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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Iymanova D.A., candidate of historical sciences Andijan Machine-Building Institute Associate professor of the Department" humanities"
WOMEN'S SOCIAL STATE DURING THE SOVIET PERIOD
(EXAMPLE 1946-1990)
Annotation: Since the Soviet system of women in Uzbekistan in 1946-1990. was controversial in nature, the main goal was to objectively cover historical events with the help of archival documents, publications, magazines and newspapers. It is reported that women work in more complex sectors, in more complex conditions that do not correspond to the specific physical characteristics of their organisms and their consequences. Based on the analysis of archival documents and other sources, the creation of special working mechanisms in the Soviet system affected the change in the worldview of women. Secondly, to the Soviet upbringing their socio-political consciousness, and thirdly, despite the fact that decisions and programs to improve the status of women were adopted by the Soviet authorities, according to which these decisions were not fully implemented, are scientifically based on this article.
Key words: soviet system, administrative bureaucracy, communistic ideology, industrialization, female staff, women's and children's health, financial life, women's labor.
In the management of the Soviet system, instead of national interests, it is characterized by the overabundance of its efforts to form a "single Soviet people", to forget about national identity. The policy of the regime was based on the goals and interests of the Communist Party and Soviet power, and introduced a centralized administrative-command management system in the political sphere. At present, on the basis of this policy, the attitude of society towards women has also risen to the level of Public Policy.
The ideological Soviet model of conducting women's activities in production and other spheres of society was established as early as the 1920s. By the 1950s, however, there was an increasingly large lake. In particular, the Centre instructed management and leadership systems to elect local women equally with men, the aim of which was to educate a completely new generation of women who would like to participate actively in society on an equal footing with men, and not in the family [1]. Women's competitions were also organized in order to carry out work among women, to attract them to all spheres of the national economy, to increase the productivity of production among women, to fulfill five-year plans after 1950, when propaganda, propaganda, organizational, educational work were carried out until 1950 years as a direction of increasing their activity. Political information and propaganda, that is, in the newspapers and magazines
sent to enterprises, organizations, collective farms, the activities of the winners of the socialist competition were widely covered, their names were placed on the boards of Honor, special "starches" were awarded and other forms of artificial "Soviet" were implemented.
In particular, the period of industrialization and cultural changes that began in the country on the basis of the prevailing ideology and the pressure of the state, demands, a wide participation of women in changes in their social, economic and cultural life, manifested only in form and number. Their creativity led to the achievement of certain achievements in the involvement of the public in their work. The downside of the issue is that due to the policy pursued by the Soviets not to form the political and legal consciousness of the Uzbek women, the harmony of the innate need for national self-awareness and struggle for independence in the representatives of local nationalities was not allowed, and also the hard life of women. The reason for the tragedies of this or that appearance is that the policy of atheism was carried out in relation to freedom of religion, considered Sharia, as the chief culprit, following the socio-political system, the society itself, among which there was atheism.
In the process of participation of women in socio-spiritual life, they carried out activities using methods and forms of Administrative Command on all fronts. The Soviet events served to a certain extent the social activity of women. Their social political consciousness grew in a way peculiar to the policy of the Soviet system and sought to become the minstrel of the Socialist People's economy. In 1946-1958, as a result of wide involvement of women and girls in the industry, great changes took place in the development of personnel in the national economy of Uzbekistan. In 1950, women employed in the light industry increased by 70% [2].
During the post-war five-year period, the textile, garment, knitting and other branches of the light industry developed, and the high level of women's labor in these areas was evident [3]. In 1958, Uzbek workers accounted for 36,4% of all workers in the Republic, that is, their number reached 525,5 thousand people [4]. The women of the local nation had a shortage in production. For example, at the beginning of 1950, 29123 people worked in the Republic's cotton cleaning industry, of which 8565 were women, and 3128 were representatives of local nationalities [5].
Statistics show that in 1959, among the employed population of the Republic, the women's health was 40%, including 41% among workers and servants in the industry, 16% in construction, 21% in construction. Among workers in industrial sectors, women were 30%, 25% in Mechanical Engineering, 60% in light industry, and 17.4% of women of local nationality were [6]. Many women's involvement in the industry was one of the most important sources of replenishment of the ranks of workers. This event gave its tangible results in overcoming the shortage of the labor force in the Republic.
Material and spiritual attention to women has not been satisfactorily established in these years. The social situation of women working in the production, cultural and household conditions were severe, and kindergartens, women's and children's rooms did not comply with the rules of sanitation and hygiene. If the central government spent an average of 49 rubles 77 kopecks for medical services per capita in Uzbekistan, this figure was more than twice as much as 81 rubles 85 kopecks, growing at the level of the Union. In particular, in 1950 in the Republic there were 265 children's polyclinics and consulates, 147 dairy kitchens, 21 children's hospitals, 17 maternity hospitals, 29 children's sanatoriums [7].
Among workers and servants in the national economy, women reached 41,7% in 1972, in industry - 46,1%, in business - 15,5%, in education and culture - 53,5%, in state and economic management, cooperative management bodies and public organizations - 47,8% [8]. It turns out that the use of women's Labor has grown from year to year. Working women are also ranked first in terms of light industry as well as glass, porcelain faience and cellulose-paper industries. Previously, the leading network, where women's Labor was practically not used-even in the construction sector, the women's layer grew, where workers were at 17% [9]. From our point of view, it would be worthwhile if women were involved not in areas requiring heavy physical labor, but in production areas where the work process was light. As a result of achieving the "Equality" inherent in the Soviets, women occupied 50% of the work that men perform, and even more in some areas. On the issue of women's personnel, the dependence on the policy pursued by the Soviets has brought about many new problems, both positive and negative, which are characteristic of the work. This in turn gave rise to the challenge of solving the problem of women, in terms of their survival, performance and performance of their own maternal duties. Under the influence of such dependence, the Soviet system created the population, in particular, the selfless poor-labor "Army" from women [10].
It is observed that in the following years, along with the women's Health, which is engaged in manual labor, their number has increased in the areas of labor, both concentrated and automated. The management began to attract women not only to the light industry sectors, which corresponded to their physiological characteristics, but also to the production corks, which require heavy physical labor. For example, in 1970, women in the field of PR and electronics of the Republic accounted for 45-47%, in enterprises of radio and technical industries 65-67% [11]. It has not been a step-by-step novelty to meet women in absolutely masculine skills, that is, in the areas of turner, polishing, even in the field of working at the station. And the women's performance of such hard work, in turn, would not have remained without a negative impact on their health. For example, according to the Central Statistics Department of 1975, women working in the leading sectors of the industry in toxic and heavy working conditions in the workplace - 11,6% in electricity, in oil processing-10,6%, in coal industry - 56%,
in ferrous metallurgy-59,7%, in glass, porcelain and faience-30,9%, in industrial construction goods-30,8%, in food-23,8%, in construction - In 1977, women occupied 73% of the light industry, of which 5,000 worked in places with harmful conditions, 9,000 worked in places with noise, toxic gas, strong vibration, 10000 were not well lit [12]. Such a condition adversely affected all organs of the female body, causing a decrease in the sensitivity of the auditory organs to sound, the work of the heart, liver activity, excessive tension and weakening of nerve tissue. Given that the Soviet state was a complement to the ranks of women workers, it did not pay enough attention to such pressing problems.
On August 28, 1975, the leadership adopted a decision" on the right to maintain women's Health" [13]. After that, some work was also carried out in Uzbekistan to improve the social status of women and girls. For example, the work of 13000 employees who work in places with severe and toxic conditions in shifts has been replaced to places where they are safe for health and whose work is light [14]. In the same years in the Republic there were 800 women and children's consultancies, 4523 gynecology and 14903 obstetric institutions, 300 thousand women aged in 1975 were treated after medical examination. At this time, 561.2 thousand children were raised in 5194 preschool institutions, which showed 19.6% of children of general kindergarten age [15]. Although in these years a certain level of positive work is carried out for women and children's conditions, but in this way the condition of women and girls can not be said to have improved sufficiently. The employment situation of women in Uzbekistan grew with a high birth rate. During this period, the number of mothers with many children increased by 1.6 times [16]. Because, in 1965 year 355,1 thousand babies were born, in 1983 year 609,4 thousand babies were born. Among the Allied republics of Uzbekistan in terms of the number of births per thousand people took the leading place in 35.3% [17]. It turns out that the number of mothers with many children has increased from year to year. For example, according to January 1, 1974 in the Republic 27,1 thousand women" hero mother", 603,8 thousand women" Glory of the mother " order, 1 million. 344,7 thousand multi-child mothers were awarded the "Medal of motherhood" [18].
Women have more free time, more than 30 normative legal acts were adopted in the 1980s on the need to create conditions for them to engage in the upbringing of children in the family, and on the protection of women's rights. In particular, in accordance with the decision of the CPSU mg and the USSR Council of Ministers "measures to provide assistance to families with children" [19], since 1981, the general work experience is envisaged to provide partially paid leave to working mothers who have worked not less than a year, as well as to women who are studying without separation from production, until their For this vacation, a fee of 50 rubles per month in the Far East, Sibir and Northern Districts, and in other remaining regions 35 rubles. Later, before the child was two years old, it was prescribed to give such a vacation and maintain a continuous work experience, a work experience in the specialty. In addition, women who have two
or more children have been given a three-day extra leave of absence, which is paid until their children reach the age of 12 years, and it should not exceed 28 calendar days [20]. And this was when women could get their vacation at times convenient for them. Children's institutions such as kindergartens, schools and day departments have also been developed to some extent. In pre-school institutions, the cost of feeding children is increased by 10-15%, parents are exempted from the payment of nursery, boarding (families who do not pay each member of the family 60 per month) [21]. Although these measures create certain moments of relaxation for the protection of motherhood and childhood, but in Soviet times, the fact that these changes solve the problems of their rights did not give a positive result in full. Indeed, although there was development in the provision of preschool institutions, in the Republic it was 2 times lower than in the All-Union, only 30% of children aged 1-6 attended kindergartens and nursery schools, in the villages this figure was at a lower level. By 1983, when this figure on the Republican scale was equal to 37.5 percent [22], by the end of 1989 it decreased by 36.8 percent. In rural areas, the situation is even more severe, 26,8 percent were placed in nursery and kindergarten. More than 200 thousand children in the Republic were waiting for turns in preschool institutions [23]. Especially the health sector was in a state of crisis. In particular, in the late 1980s, 20% of the villages of hospital facilities were IDAs. Social infrastructure networks in the Republic, including health care, public education, institutions of preschool children are in a very difficult situation, 60% of schools and hospitals are located in non-adapted non-residential buildings, not provided with the necessary equipment. In general, in the decisions made during the reign of the Soviet state, the presence of ambiguities in the laws, the reason for the use of the seasonality method instead of regularity in their implementation, also had specific contradictory consequences. The most sad women, it became known in many cases that the decisions made on the issue of children practically did not fulfill. However, in all groups of women of childbearing age in Uzbekistan, the birth rate was significantly higher than the average in the Union. For example, in 19791980, these indicators compared to the average Union indicators were as follows: in the age group less than 20 years-86,3%; 20-24 years - 156,2%; 25-29 years -219,7%; 30-34 years - 296,5%; 35-39 years - 411,7%; 40-44 years-542,2%; 4549 years-760%; in general 15-49 years - 211,2% [24]. 333 of every 1000 Uzbek women entered mothers with many children, that is, they had 5 or more children on average [25]. Although positive changes were made by Soviet policy on the protection of motherhood and childhood, but these changes did not fully solve the problems of the rights of mothers and children.
In addition to increasing women's professional skills, work was carried out to release them from heavy physical labor and harmful work. However, according to the data until the middle of 1980, 145 thousand workplaces in the Republic did not meet the norms of labor protection, 112,5 thousand women were dusty and gasified in strong noise, the temperature regime was unfavorable, poorly lit, 43,8
thousand women worked in shifts [26]. The technical changes that are taking place can not be excluded from the unpleasant effects that indicate noise vibration, high and low temperatures, harmful chemicals and other substances on the physiological properties of the female organism. The continuous production of the product, the management of large volumes of stalls with the help of remote controls, has increased the psychological tension of women's labor. Their total employment would be 16 hours per day, and 11.5 hours per year on average, with the addition of weekends and holidays. This was 1.5-2 times higher in men than in the total working day [27]. This situation did not give women the opportunity to have enough rest. In the designation of benefits, too, women are stratified as workers, servants and collective members. Until 1989 year, the minimum pension was 50 rubles per month for workers and servants, and 40 rubles for collective farmers [28]. Women, who make up 50 percent of the nation's economy, have also been involved in areas that require heavy physical labor in their movement for the equality of men and women in all aspects of life. Contrary to the norms and laws of the protection of this labor, as well as paying more attention to women as a means of production of society, the work carried out in the cultural and educational sphere also pursues the same goal, that is, women forget about themselves, their health, family, their children and to a certain extent, the creation of "iron wives", which the consequences came. The share of women engaged in manual labor in the national economy of the Republic was much higher than the average in the Union. Therefore, women were required to seriously engage in training of qualified personnel, creating adequate working conditions for them. Taking into account the requirements for women's Labor, the development of socio-economic measures for the rapid development of the productive forces of the Republic was one of the necessary measures.
The policy of the Soviet state also influenced the social consciousness, worldview of women and, in turn, the use of women's labor in all branches of the national economy. Women were socially equated with men, as a result of which the finished illiteracy among women led to their active participation in production and Public Affairs. However, the idea of "Equalization" also did not nominate its negative sides, as a result of which women lost their health due to the types of heavy physical labor, along with such cases as the loss of the appearance of their loving mother, good housewife. Thus, they carried out their thoughts and relations in accordance with the policy of the regime, and to some extent women became victims of this regime. The insubordination of the people, the repression, which was used in the society to abstract women, the Exile also led to the fragility of women's cadres. They actively participated in socialist competitions, conferences, actions, constantly responding to the demands, plans, calls that they set up in organizations, factories, agricultural sectors, even if they were on account of the health of their children.
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