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26. ГАКК. - Ф. Р-1386. Оп. 1. Д. 6308. Л. 236-239.
27. ГАКК. - Ф. Р-1386. Оп. 1. Д. 6593. Л. 101.
28. ГАКК. - Ф. Р-1386. Оп. 1. Д. 7015. Л. 104.
29. ГАКК. - Ф. Р-1386. Оп. 1. Д. 7114. Л. 199.
30. ГАКК. - Ф. Р-1386. Оп. 1. Д. 7459. Л. 24, 32, 36.
Ibragimova Meruert Nurhjigitovna, Nusupbaeva Saltanat Adirovna, Toyshubekova Zhulduz Klubbekovna, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, teachers of history, the Faculty of Pre -University education E-mail: [email protected]
The hiker Amir Timur to Mogolstan
Abstract: In the beginning of the XIII th century they began to recover from mongol invasion, but in the second half of the XIV th century because of Master Temir’s military campaign tribes settled in Kazakhstan became alienated. Military campaigns carried out by Temir and his generation uncoordinated ethnic groups who lived in Kazakhstan. Keywords: source, dynasties, Amir Timur, Mogolstan.
The main objective of the research is to study thoroughly Timur’s campaigns on the basis ofthe Timur works.
Before speaking about Amir Timur’s and his descendants’ campaigns let’s give short information on Amir Timur himself.
Amir Timur was the ruler who terrified whole Medieval Central Asia was from Mongol Barlas tribe. He was born in 1336 (in the year ofmouse) on April 9 in Xodji Il-gar village near Kesh (Shakhrisyabz). He was Taragai’s son from the first wife Tekin Khatun. Taragai wasn’t Kesh’s owner and the head of the Barlas tribe [1, 189].
Amir Timur Bin Bakhadyr (1335-1405) was popular twice in his life. The first period covers 1360-1386. During that period Timur struggled for the creation of a strong centralized state that independent on Mughal era Khanate in Mawarannakhr. Timur’s second era began in 1386 and completed in 1402. In this Timur’s era differed from the so-called three-year, five-year, seven-year raids [2, 15].
Timur created the dynasty which not belonged to Chingiz in the country and he was the first ruler of Mawarannakhr from Turk-Mongol beks [3, 30]. He was tall, handsome and slim, according to Ibn Arabshakh who knew Amir Timur well, characterized him as the person who has strong physical strength and courage. Timur didn’t fear death, moved forward. He was solely
at the risk of danger, he became the 26-year-old handicapped person. As a result of his injury in Seistan he couldn’t move his right arm wrist because of his injured two fingers. But his shoulder joints were better.His right leg didn’t become straight, that’s why it’s length was shorter than the left leg’s.
After that injury Timur Temurleng had got nickname Lame Timur (“lame” in Persian - Leng, and the Turkish - Aqsa), European name is Tamerlan [1, 190].
According to T. I. Sultanov’s words, Timur took only position of Amir, never considered himself as a Khan, he gave throne to so called khans from Genghis Khan’s descendants and called himself “joint owner”. According to V. V. Bartold’s words, the position “Timur Khan” in some documents was made up by his followers. Amir Timur called himself “Amir Timur Gurgan” in his coins and letters for foreign monarchs. Amir is an Arabic word that corresponds to the Turkish “ben” and in Mongol means “musketeer”. Gurgan is a Mongolian word means “groom”. It was given to the person who married to girls of Genghis’s descendants. Timur’s sons were the position of Lords (the amirzade — “Amir’s son”).
The slogan of Timur’s guiding idea of the power was “rasti va rusti” in Persian (“Justice and power”). That slogan was set on Timur’s seal ring [1, 190-191]. In the 70-90-years of the fourteenth century Amir Timur
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The hiker Amir Timur to Mogolstan
had more than a dozen campaign to East Deshti Kipchak, Zhetisu and Tien-Shan.
In March 1370, Timur with his well-armed troops went from Kesh to Balkh and surrounded it. Mawaran-nakhr’s ruler Amir Husain was killed. After those events Amir Timur’s political position became strong in the state. Because at that time there wasn’t any solid person in Mawarannakhr [4, 14].
During his 35-year reign Timur stopped political divisions in Mawarannakhr and he founded the “Iron State" which got the level of Empire. Amir Timur conquered Mughalstan, Khorezm, South Kazakhstan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Khorassan, Badakshan, North Afghanistan. As well as he had several successful campaigns to Ottoman Turks, the Golden Horde, India. Also he arranged military campaigns to Khorezm 7-8 times, 4 times to the Golden Horde, to India 2 times, to the Ak Orda 2 times, to Mughalstan 13 times. Timur had foreign booty in other peoples and countries [5, 18]. The first victims of his aggression were the peoples of the South East Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan (Mughalstan) and the East Deshti Kipchak (Ak Orda).
K. A. Pishulina in her works compares data on Amir Timur’s changing goals and objectives regarding Mogolstan in the fourteenth century and the consequences of Timur’s campaigns to Mogolstan’s political, cultural and economic life. “This should be kept in mind that the Timur’s data is the only source of information of that time. There were not only described military campaigns, as well as South East’s situation”, tells K. A. Pishulina and reminds that it should be careful to such works to protect the interests of Timur’s and his descendants [5, 63]. Of course, there were works written by Timur’s order at his Palace that’s why they require accuracy on using information from them.
Most of the data shows that Timur’ s campaigns to Mawarannakhr as robbing Mogol Amirs. However, this does not correspond to reality. Nizam-ad-Din Shami in his works told about Kepek Timur and Uzbek Timur Mogol Amirs’ campaigns.Also he told about Timur’s against campaign in 773 (1371-1372). Mohammed Haidar considers that Timur didn’t go himself at his first campaign to Mogolstan. Kereit Uzbek sent troops against Timur and they approached to Almalyk. They fought Kereit tribe, but that fight was ended by peaceful agreement. Muyin ad-Din Natanzi and Mirkhond informed that Mo-gol Amirs’ campaigns to Mawarannakhr had been the basis of Timur’s responsible campaign [5, 63].
Timur wasn’t satisfied by peaceful agreement with Ke-reits and decided to run his troops to Mogolstan himself.
There was contradiction on data about his the first campaigns. Shami told that the troops against Mogol Amirs had gone up them to Segiz Agah near IssykKul [6, 64]. When the authors were analyzing the results of campaigns they had similar opinions. That campaign was exploration offuture campaigns. S. Joldasbayuly shows that Amir Timur’s campaign in 1375-1377 was his first campaign to Mogolstan [7, 111]. In 1375 Timur went through the South Kazakhstan which was one of Mogolstan’s part, caught up Mogol armies on Sharyn River, he hit them hard. Timur’s historiography Muyin ad-Din Natanzi describes Timur’s purpose of that campaighn as an invasion [8, 65]. According to one of Timur’s historiog-raphySherefaddin Ali Iazdi’s words, that campaighn was the third campaign of Timur [9, 383]. Timur had been living in Samarkand two months since cold weather had turned warm. According to Muyin ad-Din Natanzi’s information, at that time Mogolstan’s other commanders went to Mawarannakhr to conquer, they didn’t obey the supreme ruler of the country Kamar ad-Ding.
Not being informed Timur couldn’t hit unexpectedly Kamar ad-Din’s soldiers. When Mogol ruler heard of Timur’s campaign, he hid in human foot stainless land Aryshlar (in “Tarikhi Rashidi”) or Berke Gyuran (in other works). V. V. Bartold revealed that place was in the Charyn River gorge. “That place is out of the legs of a man, called Berke and Gyuran canyon, there are 3 big rivers there. Kamar ad-Din went through both, then stopped at the third, and closed the crossings” [10, 69]. The troops led by Zhakhangir came there. There was battle then Mogol troops fled in the direction of Ili River. The next day Timur sent troops in order to catch up Mogols on Ili River, where they plundered them down.
According to Muyin ad-Din Natanzi’s information, Timur’s troops went back from Ili River, Kamar ad-Din defected to Three (Three Turfan in the East Turkistan). Amir sent winner soldier with Zhakhangir in order to arrest Kamar ad-din. All the authors noted that Zhakhangir had brought to Timur as a trophy “prisoners, horses and sheep”.
Timur’s campaign in 1376 was a failure. The reason was that when Timur went to Khoresm the rebellion had been arranged by 30 thousand troops sent to Mogolstan. However, the rebels failed without achieving to Samarkand. Amir Timur’s anger regarding Mogolstan was stronger than before. Timur attacked again in 1377, at that battle Kama ad-Din Abakum lost and run away. Amir Timur’s historians told a lot about the battles with Kamar ad-Din. They called those battles “against the Mogol Ulus”, “against Zhete Ulus” in their works.
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Timur’s historians exaggerated Timur’s defeat in the campaigns against Kamar ad-Din. However, Timur couldn’t remove Kamar ad-Din’s troops at once and it shows that Kamar ad-Din’s troops were very strong. Because of Kamar ad-Din lost his main strength and Mo-golstan, he wasn’t able to get an army together for a long period of time.Because of several defeats with Timur Kamar ad-Din lost his face as a head of Ulus.That caused turmoil among the tribes and Timur could win Zhetysu nations by one.
Amir Timur’s main goal was to sign up Mogolstan upside down. Therefore, when he arrested Kamar ad-Din he had suffered significant losses. Nether less Timur repeatedly went camping with his children.
In conclusion, Timur’s campaigns annoy nomad people. His robberies in the conquered countries and brutal oppression of the people violated the country’s turmoil Also Timur’s historians noted that Amir Timur had been very strict regarding conquered public, including the mass extermination of civilians. Timur’s historians wrote too much false information, but you can
find the truth behind it. Therefore, as a result of depth comparison and analysis of these works can be converted into valuable data.
Amir Timur didn’t only conquered, but also took good measures to improve the condition of conquered countries. For example, in 1397 he founded the mausoleum Kozha Akhmet Yassaui in the city of Turkestan in the South of Kazakhstan. Also he made good contribution to the construction of other buildings.
Amir Timur’s campaign in 1405 was aimed at China. On the way to China he died in Otyrar (the city of South Kazakhstan). After his death Timur’s descendants started to fight for the throne. Because of it, the State was collapsed. He ischaracterized as a talented military leader and a strong politician in the history of the world. His cruelty is described in the history of the occupied countries. But Turk, Persian, Arabic culture and art representatives, scientists and thinkers were supported by Amir Timur. Therefore, we consider for such great person it is required the comprehensive study, comparing the different data.
References:
1. Sultanov T I. Genghis Khan and Chingisids. - M., 2006.
2. Muminov I. The position and the role of Amir Timur’s in the Middle Asian history. - T, 1993. - 15 p.
3. Sultanov T I. Timur and his Empire. - A., 2004. - Р. 30.
4. Mukhammodzhanov A. R. Triumph of Timur and Timur’s descendants. Historical essays. - T, 1996, - 14 p.
5. Pishulina K. A. South-East Kazakhstan in the middle of XIV - the beginning of the XV century. (Questions regarding the political and social and economic history). - Alma-Ata, 1977.
6. Shomi Nizomiddin. Zafarnoma. Translation by Yu. Khakimzhanov and A. Urinboyev. - T, 1996. - 528 p.
7. Zholdasbayuly S. Ancient and medieval Kazakhstan. - A., 1995. - 176 p.
8. Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi. Zafarnoma. Suz boshi, tabdil: B. Ashpulatov. - T, 1997, - 383 p.
9. The collection of materials regarding History of the Golden Orda, T II, V. Extracts from Persian essays collected by V. G. Tizengauzen, worked out byA. A. Romaskevich and S. L. Volin. - Moscow-Leningrad, 1941. - 308 p.
10. Sharaf ad-Din ali Iezdi. Suz boshi, tabdil, izohlar va kursatkichlar mualliflari: B. Eshpulatov. - Tashkent, 1997. - P. 383.
11. Bartold V. V. Works on Source Studies./V. V. Bartold. Essays. T VIII. - M., 1973. - 723 p.
Mozgovoi Sergej Grigorievitch, Far Eastern Federal University, assistant professor, Arse^ev Technological Institute E-mail: [email protected]
Social and political context prince Dmitriy Vichnevetsky activities
Abstract: Some social and political foundations of a prince Dmitriy Vichnevetsky military and political activities, which are determined by the historical period peculiarities. The main stages of a prince activities are called. Keywords: administrative ruling system, military and political growth strategy, strong point, cross-area.
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