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25complementary approaches to counteracting the negative effects of success and failure.
Depending on the individual success achieved, whether it will be determined using criteria that are inherent in the assignment or based on a change in rank, a lagging student will be able to experience success no less than failure; and a successful student will experience failure no less than success. Owing to such independence of experiences of success and failure from social comparison, the realism of establishing the level of claims is strengthened: a lagging student ceases relentlessly making excessive and underestimated demands on him/herself.
So, the study found that there is a clearly defined regular characteristic of the influence of success and failure on various functions of the students' psyche. It was revealed that the connecting links in this process are self-esteem, independence of thinking, self-actualizing attitudes, target orientations, volitional qualities, self-cognitive potential, properties of intelligence, level of claims of students' personality. It has been revealed that the influence of such psychological factors as success and failure on higher mental functions, in particular, on intellectual abilities, on the process of forming self-esteem of students' personality, manifestations of their level of aspirations, learning motivations cannot be neglected.
It should also be noted that, further improvement of psychologically justified factors - success and failure studying methodology, the process of developing the activity of students' psyche, creates a possibility to develop structural methods for the correct assessment and
attitude to their successes and failures on the part of students, the formation of a common optimal learning motivation.
References
1. Alizadeh A.A. (1998). Psychological Problems of Modern Azerbaijan School, Baku: Ozan. 368.
2. Baturin N.A. (1999). Psychology of success and failure. Chelyabinsk. 126.
3. Borozdina L.V. (1986). Study the level of claims. M. 101.
4. Zeigarnik B.V. (1981). Theory of personality of K. Levine. M. 64-68.
5. Zinoviev S.I. (1988). Educational process in high school. M. 56.
6. Paley I.M., (1972). Gerbachevsky V.K. Personality problems in psychology. M. 12-16.
7. Rubinshtein S.L. (1989). Principles and ways of development of psychology. M. 354.
8. Stepansky V.I. (1981). On motivation for achieving success and avoiding failure. Psychology Issues. No. 3. 39-47.
9. Hekhausen H. (1986). Motivation and activity. M. 154.
10. Cook-Sather A. Between (2001). Student and Teacher: Learning to teach as translation. Teaching Education, 12, (2). 177—190.
11. Parks L.A., Guay R.P. (2009). Personality, values, and motivation. Personality and Individual Differences 47. 675—684.
WORLD TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIVE
TECHNOLOGIES
Kolesnikov A.
China, Hailar, Hulunbuir Institute, Doctor of Economics, Professor of RAS Domozhirova O.
Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, Belgorod, Candidate of economic sciences, professor of the department economics and organization of production
Zdorovets Yu.
Belgorod State Agrarian University named after V.Ya. Gorina PhD in Economics, Associate Professor economic theory and agribusiness
ABSTRACT
This publication discusses relevant issues related to the development of information and communication technologies of different countries in terms of development. Using available analytical material, the most commonly used information technologies, prospects for their development, as well as the need for the development of digital technologies both in households and in commercial organizations are determined.
Keywords: information and communication technologies (ICT), ICT index, rating of countries according to the level of ICT development, prospects for the development of ICT in the world.
Problem statement. The modern development of the world economy is accompanied by an increase in the role of science and innovation, and the spread of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Today, ICT can be considered a leading factor in organizing production and business processes, education, in-
teraction between various social actors (the state, organizations, population), obtaining knowledge and information, and spending leisure time. ICTs strengthen the material and technical base and stimulate socio-economic development, increasing the competitiveness and productive potential of the country's economy and,
most importantly, providing people with new knowledge and skills
This topic is now more relevant than ever, as the information society involves the widespread use of various information technologies in all areas of our activities. For example, at the moment in our society, a huge role is played by systems of distribution, storage and processing of information, which are based on the operation of computers. More and more inter-regional and international connections are being formed, which allows exchanging information over long distances in the shortest possible time. In addition, the number of people professionally engaged in collecting, storing and processing information is growing every day.
The purpose of this publication is to identify global trends in the development of information and communication technologies.
Highlighting previously unsolved parts of a common problem. There are many definitions of "Information technology". So, according to one American expert in the field of management G. Poppel, information technology refers to the use of computer technology and communication systems to create, collect, transmit, store, and process information for all spheres of public life. He sees them as part of the information business - its somewhat technological Foundation, and as a separate infrastructure sector, often developing autonomously.
The global market for information and communication technology has experienced record high growth rates in recent decades. Global exports of ICT products have a significant impact on the improvement of most goods and services, especially machinery and equipment. The increasing use of ICTs helps to optimize the management of production and operation of various devices, as well as accelerate the exchange of information. There are growing flows related to the Informatization of the public administration system in the manufacturing industry, where most of the expenses are spent on electronic automation of production and management processes. The use of ICT has played a crucial role in improving inventory management, which has significantly reduced fluctuations in economic activity. Several factors have contributed to the rapid growth in the production and international trade of e-ICT since its inception.
The first factor is the rapid expansion of demand for ICT and its constant diversification (expansion of the product range and reorientation of sales markets, development of new types of production in order to increase production efficiency). All new groups of users are involved in the process. At the initial stages of the industry's development, the main consumers were government agencies, then large corporations and households. The use of ICT in educational institutions and research institutes is expanding. In addition, the rapid spread of ICT innovations has significantly reduced the cost of accessing it. This made it possible for people with lower-than-average incomes to use ICTs, and made it easier to use information technology in anti-poverty programs.
The second factor in the development of the ICT market is the rapid spread of telecommunications and
Internet technologies. This leads to an increase in the number of it users, especially in the service industries and in households. The use of existing forms of communication is growing, and the demand for them is increasing, which leads to the rapid introduction and development of new technologies and forms of production organization in the industry. This factor is particularly important for such part of the ICT segment as data transmission equipment-modems, routers, etc.
The third factor in the development of the ICT market is the growth of expenditures on research and development by business, non - profit and government organizations, and an increase in the size of venture investment. These expenditures are primarily aimed at improving the element base and developing microelectronics. Among high-tech industries, ICT is one of the most knowledge-intensive and large. In developed countries in the 90s, the R & d expenditure rate for it producers was 7-11% when compared with gross revenue. Relative to the added value of enterprises in this industry, the rate reached 26-29%.
The fourth factor in the development of the ICT market is the expansion of the geographical structure of production and consumption, increasing the scale of production and market capacity in developing countries, especially in the largest countries. For the successful development of the economy, it is necessary to put into operation the latest technology, which is significantly higher than the average level of equipment used. As a result, the demand for ICTs in developing countries is rapidly increasing.
Analysis of research and publications. In order to assess the level of development of a country in the field of information and communication technologies, the information and communication technology development index is used.
The ICT Development Index is a combined indicator that measures the achievements of countries around the world in terms of information and communication technology (ICT) development. It is calculated using the methodology of the International telecommunication Union, a specialized unit of the United Nations that defines world standards in the field of ICT.
The index was developed in 2007 on the basis of 11 indicators combined into 3 sub-indexes:
- access sub-index (reflects the development of ICT infrastructure and the population's access to basic ICT-based services),
- usage sub-index (reflects the level of ICT usage)
- sub-index of practical skills (reflects the human potential in the use of ICT).
The index combines these indicators into a single criterion that is designed to compare the achievements of the world's countries in the development of ICT and can be used as a tool for comparative analysis at the global, regional and national levels. These indicators relate to access to ICTs, use of ICTs, and skills, i.e. practical knowledge of these technologies by the population of the countries covered by the study. The authors of the study emphasize that the level of ICT development today is one of the most important indicators of economic and social well-being of the state.
The Index is currently suspended due to a review of the indicators included in this study, as well as the methods for measuring them. The Secretariat of the International telecommunication Union is consulting with member States on this issue and plans to resume the annual publication of the study results in 2020.
Iceland (8.98), the Republic of Korea (8.85) and Switzerland (8.74) occupy the top three places in the list of leaders in the development of modern information and communication technologies [4].
The top ten, in addition to the three countries mentioned, also included Denmark, great Britain, Hong Kong (China), the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg and Japan. Almost all States of the former Soviet Union were in the top 100 in the list of the global rating. Belarus is the leader in the development of information and communication technologies among the CIS countries, taking 32nd place in the ranking of 176 countries. Russia is ranked 45th [4].
Third world countries complete the ranking, Chad (1.27) on 174 place, Central African Republic (1.04) on 175 place, and Eritrea (0.96) on the last 175 place [4].
Basic material. We will analyze how ICT activities are conducted in developed and developing countries, as well as in third world countries.
Iceland has become one of the leading countries in the development of mining due to its natural cold climate, as well as an abundance of economical renewable energy sources - mainly hydro and geothermal power plants. Iceland has become a platform for one of the world's five largest mining firms, whose operator Genesis Mining leads the list of major Icelandic electricity consumers by a huge margin.
In February 2018, the business development Manager of the local energy company HS Orka, Johann Snorri Sigurbergsson, predicted that the volume of mining in Iceland will double within a year, and the CEO of HS Orka, Asgeir Margeirsson, noted that the mining industry has pushed the "fourth wave of technological revolution". According to him, miners are "the main driving force of the new industrial revolution, which is not yet thinking of ending," and the cryptocurrency will gradually fade into the background, giving way to other methods of using blockchain technologies.
Today, South Korea is one of the most developed countries in the world, where telecommunications and information technology play a leading role. 9 years after the government's policy of improving the level of development of information and communication technologies (ICT), Korea has become one of the main players in the global ICT market. Developed production base, 31.6 million Internet users and 35 million mobile subscribers.
The ICT industry is an important factor in the growth of Switzerland's export economy. On the one hand, it provides important application solutions that can be applied in almost any industry to improve productivity, both in Switzerland and abroad. On the other hand, information and communication technologies are a successful export industry in their own right. According to the latest data, in 2016, companies in the Swiss ICT sector exported goods and services worth more than 19.5 billion Swiss francs. The ever-growing
information and communication technology services sector, with an export turnover of 13.1 billion Swiss francs, is the fifth largest service export in Switzerland.
Swiss companies have an unprecedented level of innovation potential. For several years, Switzerland has been ranked first in the Global innovation index. The Swiss ICT industry is also a strong international player. Thanks to its developed ecosystem, attractiveness for qualified foreign specialists and leading developments in such areas as artificial intelligence and machine learning, Switzerland stands out from other countries and makes an important contribution to the world's information and communication technologies.
For developing countries, additional measures will need to be taken to ensure that growth and openness targets are met in developing countries, especially in the LDCs (least developed countries). The connect by 2020 agenda aims to provide Internet access to at least 50% of households in developing countries and 15% in LDCs by 2020, but ITU (international telecommunication Union) estimates that by this time only 45% of households in developing countries and 11% in LDCs will have Internet access.
ITU collects data on prices for ICT services because this is important. One of the main conclusions of the report is that prices for mobile cellular services around the world - both in relative and absolute terms - continue to decline. The most noticeable decrease in prices over the past year was observed in the mobile broadband services sector, which made these services more affordable in different countries by an average of 20-30%. In fact, over the past eight years, the mobile broadband market has become the fastest growing segment of the telecommunications market, with double-digit contract growth rates. Analytical data shows that competition has led not only to an increase in the variety of available packages, but also to a decrease in prices. At the same time, there is ample evidence that, despite a marked decline in prices, relatively high prices continue to be a barrier to further development of broadband services. This is why one of the key goals of the connect by 2020 agenda is to ensure that the cost of broadband services by 2020 is no higher than 5% of average monthly income in developing countries. At the beginning of 2015, 111 countries (out of 160 for which data are available) had reached this target, including all the developed countries of the world and 67 developing countries. At the same time, in 22 developing countries, broadband prices account for more than 20% of GNI (gross national income) per capita.
The world continues to develop at a very rapid pace, but the third world countries are still far away, although they show positive dynamics of growth in the ICT development index. For example, the Internet availability rate in Eritrea is only 1.9%. In Chad's 3.5 %, despite the fact that computers have only 3,3 % of the population.
New ITU data shows an increase in the number of people connected to the Internet and increased use of new ICTs around the world. This trend is associated with the growth of mobile cellular telephony and the increased availability of broadband. Currently, there are more than fifty mobile broadband subscriptions for
every 100 people in the world. This has significantly increased access to the Internet and to online services. In General, more than half of all families in the world use the Internet. They also note that today the active use of information and communication technologies is bearing fruit in all spheres of life, contributes to improving the efficiency of production and improving the quality of life of people.
The Internet is an essential part of information and communication technologies. The most important data to find in the we Are Social and Hootsuite reports on the global state of digital technology for 2019:
- Today there are 5.11 billion unique mobile users in the world, which is 100 million (2%) more than last year.
- In 2019, the Internet audience totals 4.39 billion people, which is 366 million (9%) more than in January 2018.
- 3.48 billion users are registered in social networks. Compared with the data at the beginning of last year, this figure increased by 288 million (9%).
- Today, 3.26 billion people access social networks from mobile devices. This is 10% more than last year, when 297 million fewer people were using mobile social networks.
Every day since January 2018, an average of one million people have discovered the global network for the first time, which is 11 newcomers per second [5].
A significant increase this year was given by developing countries, where the Internet was not very widespread. India stands out in particular, where the number of online users has jumped by 100 million over the past 12 months, which is more than 20 percent over the year. The Internet penetration rate in India today is approximately 41% - a significant improvement from last year's figure of 31%.
Thus, India accounts for more than a quarter of the total global growth in Internet audience. The Asia-Pacific region accounted for 55% of annual growth, with China adding 50 million new users to the overall basket.
Quite unexpectedly, the US ranks third in the global ranking in terms of Internet audience growth. Although the Internet penetration rate here was 88% last year, the Internet audience grew by almost 9% compared to January 2018. In total, more than 310 million people use the Internet in the United States today, and the Internet penetration rate has reached 95%.
There are 109.6 million Internet users in Russia, which means that the Internet penetration rate is at 76%. The values haven't changed much since last year.
At the same time, 85% of all online users in Russia access the Internet every day, and 11%-at least once a week.
According to the International telecommunication Union, it took 16 years to reach the first billion Internet users. The second billion joined the network in just 6 years. Today, the Internet is growing at the rate of 1 billion new users in 2.7 years[5].
On average, people are online for 6 hours and 42 minutes every day. This is slightly less than last year -6 hours and 49 minutes. However, it is suspected that the decline is partly due to a large increase in new users
who are still learning to use the Internet. Their time on the network is less compared to the time spent on the Internet by more experienced users who interact with connected devices hundreds of times a day.
Russians spend 6 hours and 29 minutes online, which is 2 minutes more than last year.
The good news is that increasing the speed of your Internet connection means that we get more for the time we spend online. Ookla, the developer of the popular Speedtest service, reports that the average speed of a mobile connection has increased by 18% over the year, and the average speed of a fixed Internet connection has jumped by a third.
Today, twelve countries and territories can boast an average fixed Internet connection speed of more than 100 Mbit / s, and ten countries have an average mobile connection speed of more than 50 Mbit/s.
The highest Internet connection speed in Singapore is almost 191 Mbit / s, which is 50 times faster than the average for Venezuela, which is at the other end of the ranking. Iceland tops the ranking for mobile connection speed, which may be one of the reasons why the country shares the top spot in the global ranking for Internet penetration this year.
What do 4.4 billion Internet users do during these 6.5 hours each day?
Google, predictably, continues to dominate the ranking of the most visited websites in the world - Sim-ilarWeb and Alexa put the search giant at the top of their charts. Another major site of Alphabet holding -YouTube-is second in the ratings of both services, and Facebook is located in the third.
Interestingly, Twitter continues to appear at the top of the lists of the most visited sites, despite the decline in the number of users [5].
The popularity of online trading platforms has also grown steadily over the past year. According to Alexa, there are five ecommerce sites in the ranking of the 20 most visited resources. Chinese platforms are particularly well represented this year. Now Taobao and Tmall have more global traffic than Amazon.
According to SimilarWeb in Russia the most popular site for 2019 is expected to be yandex.ru, it is followed by a large margin by the social network vk.com, a google.ru - only in fourth place, although according to last year's data it was in second place.
Alexa has other data - in this rating, the most visited video platform in Russia is the video platform youtube.com.
Video in General is becoming an increasingly important part of our online life. The number of requests with the word "video" in Google has increased by 30% over the past year - this request is the fourth among all requests, behind Facebook, YouTube and Google [5].
At the beginning of 2019, the number of users of social networks worldwide has almost reached 3.5 billion - this is data on the most popular social platforms in more than 230 countries and territories. In the last 12 months alone, 288 million new accounts were registered on social networks, resulting in a worldwide penetration rate of 45%. Social networks are still unevenly distributed. For example, the penetration rate of social networks in some parts of Africa is not even 10%.
Middle Eastern countries again top the rankings for social media penetration this year, with the United Arab Emirates and Qatar sharing the top spot. In some cases, the number of users for individual platforms in these countries exceeds the population, according to the United Nations, but this is probably due to the fact that both countries have large Expat communities that are not included in official local population figures.
At the other end of the scale, North Korea still has a penetration rate of less than 0.1%. This will hardly surprise anyone, given that the Internet (at least in the usual form) is blocked throughout the country.
Facebook keeps on the first line of the rating of the most popular social networks, and despite the media, there is no convincing evidence that people are leaving the platform EN masse.
Instagram Facebook instagram Facebook's audience may be half as large as Facebook's, but in the past three months, Instagram has added more than twice as many new users as Facebook. The platform increased its global advertising audience by 38 million new users in Q4 2018, while Facebook grew by just 18 million new users over the same time period.
However, Instagram is popular with marketers not only because of its growing user base - This social network boasts a balanced audience profile. Instagram Facebook instagram has a roughly 50:50 ratio of men to women in Its global audience, and although the average user is still younger than Facebook, Instagram Is more common in audiences between the ages of 18 and 34
YouTube took second place in this year's ranking. The world's most popular video site for the year has shown impressive results in terms of increasing new audience and is about to become the next social platform that will break the mark of 2 billion users.
The current growth rate suggests that WhatsApp will not lag far behind the leaders of the rating, especially when you consider that the figure of 1.5 billion, which appears in the Digital 2019 report, was released by The platform in January 2018.
2018 was another successful year for WeChat (Weixin in China) - the leading Chinese platform joined the prestigious "billionaires ' club". Now this club also has Instagram, which in June last year broke the milestone of 1 billion active accounts.
In Russia, users most often like YouTube and Vkontakte, and WhatsApp and Viber are the most popular messengers among Russians.
Currently, the most commonly used Internet technologies are tools for working exchange and distribution of information (text, audio, video, e-mail) and tools for creating and maintaining information resources on the world wide web.
The following types of Internet technologies can be distinguished:
• Information;
• Service;
• Web browser.
The information type of Internet technologies can be included in the list of the most necessary, since here you can get all kinds of information. Its subspecies are considered to be media, portals, blogs, and search engines.
The best example of services is Google Corporation, which provides many services to Internet users. These include mail, social networks, and commercial enterprises, and this list can go on for a very long time.
The latest web development is browsers, or browsers that allow you to visit any Internet resource in a convenient form.
Most sites on the Internet are commercial projects. Online stores, informational and thematic sites, and investment programs place interactive advertising that is cheaper than advertising on TV, mass media, and other types of product promotion.
At this time, the use of Internet technologies is widely used in the promotion of goods and services. Internet advertising is extremely diverse, which makes it popular, and it is very easy to place such ads on the Internet in a short time.
There are many types of advertising technologies in the network, the main ones are social, media, and contextual.
Social Internet advertising includes:
• Twitter ads;
• Informational advertising in social networks;
• Advertising on the forums;
• RSS and mailing lists.
Media advertising refers to:
• Teaser;
• Banner;
• Link-text;
• Picadas;
• Pop-ups.
Multimedia technologies on the Internet are content that simultaneously presents information in several forms: sound, video, and animated computer graphics.
Multimedia Internet resources are used in various fields, including advertising, business, technology, medicine, entertainment, and art. In industry, they are used for presentations, staff training, advertising and sales of products around the world.
Intelligent Internet technologies include a large number of theories and methods:
• Cybernetics;
• Linear programming;
• Information theory;
• Game theory;
• System analysis.
These funds provide great opportunities for research and experimentation in the social and economic spheres.
Cloud Internet technologies are now more and more setting the tone for Internet use and storage of information on the network. They are used by worldwide social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and others.
The "cloud" principle has been developed for a long time.it is a convenient environment for storing and using information that combines hardware, software, communication channels and technical support. With this Internet service, the user has access to their own information, and they do not have to worry about the infrastructure they are working with.
Often, the concept of cloud or dispersed technologies refers to the entire Internet network. In fact, this is
an updated version of IT services, or servers available over the Internet.
The technology allows you to expand the it capabilities of the enterprise, while not requiring additional investments in creating a new infrastructure, attracting additional employees and retraining existing staff.
Technology of fiber optic Internet involves the transmission of data at high speed. To connect Internet by using fiber optic waveguides, the signal moves through them at the speed of light.
At the moment, electronic equipment is used for receiving and transmitting information, so we need converters of electronic signals to optical and Vice versa. Such converters, or fiber-optic modems, have long been developed and widely used.
Fiber-optic technologies have enabled us to get high-speed Internet and use it over vast territories. The optical signal in a fiber-optic cable is practically not distorted and does not weaken when transmitting over long distances.
When using the fiber-optic Internet, you are protected from unauthorized access to the transmitted information - induction reading, tapping, and other hazards. The technology makes it possible to connect interactive television, IP telephony, video surveillance, security systems, etc.
The material for the manufacture of fiber-optic cable is quartz, it is very light, has a long service life, is not subject to atmospheric influences and is fire-safe.
Now the number of users who prefer fiber-optic Internet is much higher than those who use cable Internet.
Modern technologies provide more and more opportunities for ordinary Internet users, as well as for business development and advertising. IT has its own advantages and disadvantages, but nevertheless brings tangible benefits to society.
Technological innovations increase the importance of it for business, but companies will have to reorganize in order to use the new opportunities wisely. It is assumed that in the future, firms will focus on an adaptive approach to it, which will allow them to easily integrate new technologies and transform them under the influence of changing priorities.
Although interest in big data has faded over the past couple of years, its impact on the development of AI and machine learning is invaluable. However, analysts suggest that after 2020, companies will have to double their data processing costs to stay afloat. Getting huge amounts of data without systematic errors requires serious organization and investment, and in addition, businesses restrict data exchange due to privacy concerns. Analysts have every reason to believe that after 2020, the cost of preparing data for AI may eventually even stop paying for the effort spent.
After 2020, the number of ransomware will increase, as hackers will soon realize what a valuable commodity information is. The introduction of new integrating technologies with insufficient protection makes companies easy prey for hackers, and the larger the information field, the greater the damage. In addition, the reality is that it is easier for hackers to find a gap in the defense using new AI (artificial intelligence)
and machine learning technologies. Temporarily blocking data is a quick way to monetize it, and hackers will increasingly demand a ransom for regaining control of information. Analysts predict that AI technology alone, used to create fake audio and video, will cost businesses more than $250,000.
It is obvious that automation will change the structure of the labor market and raise global economic problems of income distribution and wage stagnation. In 2020, automation will allow robots to replace more than a million jobs. However, the number of jobs that require intuition, empathy, as well as physical dexterity and a flexible mind, will grow by 331,500 units. It turns out that call centers alone will reduce staff by 40% due to automation, but the remaining employees will become more qualified and better paid. Unfortunately, not all companies try to prepare employees for new jobs in the future, and this attitude can turn into a disaster.
It is possible that after 2020, the regulatory authorities that control the exchange of confidential data will begin to actively influence existing markets and form new ones. It is already noted that many companies do not comply with the main requirements of the GDPR law: ensuring customer consent, transparency and control of data leakage. Suppliers will be forced to use anonymized or aggregated data, which will change the type of targeted advertising, and businesses will have to conduct forensic analysis of their supply chains and ecosystems. Regulators will also take action against firms that use fraudulent schemes to collect and use confidential data.[4]
Conclusions and suggestions. We live in a world of new technologies that were unknown even a few decades ago. These technologies are becoming an integral part of our work and daily life. We communicate via the Internet and use software not only in the computer, but also in various technical devices: washing machines, phones, cars, etc.
Our society is gradually being transformed, there is a process of transition from an industrial society to an information society, where the main form of activity will be the creation of information. This is why countries should pay more attention to the level of development of information and communication technologies. The value of information is increasing more and more. Every day there are new technologies; communication via the Internet is becoming commonplace for more and more people. Even small businesses use modern information technologies, which means that the need to master the basics of modern information technologies is becoming more and more urgent, both for the individual and for the whole world.
References
1. Information and communication technologies in the Russian economy: 2007: stat. SB. / State University-higher school of Economics. Moscow: HSE, 2007. 295 p.
2. Information society: interesting chronological facts / R. Alguliyev, P. Salmanova. Baku: Information technologies, 2014, 168 p.
3. Informatics and information and communication technologies (ICT): textbook for SPO / N. G. Plot-nikov. - Moscow: RIOR: Infra-M, 2017. - 124 p.
4. https://gtmarket. ru/ratings/ict-development-in-dex/ict-development-index-info -Ranking of countries by the level of ICT development.
5. https://www.web-canape.ru/business/vsya-statistika-interneta-na-2019-god-v-mire-i-v-rossii/ -statistics of the Internet and social networks 2018-2019 in the world and in Russia.
ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ПОМИЛКОВИХ Д1Й ЧЛЕН1В ТАНКОВИХ ЕК1ПАЖ1В ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛ УКРА1НИ ТА ДЕТЕРМ1НАНТИ 1Х ВИНИКНЕННЯ
Кучерява Т.О.
здобувач науково-досл1дно'1 лабораторИ екстремально'1 та кризовоИ психологИ науково-дослгдного центру Нацгонального унгверситету цившьного захисту Укра'ти, начальник навчально-тренувального комплексу (тформацтного та психологгчного забезпечення)
кафедри морально-психолог1чного забезпечення дгяльностг вшськ 1нститут морально-психолог1чного забезпечення НацюнальноЧ академИ сухопутних вшськ 1мет гетьмана Петра Сагайдачного
CHARACTERISTICS OF ERRORS OF TANK CREWS MEMBERS OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE AND THE DETERMINANTS FOR THEIR OCCURRENCE
Kucheriava T.
Aspirant of the Research Laboratory of Extreme and Crisis Psychology of Research Center of the
National University of Civil Defense of Ukraine Head of Training complex (information and psychological support) of the Department of moral and psychological support for military activities of the Institute of moral and psychological support of the National Academy of ground troops named after Hetman Peter Sahaidachny
АНОТАЦ1Я
У статп представлеш результати дослщження характеристики помилкових дш та !х виникнення у члешв танкових екiпажiв Збройних сил Украши. У тенденщях бойових дш на Сходi Украши шляхом проведения операци Об'еднаних сил не дозволяе вшськовим припускатися помилок, а потребуе ввд них чггких, точних та злагоджених дш, для знешкодження супротивника та виключення втрат серед особового складу вшськових формувань та мирного населення. Тому питання визначення помилкових дш у вiйськових, а саме помилкових дш у таншспв е актуальним у реалiях сьогодення.
У ходi дослiдження визначено та сформовано список основних помилок вшськовослужбовщв, яш складають танковий екiпаж та вказано стушнь важкостi цих помилок у градаци вiд незначно! помилки, до помилок якi неможливо виправити. Зауважимо, що бiльша частина члешв танкових визначае скоеш помилки не як помилка одного з члешв екшажу, а вiдносяться як до помилки екшажу в цшому. Попередження та недопущення помилки бшьшою мiрою лежить на комаидирi екшажу, якщо помилка допущена кимось, то ввдповщальний за не! командир екшажу (тому саме особистють командира е чинником, який визначае надшшсть танкового екшажу у дiяльностi танкового екшажу як групи). Здеб№шого помилковiсть у дiях спостерiгаеться бiльше у механЫв-водпв спираючись на свiй досвiд та ввдчуття, а не на правила i в тому числi безпеки. Найменша частка помилок визначена у наввдника, хоча виконання його дш залежить вiд чiткостi поставленого наказу командиром, та правильного положення танку на мюцевосп, що в свою чергу е точнiстю виконання вказiвок водiем-механiком. Але в будь якому випадку за помилки допущенi членами танкового екшажу ввдповщальшсть несе командир. Що до помилок то !х умовно роздшено на наступнi: порушення правил безпеки, ненадежна професiйна пвдготовка, особливостi взаемовiдносин членiв еш-пажу.
Основними детермiнаитами допущення помилок у таншслв видiляють двi групи чиннишв. До першо! груп входять внутршш або суб'ективнi детермiнаити, а саме: iндивiдуально психологiчнi особливостi члешв екiпажу, брак професiйного досвiду, професшна самовпевненiсть. До друго! групи входять об'ективш детермiнаити, а саме: стан матерiально-технiчноi бази, умови виконання завдання, вплив найближчого оточення.
Отриманi данi вказують на низку чиннишв котрi впливають на надiйнiсть та ефективнiсть виконання завдань та наказiв членами танкового екшажу. Що дае змогу в подальшому зменшити та запобiгти цим помилкам у дiяльностi танкiстiв, котрi вiдображаються на надiйнiсть при виконанш завдань танкового еш-пажу в рiзних ситуацiях.
Таким чином, у дослвджеш характеристики помилкових дiй та !х виникнення у членiв танкових еш-пажiв Збройних сил Укра!ни мають як суб'ективнi так i об'ективнi детермiнанти виникнення помилок в
