CC BY
24Otabek ABDUVALIEV
Master's student at the Faculty of Economics of the National University of Uzbekistan
MIGRATION AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
The modern development of socio-economic systems is directly dependent on the degree of efficiency of the distribution and regulation of human capital. Migration of people is one of the most important socio-demographic processes that allows the redistribution of human capital between labor markets in order to optimize the development of regional economic systems and improve the efficiency of regional labor markets.
At the same time, due to the development of globalization migration processes has an increasingly significant impact on the demographic and social systems of departure and arrival places of migrants, as well as on the economic state of regional and local labor markets.
The main driving factors of labor migration are economic and social, as a result of which labor migration is characterized by increased dynamics when directed to countries with a higher probability of employment in the official sector of the host country's economy.
Among the latter, one can single out the model of the impact of migration on the development of the economy during periods of growth and recession through changes in the unemployment rate and labor productivity, the model for calculating net income from migrants, which links GDP with the cost of maintaining foreign workers, elasticity of wages and the share of migrants in the total number of employees. To assess the economic consequences of migration for the budget of the receiving state, computable models of overlapping generations and general equilibrium are used, considering both parts of the budget in relation to incomes from labor migrants and the costs associated with the latter being in the territory of the recipient country [1].
The experience of using the migration flows in the host country is sufficiently represented in scientific literature. In this area, a significant contribution was made by J. Borjas [2], who developed models for the labor force, taking into account its heterogeneity in terms of qualifications. The same method was used by G. Brecker to analyze the labor force of the local population in the short and long term [3].
Migration is strongly associated with broader global economic, social, political and technological transformations that address a wide range of high-priority policy issues. As globalization deepens, these transformations are increasingly shaping our lives - in our workplace, in our homes, in areas of our social and spiritual life - as we continue to engage in our daily activities.
An increasing number of people are able to access information, goods and services from around the world as a result of the continued diffusion of technologies that shorten distances.
The number of international migrants in the world in 2019 amounted to 272 million people (3.5% of the world's population), of which 52% of international migrants were men 48%, were women 74% of all international migrants were of working age (from 20 to 64 years old) [4].
In recent history, in the Nordic countries (Germany, Great Britain, France), the Scandinavian Peninsula (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), as well as in the United States and South Korea, as a result of the rapid development of industry and services, the need for external labor has increased. It was here that migrants from all over the world were drawn. For example, Turkey and Poland became the main exporters of labor to Germany, Pakistan and India to the UK, Algeria and Morocco to France, and China and the Philippines to the United States. According to the UN, in 2019 the number of migrants in the world reached 272 million. Of these, most of all are in Europe (82 million), North America (59 million), and North Africa and Western Asia -49 million. Remittances made by migrants in 2019 amounted to $554 billion. Among the leaders are India - 55 billion, to China - 51 billion, to Mexico - 23 billion US dollars. In labor supplying countries, these revenues accounted for 7-10% of the total external revenues.
Today, the Philippines is considered a country with a high level of organized migration. External labor migration is considered a donor to the economy of this country. From here, an average of 1.6 million people per year go abroad to work. A total of about 10 million citizens are considered labor migrants. Every year they transfer to their homeland up to $ 21.3 billion, or an average of 11 % of GDP [5].
Since 2016, the Republic of Uzbekistan has increased its attention to the field of migration. Over the past period, 12 normative-legal documents were adopted, designed to directly and indirectly streamline this area. According to the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of 2016, a procedure was introduced for calculating the length of service for labor migrants who timely pay social tax.
Another serious problem faced by Uzbeks working abroad is the risk of injury at work or injury during an accident on the way to another country. To make transportation cheaper, a 20 percent discount on tickets for labor migrants was introduced in 2018. Since 2020, Uzbekistan has begun to rely on the specialization of labor migrants - primarily on vocational and language training. Today, there are 191 centers operating in the country, in the future their number should exceed 200. In addition, 136 institutions for training professions in makhallas have been organized. Courses there are designed for 1, 3 or 6 months. The choice of profession is based on demand. Mahalla
centers provide training in sewing, computer literacy, hairdressing and cooking. In regional centers, the choice of specialties is richer - up to 22 positions.
According to the Ministry of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction, over 1.6 million Uzbek migrants are now working abroad. In total, as of January 1, 2021, 1,678,400 labor migrants from Uzbekistan work abroad. This is 782 thousand 400 people less than at the beginning of 2020. It is interesting that out of the total 481.1 thousand or 28.7% are women, 993.7 thousand or 59.2% are young people. Our compatriots work in countries such as Russia - 1 million 192 thousand 800 people (71%), Kazakhstan - 209 thousand 300 people (12%), South Korea - 62 thousand 300 people (4%), Turkey - 43 thousand 200 people (3 %), UAE - 5,200 people (0.3%), other countries - 165,600 people. Most of the Uzbek migrants work in construction (49%), industry (11%), trade and services (10.4%), the agricultural sector (7.8%), in other areas (20.9%) [6].
From August 2020 to January 2021, about 42 percent Chairpersons of local communities (Maxalya) reported that a migrant returned to their home due to COVID-19. The number of returned migrants from labor migration in cities was greater than in the countryside [7].
It is necessary to pursue a policy of carrying out labor migration in limited quantities only in exchange for the export of skilled labor. In recent years, our state has been paying great attention to issues related to labor migration. The adopted creation "On Measures to Implement a Security System, Decent and Legal Labor Migration" helps to increase the well-being of the people, to raise the international prestige of the territory of the state.
In our opinion, it is advisable to continue the policy of considering labor migration as an additional means of helping the national economy [9]. To account for the financial resources earned by labor migrants, it is necessary to use it to eliminate the imbalance between the demand and supply of labor in the country's labor market. This has a positive effect to the problem of employment in the country solving.
Analyzing migration in the world and in the country, it can be concluded that a larger number of regulatory documents related to labor migration were adopted not only years ago and did not fully reflect the current situation in the field of migration.
List of references
1. Lisenkova K., Sanchez-Martinez M., Merette M. The Long-term Economic Impacts of Reducing Migration: The Case of the UK Migration Policy / National Institute of Economic and Social Research, Discussion Paper No 420. 23rd December 2013. URL:
http://www.niesr.ac.uk/sites/default/files/publications/dp420.pdf
2. Borjas G.J. The Economic Analysis of Immigration // Handbook of Labor Economics. 1999. Vol. 3. Part A. P. 1697-1760. URL: http://www.ppge.ufrgs.br/giacomo/arquivos/eco02268/borjas-1999.pdf (accessed: 18.04.2016); Borjas G.J. The Labor-Market Impact of High-Skill Immigration // AEA Papers and Proceedings. May 2005. Vol. 95. No 2. P. 56-60 URL: https://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/gborjas/publications/ journal/AER2005.pdf
3. Brecker H., Jahn E.J., Upward R. Migration and Imperfect Labor Markets: Theory and Cross-Country Evidence from Denmark, Germany and the UK / IZA Discussion paper No 6713. July 2012. URL: http://ftp.iza.org/dp6713.pdf
4. Доклад о миграции в мире 2020. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/final-wmr_2020-ru.pdf
5. Толаметова З.А., Хошимов П.З. Хал^аро мех,нат миграциясининг xусусиятлари // Экономика и финансы (Узбекистан). 2019 №3 Р. 34-42.
6. Трудовая миграция: ждёт ли Узбекистан будущее Японии или Южной Кореи. https://uz.sputniknews.ru/20201117/Trudovaya-migratsiya-zhdt-li-Uzbekistan-buduschee-Yaponii-ili-Yuzhnoy-Korei-15423658.html
7. https://podrobno.uz/cat/economic/v-uzbekistane-nazvali-chislo-migrantov-nakhodyashchikhsya-seychas-za-rubezhom/
8. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/a141cb6bace3f340df173e75d4463 970-0080062021/original/L2CU-C0VID-19-Rev2020-Cleared-UZB.pdf
9. Muminov N., Egamberdieva O. MODERN ASPECTS OF HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AS A METHOD FOR IMPROVING THE LABOR MARKET OF UZBEKISTAN. В сборнике: Устойчивое развитие экономики: международные и национальные аспекты. Электронный сборник статей IV Международной научно-практической online-конференции. 2020. С. 237-240.
