O.V., Stupin, V.V., Tsarenko, P.M., Yunger, V.P., Radchenko, M.I., Vinogradova, O.N., Bukh-tiyarova, L.N., Razumna, L.F., 1989. Vodorosli. Spravochnik [Algae. Handbook]. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, USSR, 608 p. (In Russian).
Wegl, R., 1983. Index für die Limnosaprobität. Wasser und Abwasser 3 (26), 175. (In German).
