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53HISTORICAL SCIENCES
A NEW VIEW TO THE HISTORY OF THE "NOMADIC UZBEKS" STATE
Karybaev B.
Doctor of historical sciences, professor Utegulova M.
Master of History, Archaeology and Ethnology Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty,
Kazakhstan
Abstract
In the article the Author considers the questions of political history of East Desht-I Kypchak at the end of 20-ies of the XV century and the second half of the 60-ies of this century. Kerey and Zhanibek Khan, who founded The Kazakh khanate, during the struggle with the power of this dynasty, moved to Semirechye and laid the Foundation of a new state. The state "nomadic Uzbeks", in connection with the name of the Uzbek ulus or the founder of the state - about the Abulkhair khanate.
Keywords: nomadic, Deshti Kipchak, Uzbek, Kazakh, historiography, ethnos.
The end of the 20s of the XV century and the latter half of the 60s of this century belong to the period filled with its own characteristics in the political history of East Deshti Kipchak territory. In this historic period, in the 20th century, in the territory of the political power, two centuries ago, there were representatives of the Shi-baniyan family - instead of the Ordegenic dynasty. The new dynasty has a unique place in the in the ethno-po-litical history of the East Deshti Kipchak, which lasted for about 20-30 years. Kerey and Zhanibek Khan, the founders of the Kazakh Khanate in political terms, moved to the Zhetysu region in the struggle against the rule of this dynasty and laid the foundations of a new state. Therefore, it is important to know the history of the "nomadic Uzbeks" state in identifying the political preconditions for the formation of a national-type state on the territory of Kazakhstan. The ethnocultural community of "nomadic Uzbeks" is also unique in the formation of the Kazakh ethnos. As "Ordegenic" tribes were considered to be part of this ethnic associations, they supported Kerey and Zhanibek khans, and were primarily called "Uzbek-Kazakh", and then "Kazakh".. If we look from this ethnic side, we will see that this state has a special place in the history of the country.
It is known that the political structure of this new dynasty in the special scientific and popular scientific literature, also in textbooks and teaching materials was called the country of "nomadic Uzbeks", the Uzbek ulus or the Abulkhayr khanate, who was the founder of the state.
As for the history of this state structure, which has its own place in our history, we find that there is little research in the historiography of the former tsarist Russia, the subsequent Soviet period, and today's independence. Apart from some articles and some textbooks, there is only one monographic research on the subject. It is a work of the Uzbek historian of the Soviet period B.A.Akhmedov, published in Moscow in 1965, "The state of the nomadic Uzbeks". (1) Even though more than 50 years have elapsed since the publication of the book, many of the views and conclusions of the author
on the subject are still widely accepted in the historiography of the problem. His opinions are also taken in the historiography of our time.
Nowadays, we see that some of the author's conclusions are already outdated. In due time, the well-known orientalist V.P. Yudin gave a scientific review to the work of B.A. Akhmedov. His criticism is a classic-style criticism. It is "B.A.Akhmedov's research is the first attempt to systematize and scientifically study the historical way of the Uzbeks living in the East Deshti Kipsh in the XV century, "explains many false comments and mistakes in the research. Akhmedov wrote a useful book. "(2) Since the publication of the works there have been serious changes in historical science, which have significantly advanced in the theoretical, methodological, source studies, historiographical aspects. In addition to the shortcomings and mistakes noted by V.P. Yudin, you can see other shortcomings in this work. These include the following disadvantages::
1) The reasons for how young Abulhair came to power and was supported by the local authorities of the tribes and believers were not disclosed;
2) 1446-1468 / 69 Abulkhair Khan's policy with the Aksak Temir descendants in Maerennakhr was given in a single sentence, without any consideration of his relations;
3) Nothing is said about the purpose, direction, course of the last campaign of Abulkhair Khan in Mo-gulistan, etc.
At the same time, supporting V.P. Yudin's opinion about this book, for our part, we say that this study by B.A. Akhmedov is the first and only monographic study devoted to the history of Abulkhair Khan.
After the publication of this work in Soviet historiography, there were firmly established conclusions that "nomadic Uzbeks "lived more than 40 years" in the territory of East Desht-I Kipchak state, "the power of Abulkhair Khan lasted more than 40 years", which is still one of the leading opinions in modern historiography. In this regard, we would like to express our opinion below.
After the death of Barak Khan in 1428, the feudal wars and battles intensified in the East Deshti Kipchak, including the Shiban Nation in the western part of the area. Let materials from written sources do not systematically report on all conflicts in the regions, some of them will be notified. One of the sons of Edige's dynasty, Gazi Bai, who was dissatisfied with his politics, was dismissed from the Kukistanli Jibyldik Khan, and the Khan's emperor's emirates fleeing from the heat and drowning, so Jayar Zhakyn (a historical site in the West Kazakhstan region where the exact location is not known, and then they are called by the Zhumadyk khan for 70,000 troops, and the left wing of Abulkhair was on the left.) (3) Then, according to the materials, there was a bloody battle between the two sides, Zhumadyk Khan's army was defeated, Khan died, and 16-year-old Abulkhair was taken prisoner. According to B.A. Akhmedov, Zhumadyk Khan and many army commanders were captured and then killed by the decree of the lords Mangyt. [5] And Kohistani says that, Zhu-madyk khan dies in this battle by God's grace. (6).
One of the rulers of Mangitov, Saryg-Shiman (B.A. Akhmedov writes Saryg-Usman - BK) shows high respect for the 16-year-old Abulkhair and helps his return. Abulhair winters from December of the same year to March of the following year among the people of Alash-Bahadur, the head of the Western region, a very authoritative and influential person (7). At this time, the contender for the future throne of ulus Shiban was determined. Alash Bahadur seems to have informed all the heads of the tribes in the neighboring regions that his people have the descendants of Genghis and not just the descendants and direct descendants of the dynasty led by the Shiban dynasty from the 13 th century. With the onset of spring, Abulhair returned to his people. In the same year, the largest religious leaders - Kul-Mohammed Seid, Kara Seid, as well as Kiyat, Mangyt, Shynbay, Idzhan, Kanbayly, Tabgut, Daturam, Kushshi, Otarshy, Naiman, Okresh Nayman, Tubai, Taymas, Uat, khitai, barak , Uygur, Karluk, Keneges, Uishin (Uysin), Konyrat, Kurlauyt, Ichki, tuman, tuman-ming and other representatives of the tribes and representatives of the Genghis dynasty as Shadbakyt Oglan, Temir Oglan, Murat-Sopy Oglan, several influential persons who held the position of Tarkhan raise Abulkhayr to the position of Khan (8). A.B. Akhmedov wrote on the basis of Mahud bin Uali, "At that time (Abulkhairy - BK) about 200 outstanding leaders of clans and tribes supported him (9). Kukistani describes the year of Abulkhair's reign as follows: "At the age of seventeen, eighteen thirty-third was at the threshold of the Bajzin, the Monarchy (1428/1429) [Abul Khair]." (10) Thus, the power of 17-year-old Abulkhair begins, which lasted for several decades in the ulus of Shiban and East Desht-I Kipchak.
The main purpose of Abul Khair Khan's reign was to destroy the political unrest in the Shiban nation and to restore the integrity of the nation. This goal was accompanied by the interests of the leaders of major religions and tribal leaders who brought him to power. For the clergy, the appearance in a small, independent uluses of a separate religious space represented a great danger. If conflicting religious movements will spread
in each separate ulus, this, of course, in turn, leads to the emergence of various Muslim groups. In this regard, standing all the ulus in one political space is the only position that does not allow different movements. As for tribal leaders, it is known that the migration of the country under their control requires a large space. The seperation of the huge economic space for nomadic cattle breeding politically into a separate political space hindered the development of cattle breeding. Therefore, it was very beneficial for tribal leaders to have a common political space than a separate political space.
As political disunity impedes trade, a group of traders was also very interested in the presence in the same region of the same political space. For Abulkhair Khan, it was very ineffective that the khanates, who had been separated from the XIII century by the ancestors, were divided into several ethnic groups, where they held separate rulers. He tried to restore only power of the Shiban dynasty in the Shiban Ulus. Thus, the purpose and interests of the clergy and tribal leaders supported by Abul Khair Khan and representatives of his dynasty will be concentrated in one direction.
Abulkhair Khan, thanks to his supporters, immediately achieves major successes in the struggle to unite the ulus of Shiban. The first campaign of the young Khan was sent to the city of Tura (Tara), which became the political, administrative and economic center of this region, and victory is achieved without a fight. Such rulers as Adab-bek, Kepek-Kozh, immediately recognized the authority of Abulkhair Khan.
B.A.Akhmedov points out that Abulkhair Khan, after receiving the city of Tura, educated and pulled a hut into his name, and capitalized the city to 1446. (12) This victory was the first victory of Abulkhair Khan on the way of unification of ulus Shiban. It encourages Abulkhair khan to go on a new campaign. Also, the victory message spread rapidly around the Shiban dynasty, relatives of Abulkhair Khan, and some of the tribal leaders to the young khan, who strengthened the Khan's power and took an active part in the next and the new campaigns of Abulkhair (13).
In 1430/31, Abulkhair khan defeated the army of Shiban Makhmudkhodzha Khan near the Tobol River (14). After the victory of Abulkhair Kukistan, Kukistan states that the majority of Dasht-i-Kipchak was subordinated to the khan (15). Indeed, thanks to the two victories of Abulkhair khan, the majority of the disintegrated Shiban nation is united. He became the sole ruler of the Shiban nobility. Further, he directed the following campaign in 1431/1432 to Khorezm in order to strengthen his position in the Deshti Kipchak and to play a leading role in economic relations with Central Asia.
Abulkhair khan quickly gets to the capital of Khorezm, Urgench, but can not stay there. His records of his fast departure from the Khorezm region, as well as the researchers explain for various reasons. The Kuchistani cites the following information: "The town of Khorezm and the people of that city was under the hot sun and under the patronage of King [Abulkhair khan] like Solomon, and a plague broke out in Khorezm." (16) Further, the author states that the Abulkhair khan army, who learned the clean air in
Deshdik Kipchak, did not look bad at Khorezm, and that the only way to get rid of the army chiefs from the khan was to return to Dasht-i Kipchak. [Abul Khair Khan] decided upon his return to [his] hordes on the basis of [these] requests of his emirates and advisers, "explains Masood ibn 'Uthman Kuhistani (17). An Arab historian Abu Abbas Ahmed Takmaddin in his book by Al-Makrizi "The Book of Ways for Knowledge", who lived in 1364 / 65-1441 /, tells about the widespread severe drought and plague epidemics, the death of more than many nations. (18). P.P. Ivanov explains that materials of the historian of the Temir dynasty Abd ur-Razzaq Samarqandi (1413-1482) show the above-mentioned plague disease and the heat of the sun caused Abulkhair Khan to return later(19). In the work of Abd ar-Razzak Samarkand it is said about this event, but P. Ivanov could not explain it completely. There, in 834 (19th IX, 1430-8.IX.1431), a messenger came to Khorezm with Shahrukh and reported that the occupation of Khorezm by the Uzbek troops made great robberies and returned to their Deshti Kipchak (20). Then Samarqandi wrote: "He (Shahrukh) gave that region to some rulers, and the commandments showed heroism and persecution, attacked the Uzbek nation, destroyed them, and drove away the others." We can see immediately that P. Ivanov's statement, "But Abulkhair has left Khorezm because of the overthrow of the Iron Army". The commandments sent by Shakhruh seem to have overthrown the governors and the small armies who had left Abulkhair Khan at Khorezm.
A.A.Semenov points out that Abulkhair khan's departure from Khorezm is connected with plague epidemic, and B.A.Akhmedov notes that this is the reason why the sons of Khan Mahmud Khan and Ahmed Khan were killed by Abulkhair Khan (22).
We fully agree with B.A.Ahmedov's opinion. The direction of the next campaign of Abulkhair Khan against Ahmed Khan and Mahmud Khan shows the correctness of B.A. Akhmedov's opinion. After returning from the Khorezm campaign Abulkhair will carefully prepare and immediately go on a campaign against the brothers-khans. The historian of the Shaiban dynasty Masood ibn Osman Kukhistani tells about this campaign and its course so well. According to him, Mahmud Khan and Ahmed Khan became dependent on Khan Abulkhair, however they refused to obey him and committed revolts (23). At the same time, as in other written sources, little is said about the fact that the sons of the younger Muhammad were dependent on Abulkhair Khan. B.A. Akhmedov immediately analyzed the battle between the two sides, avoiding this issue. For the story of Abulkhair Khan, this problem has a special meaning, so we'll specifically dwell on this.
Ahmed Khan and Mahmud Khan, who were opponents of Abulkhair Khan, are the direct descendants of Temir-Malik, Temir-Kutty and his son Younger Mohammed, who left their mark on the history of the Golden Horde (24).
M.G.Sapargaliyev said that in the Golden Horde in the end of the XIV century and in the first 30 years of the fifth century, five sons of Tokhtamys Khan, five generations of Temir Malik and the son of Hassan
Ulugh Mohammed were ruled by the King of the Golden Horde, Muhammad Khan and his descendants. and notes that he has a clear picture of what he himself wrote in the Chronicle of the Golden Horde khans (25). The younger Mohammed Khan had been in the Astrakhan region before he took possession of the Golden Horde. His grandfather Temir-Kutluk held this region under his leadership since 1396. According to Kadyr-gali Zhalair, Temir Kutluk ruled Kazy tarkhand on the Volga River, together with Edige, one of them was a khan, the other was a biy. (26). V. V. Velyaminov-Zernov also says that in the XVI century Nogai masters called Astrakhan - "the population of khan Timur Kutlug". (27).
Thus, after the devastating campaign of Tamerlan against the Golden Horde, uluses and regions on the western side of the Volga were in a difficult situation, many tribes moved to other directions, in some ulus rulers changed and new ones came. The descendants of Temir Kutlugh lived in Astrakhan, and in 1459, one of his descendants - Mahmud Khan founded the independent Astrakhan Khanate. When we look at the east boundary of the Astrakhan in the 1430s, we see that it is merged with the Mangyts river and the Volga River. From the Volga to the east to Emba the Mangysh tribes moved. All the information is unanimously supported by the fact that at that time, the dagger of Okan was on the side of Abulkhair Khan (28). It is as if the grandson of Temir Bektur khan did not like Ahmed Khan and Mahmoud Khanlar, who were very close to the Shiban Abulkhair Khan, the grandson of Yedigin, who participated in his campaigns. Both of these records were written in the 1430s. At the beginning they called the "khan", but they still did not own the khanate. Only after the death of their father, Muhammad Khan, in 1459, Mahmoud Astrakhan came to power in the Great Horde. Until then, we believe that two of the brothers were ruling in the adjacent nation in the eastern region of Astrakhan.
In our opinion, in 1428-29, he came to power and fought with Abul Khair Khan, who united the entire Shiban nation until 1431/32, and the two sultans counterattacked him. However, it is uncertain whether Ahmad and Mahmud, the Kukhistani brothers, rebelled against Abulkhair Khan. Perhaps the historian of the Shaybani dynasty wrote about the campaigns of Abulkhair Khan against the descendants of Genghis to justify him. Perhaps due to the fact that the Mangyt Biy Okas had a close relationship with Abulkhair Khan, two Sultan brothers attacked his possessions between the Volga and Ural, Ural and Emba. For the same reason, Abulkhair Khan directed his fourth campaign against the sons of King Michael Mohammed.
In General, the course of the campaign and the participation of the leaders of the kind of tribe cheats and the result of the battle was well described in the work of Kohistani. (29). Abulkhair Khan won in this battle too. Orda Bazaar (which is still unknown to anyone - BK) will read and write money for Abulkhair Khan's name. Horde Bazaar becomes the capital of Desht-I Kipchak, and interpreters write "Khan's Horde is usually so called." The story is about the Orda Bazar, which was the center of Batu during the history ofAbd
al-Khayr '. "(30) We still deliberately ignore the problem that has not yet been resolved, and we want to focus on the name of the second place in this battle. It is about the name of the place called Ikri Tup.
A. Semenov read this name - Ikry-Tup, saying that he was in one of the Syr Darya steppes. Comparing several variants in the manuscripts of the Historical-Abulkhair-Khani, Akhmedov argues that the battle between the sons of Abulkhair Khan and the Khan of Mohammed Khan was a place called Ikri-Tub (31). It is Ibragimov reads it as Anri-tup (32). In 1983 the second volume of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic's History and the Second Volume of the History of Kazakhstan in 1983, this place is termed "Eqrea-koe" and in the 1983 edition it was shown by Semenov in the Syr Darya steppe, and in the 1998 edition he was "the son of Ahmed Khan The north-western part of the Aral Sea "(33). The Russian historian IV Zaitsev, who carried out a special study on the history of the Astrakhan Khanate, wrote that Ikry-Tub should have been on the Ural River (34). In fact, the fact of the battle is a historical fact, and where exactly it is, is not known. In this regard, let's express our thoughts below.
First of all, in the area of battle, I.V.Zaytsev's opinion is to be corrected. In our opinion, the battle took place in the West Kazakhstan region on the Volga and the Ural. As for the name "Ikri-Tub", this name is also a mistyped place as a result of the minor mistakes made by the visitors of the Tarikh Abulhair Khanid. The latter of the "Ikri-Tub" is not the "bottom" but the "hill", and the alphabetical structure of the Ikri's Arabic letter is similar to the word "End". Then, when we read the word "Ikri-tub" as "Akhir Tobe", we have a certain meaning. Currently, under this name on the Kazakh land there are many land names.
The victory of Abulkhair Khan in 1431/32 raises his reputation, but it does not last long. It is written in Mahmud ibn Wall's book that Ahmed and Mahmud Khan returned to the throne "inherited" after the defeat of 1431 (35). In general, Abulkhair Khan completes the restoration of the ulus of Shiban in 1429-1431/32 years and reaches its first goal.
There is no evidence of the life of Abulkhair Khan in 1431/32-1446. If he did the same thing, he would have been told about it. Looking at her, we believe that her 14-15-year-old life was at its peak. There were several ethnic groups living in the East Deshti Kipchak who lived there for years. They are the great son of Mustafa Khan, the Shaanxi of the Syr Darya and the son of the Sultans of Kurey and Zhanibek, the Orda-zhene, along the middle of the Syr Darya, between the Ishim and Irtysh rivers. Apparently, Abulkhair Khan was waiting for a good chance to fight them. These years in the political history of the Abul Khair Khanate belong to the calm, peaceful period.
The next and third stage in the history of Abulkhair khanate begins in 1446. In 1429, the 17-year-old Abul Khairi was given power by the tribal leaders and clergymen to join the united Shiban nation, and the 34-year-old khan united the entire East Dasht-i Kipchak and began to struggle to establish his own sovereignty over the entire territory.
Abul Khair Khan, who won Mustafa Khan and embraced his son, is preparing for the next campaign. The next khan goes to the Syganak region along the middle stream of the Syr Darya. According to him, "the khan found it necessary to conquer Sybakan, in order to overdue" (38).
The start of the fight led to the comeback of Mango dance Okas and Shibanism Mustafa Khan. Kukistani writes that "[his] (Abulkhair Khan - B.K.) winners came to the khan and told that he was preparing for a campaign against Mustafa Khan with a large number of troops and with the support of Okas bi (Abul Khair Khan) ..." (36). The khan who heard the message did not wait for the way of Mustafa Khan, but went against himself and fought in the Central Atbasar River in Central Kazakhstan. In this battle, Abulkhair Khan won and Mustafa Khan was forced to flee (37).
There is no data on how Abulkhair Khan subdued the Syr area. It seems that he has taken this region very hard. The Shibanil khan gives the towns such as Syganak, Akkorgan, Arkun, Sozak and Ozgent to the governors of their respective emirates and commanders. For the first time, the Khan himself will winter in this region. And since 1446 Syganak becomes the capital of the Abulkhair Khanate.
Abulkhair Khan won the Mustafa Khan and occupied the cities and regions along the middle of the Syr Darya, making him a full and personal ruler of East Deshti Kipchak. From a political point of view, it unites the whole East Dashnis after the Barak Khan in one political structure. Political unification also forms an ethnically united space and in the historical literature a new ethno-communist society is called "nomadic Uzbeks."
1446 - Abulkhair Khan's personal power and his khanate are considered to be the richest years in power. From that point on, Abulkhair khan is the real dictator of East Deshti Kipchak. The subsequent 1446-1457 years and 1457-1469 refer to the period of decline and decline in the history of the Abulkhair Khanate. We will consider that period as special in our other works.
Having considered the issues we have discussed above, we are convinced that "Abulkhair Khan Dasht had more than 40 kings in Kipchak" and was elected as khan to one of the great tribes of Shiban in 1428, and in 1431-32, and in 1446, after the acquisition of the Cheese, we conclude that it was the Khanate of the East Deshti Kipchak.
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