CC BY
12_© Амурский зоологический журнал III(4), 2011.310-314_
УДК 595.762.12 © Amurian zoological journal III(4), 2011.310-314
GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) FROM ILAM AND LORESTAN PROVINCES OF IRAN
H. Ghahari1, M. Kesdek2
[Гахари Х., Кесдек M. Жужелицы (Coleoptera: Carabidae) из провиций Илам и Лорестан Ирана]
'Department of Agriculture, Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: hghahari@yahoo.com
2Mugla University, Fethiye Ali Sitki Mefharet Kojman Vocational School, Department of Organic Agriculture, 48300, Fethiye, Mugla,
Turkey. E-mail: mekesdek@hotmail.com
'Кафедра сельского хозяйства, Отделение Шахр-и-Рей, Открытый исламский университет, Тегеран, Иран. E-mail: hghahari@yahoo.com 2Университет Мугла, Профессионально-техническая школа Фетье Али Ситки Мефарет Кочман, отдел органического сельского хозяйства, 48300, Фетье, Мугла, Турция. E-mail: mekesdek@hotmail.com
Key words: Coleoptera, Carabidae, Ground beetles, Ilam, Lorestan, Iran Ключевые слова: Coleoptera, Carabidae, Жужелицы, Илам, Лорестан, Иран
Summary. Ground beetles are a large group of insects, many of which are important bio-indicators and have significant role in biological control of agricultural and forest pests. The fauna of these beneficial insects was studied in two Iranian provinces including, Ilam and Lorestan. Totally 64 species and subspecies from 32 genera and 14 tribes belonging to nine subfamilies were collected from different regions of the mentioned provinces.
Резюме. Жужелицы - многочисленная группа насекомых, которые являются важными биоиндикаторами и играют важную роль в биологическом контроле лесных и сельскохозяйственных вредителей. Фауна этих полезных насекомых исследовалась в двух иранских провинциях - Илам и Лорестан. Приводится 64 вида и подвида из 32 родов и 14 триб, принадлежащих девяти подсемействам, собранных в различных точках упомянутых провинций.
INTRODUCTION
Carabidae is a huge, worldwide distributed beetle family which is an exceptionally interesting object of various biological observations. There are over 40.000 species known in the world. Primary importance of the family lies in the variety and the location of the food they consume. The carabid beetles (both larva and adult) are usually predators and occupy very different ecological niches [Avgin and Ozdikmen, 2007]. While some species are omnivorous, and some phytophages, most of them are carnivorous [Lobl and Smetana, 2003; Larsen et al., 2003; Avgin and Emre, 2007].
Ilam province is located in the south-west of Iran, bordering Iraq, and covering an area of 19,086 square kilometers. It neighbors Khuzestan province in the south, Lurestan province in the east, Kermanshah province in the north and Iraq in the west with 425 kilometers of common border. Ilam province is among the warmest regions of Iran, although the mountainous areas of north and north eastern Ilam are relatively cold. The average annual rainfall is 578 mm. Ilam's highest point is the peak Kabir Kuh at 2790 m, part of the Zagros mountains.
Lorestan is an area of28,392 km2 comprising a province and a historic territory of western Iran amidst the Zagros Mountains. The terrain consists chiefly of mountains, with numerous ranges, part of the Zagros chain, running northwest to southeast. The highest point of the province is peak at 4,050 m, and the low-lying areas being in the southernmost sector of the province, are approximately 500 m above sea level. The climate is generally subhumid continental with winter precipitation, a lot of which falls as snow. Because it lies on the westernmost slopes of the Zagros Mountains, annual precipitation in Lorestan is among the highest anywhere in Iran south of the Alborz Mountains. The average annual precipitation
totals 530 millimetres of rainfall equivalent, whilst up to 1270 millimetres may fall on the highest mountains. Temperatures vary widely with the seasons and between day and night. Summer temperatures typically range from a minimum of 12°C to a hot maximum of 32°C. In winter, they range from a minimum of -2°C to a chilly maximum of 8°C.
Some important studies on Iranian Carabidae were made by Jaeger [1990], Jaeger [1992], Hejkal [2000], Lassalle [2001], Alichi & Minaei [2002a, b], Heinz [2002], Magrini & Pavesi [2003], Fallahzadeh et al. [2005], Mohammadzadeh Fard and Hojjat [2005], Jaskula [2007], Toledano & Marggi [2007], Mohammadzadeh Fard [2008], Ghahari et al. [2009a, b, c, 2010]. But the fauna of these natural enemies of pests was not studied in Ilam and Lorestan provinces perfectly. The objective of this paper is determining of carabids fauna in western regions of Iran.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The specimens were collected from fourteen different regions of Ilam and Luristan provinces, Iran. Plastic pitfall traps, 10x15 cm (diameter x depth) and light traps were the main methods for collecting the specimens. The pitfall traps installed at 50 m intervals in different apple orchards were part-filled with ethanol 80%. The traps were emptied weekly within three crop seasons (spring - fall) and the fallen beetles were collected. In addition to the pit fall and light traps, sweeping nets were used randomly in different ecosystems of the mentioned provinces. The information concerning locality, altitude (in brackets) and date of collection, and number of specimens (in brackets) is noted for each species. The nomenclature of Carabidae is given sensu Lobl and Smetana [2003].
RESULTS
In a total 64 species and subspecies from 32 genera and 14 tribes belonging to nine subfamilies (including Brachininae, Callistinae, Carabinae, Harpalinae, Lebiinae, Pterostichinae, Nebrinae, Scaritinae, Cicindelinae) of Carabidae were collected and determined from Ilam and Luristan provinces. The list of species is given below.
Subfamily Brachininae Bonelli, 1810 Tribe Brachinini Bonelli, 1810 Genus Pheropsophus Solier, 1833 Pheropsophus africanus (Dejean, 1825) Material examined: Ilam province: Mehran (162 m), (2), March 2008.
Subfamily Callistinae Laporte de Catelnau, 1834 Tribe Chlaeniini Brulle, 1834 Genus Chlaenius Boneli, 1810 Chlaenius festivus (Panzer, 1796) Material examined: Ilam province: Mehran (162 m), (5), March 2008.
Chlaenius vestitus (Paykull, 1790) Material examined: Lorestan province: Pol-e-Dokhtar, (635 m), (3), August 2006. Ilam province: Saleh Abad (619 m), (1), April 2008.
Subfamily Carabinae Latreille, 1802 Tribe Carabini Latreille, 1802 Genus Calosoma Weber, 1801 Calosoma (Campalita) maderae tectum Motschulsky, 1844 Material examined: Lorestan province: Sarab Doreh, (1176 m), (1), July 2005. Ilam province: Ilam (987 m), (3), October 2007.
Calosoma (Campalita) olivieri Dejean, 1831 Material examined: Ilam province: Ilam (1428 m), (2), September 2007.
Genus Carabus Linneaus, 1758 Carabus convexus Fabricius, 1775 Material examined: Lorestan province: Khorramabad, (1045 m), (1), May 2009.
Carabus coriaceus Linneaus, 1758
Material examined: Ilam province: Darrehshahr (712 m),
(4), July 2008.
Subfamily Cicindelinae Latreille, 1802 Tribe Cicindelini Sloane, 1906 Genus Cephalota Dokhtouroff, 1883 Cephalota (s. str.) chiloleuca (Fischer, 1820) Material examined: Lorestan province: Khorramabad, (1045 m), (2), May 2009.
Cephalota (Taenidia) circumdata (Dejean, 1822) Material examined: Lorestan province: Alashtar, (1255 m), (4), August 2006.
Cephalota (Taenidia) deserticola (Faldermann, 1836) Material examined: Ilam province: Ilam (987 m), (2), October 2007.
Cephalota (s. str.) turcica (Schaum, 1859)
Material examined: Lorestan province: Darreh-Asbar
(1670 m), (1), September 2006.
Genus Cicindela Linnaeus, 1758 Cicindela asiatica Audouin and Brulle, 1839 Material examined: Lorestan province: Dorood, (1683 m), (2), October 2006. Cicindela campestris Linnaeus, 1758 Material examined: Ilam province: Ilam (987 m), (2), October 2007.
Cicindela clypeata Fischer von Waldheim, 1821 Material examined: Ilam province: Pahle (715 m), (1), June 2008.
Cicindela desertorum Dejean, 1825
Material examined: Ilam province: Mehran (162 m), (3),
March 2008.
Cicindela monticola Menetries, 1832
Material examined: Lorestan province: Sarab Doreh,
(1176 m), (1), June 2006.
Genus Cylindera Westwood, 1831 Cylindera (Eugrapha) arenaria Fuessly, 1775 Material examined: Lorestan province: Khorramabad, (1045 m), (3), August 2005. Ilam province: Moosiyan (141 m), (1), July 2008.
Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta (Fischer, 1828) Material examined: Ilam province: Saleh Abad (619 m),
(1), April 2008. Eyvan (1168 m), (2), October 2008.
Cylindera (s. str.) germanica (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined: Lorestan province: Aligoodarz, (2015 m), (5), September 2006. Ilam province: Abdanan (897 m), (2), May 2008.
Cylindera (Eugrapha) trisignata (Dejean, 1822) Material examined: Lorestan province: Sarab Doreh, (1176 m), (2), June 2006. Lorestan province: Borujerd, (1588 m), (3), April 2007.
Genus Homodela Rivalier, 1950 Homodela ismenia (Gory, 1833)
Material examined: Ilam province: Loomar (795 m), (3), July 2008.
Genus Lophyridia Jeannel, 1946 Lophyridia aphrodisia aphrodisia Baudi, 1864 Material examined: Lorestan province: Khorramabad, (1045 m), (1), August 2005.
Lophyridia concolor (Dejean, 1822)
Material examined: Material examined: Lorestan
province: Darreh-Asbar (1670 m), (2), September 2006.
Lophyridia fischeri (Adams, 1817)
Material examined: Ilam province: Ilam (987 m), (1),
October 2007.
Lophyridia hilariola (Bates, 1874)
Material examined: Ilam province: Saleh Abad (619 m),
(2), April 2008.
Lophyridia littoralis nemoralis (Olivier, 1790) Material examined: Lorestan province: Alashtar, (1255 m), (2), August 2006.
Tribe Megacephalini Csiki, 1906 Genus Megacephala Latreille, 1802 Megacephala euphratica Dejean, 1822
Material examined: Lorestan province: Sarab Doreh, (1176 m), (1), June 2006. Ilam province: Moosiyan (141 m), (1), July 2008.
Subfamily Harpalinae Bonelli, 1810 Tribe Harpalini Bonelli, 1810 Genus Acinopus Dejean, 1821 Acinopus (s. str.) laevigatus laevigatus Menetries, 1832 Material examined: Ilam province: Ilam (1428 m), (1), September 2007. Ilam province: Loomar (795 m), (1), July 2008.
Acinopus (s. str.) picipes (Olivier, 1795)
Material examined: Lorestan province: Borujerd, (1588
m), (3), April 2007.
Genus Diachromus Erichson, 1837 Diachromus germanus (Linneaus, 1758) Material examined: Ilam province: Dehloran (290 m), (4), August 2008. Lorestan province: Azna, (1875 m), (1), July 2008.
Genus Harpalus Latreille, 1802 Harpalus (s. str.) affinis (Schrank, 1781) Material examined: Lorestan province: Khorramabad, (1008 m), (3), May 2009.
Harpalus (s. str.) distinguendus (Duftschmid, 1812) Material examined: Ilam province: Abdanan (897 m), (3), May 2008. Ilam province: Eyvan (1168 m), (1), October 2008.
Harpalus (s. str.) honestus honestus Duftschmid, 1812 Material examined: Ilam province: Dehloran (290 m), (4), August 2008.
Harpalus (s. str.) smaragdinus Duftschmid, 1812 Material examined: Lorestan province: Azna, (1875 m), (1), July 2008.
Genus Ophonus Dejean, 1821 Ophonus laticollis (Mannerheim, 1825) Material examined: Ilam province: Ilam (987 m), (2), October 2007. Ilam province: Loomar (795 m), (3), July 2008.
Genus Pseudoophonus Motschulsky, 1844 Pseudoophonus rufipes (DeGeer, 1774) Material examined: Lorestan province: Azna, (1875 m),
(3), July 2008. Ilam province: Darrehshahr (712 m), (2), July 2008.
Genus Stenolophus Stephens, 1827 Stenolophus paulinoi Heiden, 1891 Material examined: Lorestan province: Aligoodarz, (2015 m), (3), September 2006.
Stenolophus steveni Krynicki, 1832
Material examined: Ilam province: Moosiyan (141 m),
(4), July 2008.
Subfamily Lebiinae Bonelli, 1810 Tribe Anthiini Bonelli, 1810 Genus Anthia Weber, 1801 Anthia (Thermophilum) duodecimguttata Bonelli, 1813 Material examined: Ilam province: Dehloran (290 m), (4), August 2008.
Tribe Dryptini Bonelli, 1810 Genus Drypta Latreille, 1796 Drypta dentata (Rossi, 1790)
Material examined: Lorestan province: Alashtar, (1255 m), (4), August 2006. Ilam province: Ilam (987 m), (1), October 2007.
Tribe Lebiini Bonelli, 1810 Genus Cymindis Latreille, 1806 Cymindis (s. str.) andreae Menetries, 1832 Material examined: Ilam province: Loomar (795 m), (2), July 2008.
Cymindis (s. str.) lineata (Quensel, 1806)
Material examined: Lorestan province: Borujerd, (1588
m), (3), April 2007.
Genus Lebia Latreille, 1802 Lebia (Lamprias) cyanocephala Linnaeus, 1758 Material examined: Ilam province: Mehran (162 m), (3), March 2008.
Lebia festiva Faldermann, 1836
Material examined: Lorestan province: Dorood, (1683 m), (5), October 2006.
Subfamily Nebriinae Laporte, 1834 Tribe Nebriini Laporte, 1834 Genus Leistus Fröhlich, 1799 Leistus (s. str.) caucasicus Chaudoir, 1867 Material examined: Ilam province: Ilam (1428 m), (2), September 2007. Ilam province: Loomar (795 m), (2), July 2008.
Leistus (Pogonophorus) spinibarbis rufipes Chaudoir, 1843
Material examined: Lorestan province: Alashtar, (1255 m), (4), August 2006.
Genus Nebria Latreille, 1802 Nebria (s. str.) alpicola Motschulsky, 1866 Material examined: Lorestan province: Sarab Doreh, (1176 m), (1), June 2006.
Nebria (s. str.) hemprichi Klug, 1832
Material examined: Lorestan province: Alashtar, (1255
m), (2), August 2006.
Nebria (Eunebria) xanthacra Chaudoir, 1850 Material examined: Ilam province: Dehloran (290 m), (2), August 2008.
Subfamily Pterostichinae Bonelli, 1810 Tribe Amarini (Zabrini) Bonelli, 1810 Genus Amara Bonelli, 1810 Amara (s. str.) aenea (DeGeer, 1774) Material examined: Ilam province: Eyvan (1168 m), (3), October 2008.
Amara (s. str.) proxima Putzeys, 1866
Material examined: Lorestan province: Noor Abad, (1756
m), (4), September 2006.
Genus Zabrus Clairville, 1806 Zabrus corpulentus Schaum, 1864 Material examined: Ilam province: Abdanan (897 m), (2), May 2008.
Zabrus tenebrioides (Goeze, 1777)
Material examined: Lorestan province: Borujerd, (1588
m), (4), April 2007.
Tribe Platynini Bonelli, 1810 Genus Agonum Boneli, 1810 Agonum viridicupreum (Goeze, 1777) Material examined: Ilam province: Arkvaz-e-Malek Shahi (1337 m), (3), May 2008.
Genus Calathus Bonelli, 1810 Calathus (Calathus) fuscipes fuscipes (Goeze, 1777) Material examined: Ilam province: Arkvaz-e-Malek Shahi (1337 m), (1), May 2008.
Calathus (Neocalathus) melanocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Material examined: Lorestan province: Borujerd, (1588 m), (3), April 2007. Ilam province: Moosiyan (141 m), (3), July 2008.
Calathus (Neocalathus) cinctus Motschulsky, 1850 Material examined: Ilam province: Mehran (162 m), (2), March 2008.
Genus Dolichus Boneli, 1810 Dolichus halensis (Schaller, 1783) Material examined: Lorestan province: Darreh-Asbar (1670 m), (2), October 2006. Ilam province: Ilam (987 m), (1), October 2007.
Genus Sphodrus Clairville, 1806 Sphodrus leucophthalmus (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined: Lorestan province: Borujerd, (1588 m), (4), April 2007.
Tribe Pterostichini Bonelli, 1810 Genus Poecilus Bonelli, 1810 Poecilus (s. str.) cupreus cupreus Linné, 1758 Material examined: Lorestan province: Dorood, (1683 m), (3), October 2006. Poecilus (s. str.) punctulatus Schaller, 1783 Material examined: Ilam province: Abdanan (953 m), (1), May 2008. Ilam province: Eyvan (1168 m), (1), October 2008.
Genus Pterostichus Bonelli, 1810 Pterostichus (Melanius) elongatus Duftschmid, 1812 Material examined: Ilam province: Mehran (162 m), (3), March 2008.
Subfamily Scaritinae Bonelli, 1810
Tribe Scaritini Bonelli, 1810 Genus Distichus Motschulsky, 1857 Distichus (s. str.) planus (Bonelli, 1913) Material examined: Ilam province: Arkvaz-e-Malek Shahi (1337 m), (3), May 2008.
Genus Scarites Fabricius, 1775 Scarites (Parallelomorphus) eurytus (Fischer von Waldheim, 1825)
Material examined: Lorestan province: Alashtar, (1255 m), (1), August 2006.
DISCUSSION
The results of this research indicated that there is a diverse fauna of Carabidae in two provinces Ilam and Lorestan, western Iran. Ground beetles are considered beneficial arthropods in agriculture, because they are natural enemies of several agricultural and forest pests and also represent a food source for species at other trophic levels [Luff 1987; Patil and Sathe, 2003]. Being normally abundant, and not dependent on only one prey species, they may provide a good buffer against pests as their populations may be more stable than specific predators [Helenius 1990; Huusela-Veistola, 1996]. With attention to the efficient role of carabid beetles in biological control, conserving of these efficient predators is necessary for successful biological control of pests. Conserving natural enemies often requires modification of production practices that are similar to changes in practices recommended by IPM principles (e.g. increase diversification of crops, reduction in pesticide use, etc.). The use of thresholds to make decisions, common to IPM systems, is closely tied to the impact of natural enemies whose density, composition and impact on pest dynamics (and damage) are dependent on the crop cultivation practices and environmental milieu. The interdependence of farming practices, pest dynamics and the impact of natural enemies often requires farmers to modify practices. As such, farmer education is a key to success. Examples of farmer education span a number of extension approaches that include bulletins, field days, grower meetings, electronic media and farmer field schools. Two case studies illustrate the importance of farmer education in conservation biological control, as well as the opportunities to use this method in pest management in subsistence crops [Gates, 1994; Maredia et al., 2003; Peshin and Dhawan, 2009].
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are indebted to Dr. S.S. Avgin (Qukurova University of Turkey), Dr. D. Makhan and Dr. J. Muilwijk of the Netherlands for identification of specimens. We are also thankful to Dr. A. Legalov and Dr. R.Yu. Dudko (Siberian Zoological Museum, Russia) for editing the manuscript. The research was supported by Islamic Azad University (Shahre Rey Branch) and Mugla University of Turkey.
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