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ОСНОВНОЙ РАЗДЕЛ
Abdukhamidov I.A. doctoral student Institute of history of the Academy of Sciences
Republic of Uzbekistan
WOMEN'S MOVEMENT IN LABOR MIGRATION: PROBLEMS AND
SOLUTIONS
Annotation: The article analyzes the activity of women in the processes of external labor migration and expresses the reaction to this process. It also discusses the problems associated with the upbringing of children arising in connection with the migration of women. Instead, proposals have been developed to overcome such problems. The article analyzes the activities of women in the processes of external labor migration and expresses
Key words: women's migration, labor migration, market economy, social protection.
Today, migration processes are growing rapidly in different regions of the world. According to international statistics, the total number of migrants in 2000 was 192 million. people [2], during the last twenty years it increased to 89 million people and 281 million people. reached a person. It is noteworthy that 48 percent of the population who migrated are women [3].
It is known that in the past, women's migration meant that they moved to another country together with their family or spouse, not as the main participants in the migration process. But over the past three decades, research on international migration has provided important evidence that significant changes have occurred in the gendered nature of migration. In particular, researchers such as E. V. Tyuryukanovoy, E. B. Bateneva, A. A. Ilimbetova, A. V. Vinokurova, D. V. Poletaev, Z. K. Vazirov [13] in the Russian Federation, Sh. Nuritdinova [9 ] and touched upon the issues of feminization of labor migration in Turkey.
Experts say that in the first years of independence, the process of external migration was more active in Uzbekistan than external labor migration, and the main part of the participants in this process were representatives of the Russian-speaking nation. They were mainly formed at the expense of those who moved to their historical homeland [12]. In particular, in 1990-2003, Russia received more than 10 million people, about 8 million of them were citizens of postSoviet countries, which made up 80% of the total number of immigrants [4].
Of course, if the issue of labor migrants did not become acute during this period, it does not mean that they did not exist at all. The reason is that they seem to be imperceptible against the background of Russian-speakers who have
migrated from the post-Soviet countries. But the interviews we conducted show that even in this period there are people who went to foreign countries in search of work, although it did not take a mass form, but it is evidence of their existence. As a result of mistakes and shortcomings made by the state in the policy aimed at the formation of a market economy, especially in the agrarian sector, socio-economic problems of the population increased and took on a conflicting tone by the beginning of the 21st century. As a result, the acceleration of labor migration of representatives of the local population to foreign countries began to be observed. The demographic situation in the Russian Federation and the high demand for cheap labor force are the main factors of the flow of labor force from developing countries. From the end of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century, citizens of Moldova, Ukraine, and Belarus dominated the recruitment of foreign workers, but it can be observed that the situation has changed since the beginning of the new century. Since this period, mainly three countries of Central Asia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan have become the main donor countries that deliver labor migrants. In 2011, a high share of migrant women who received work permits in Russia was made up of citizens of Moldova, Belarus, and Ukraine, while female labor migrants from Uzbekistan made up 12.6 percent of the total number of female migrants [6]. This can be explained as follows: firstly, Russian-speaking or ethnic proximity played an important role in labor migration to Russia at the beginning of the 21st century. Secondly, during the period in question, women's migration in Central Asian countries, including Uzbekistan, was not warmly welcomed by the members of the society.
It can be seen that the number of Central Asian female migrants in the Russian labor market has increased over time. For example, in 2011, Uzbek migrant women in Russia made up 12.6 percent of the total number of migrant women, and in 2015, it increased to 18 percent [10]. Most of the labor migrants from Uzbekistan are in the Russian Federation, 30 percent of them (about 500 thousand) [1] are female migrants. Only 90,900 women from Samarkand region [5], 48,000 from Andijan region, 30,000 from Fergana region and 11,000 from Namangan region are working abroad [17]. According to the results of the survey conducted during the study, the majority of female migrant workers in Russia are over 35 years old, and most of them work in the service sector.
At this point, it should be noted that remittances of migrants are of great importance in the country's economy. The dynamics of remittances from Russia to Uzbekistan grew steadily from 2009 to 2013. However, in 2014, it is related to the escalation of Russian-Ukrainian relations. Although the majority of Uzbeks work in Russia, in 2018, migrants working in other foreign countries sent about 1 billion US dollars to the country. In recent years, the cocktail has lost its appeal for migrants.
During the new government of Uzbekistan, the attitude towards Uzbek labor migrants abroad has changed radically. In particular, the problems in the
system of protection of labor migrants have been openly recognized and measures have been taken to eliminate them. Minister of Foreign Affairs Abdulaziz Kamilov, who reported on this in the Senate of the Oliy Majlis in 2020, admitted that there are shortcomings in the protection of labor migrants abroad and noted that only 4 employees serve 1.7 million people in the consulate in the Moscow region. The head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs drew attention to the establishment of bilateral cooperation with the parliament in solving such problems, as well as the need for a large-scale state program to help migrants. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated August 20, 2019 "On measures to further strengthen the protection of citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan and their family members engaged in temporary work abroad" [15], September 15, 2020 "Introduction of a safe, orderly and legal labor migration system [4] and March 1, 2022 "On additional measures to support citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan and their family members performing temporary work abroad" [16] was the basis for all-round support of its members. Based on the analysis of the research, the following can be stated as a conclusion.
Taking into account the Uzbek mentality, the participation of women in migration requires a special approach. For this reason, it is appropriate to study this issue in depth. Acceleration of measures to ensure women's employment through the development of small business and private entrepreneurship. In ensuring the employment of women, it is necessary to pay attention to their acquisition of professions suitable for the spirit of the times and to improve the system of employment service organizations. Improving the system of social support for women who are the sole breadwinners of the family.
References:
1. https://aniq.uz/yangiliklar/rossiyadagi-uzbek-ayollari-nega-homila-oldirmoqdalar
2. International Organization for Migration (IOM). World Migration Report 2020. - P. 22.
3. International Organization for Migration (IOM). World Migration Report 2020. - P. 3.
4. Marlene Laruelle. Central Asian Labor Migrants in Russia: The "Diasporization" of the Central Asian States? Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Volume 5, No. 3 (2007) P.102.
5. Gaybullaeva Z., Half a million Uzbek women are working abroad - is there a mechanism to find them a job in Uzbekistan? // https://kun.uz/uz/news/2022/04/14/yarim-million-Uzbek-women-working-foreign-ishlayapti-in-Uzbekistan-is-there-a-mechanism-to-find-work-for-them-
6. Ilimbetova A.A. Faktory i ekonomicheskie posledstvya zhenskoy trudovai migratsii v Rossiyu. // WEST. MOSCOW. UN-TA. SIR. 6. ECONOMY. 2013. No. 4. - S.96.
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10. Poletaev D.V. Jenskaya trudovaya migration from Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan to Russia. // Narodonaselenie. T. 21. No. 4, 2018. - S. 69.
11. Senators sent a request to the government about the protection of labor migrants in Russia. https://www.gazeta.uz/uz/2020/08/07/migrants/
12. Tojieva Z. Demographic processes and their territorial characteristics in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Dissertation written for obtaining the scientific title of Doctor (DSc) in Geography. - Tashkent, 2017. - B.77.
