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Iymanova D.A., Candidate of historical sciences Head of the "Social and Economical Sciences " department
Associate Professor Andijan institute of Economics and Building
THE ESSENCE OF THE POLICY OF "MOBILIZATION" AND INCONSISTENCIES ON THE ISSUE OF WORKING PERSONNEL OF
THE SOVIET SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN (1925-1940 YEARS)
Annotation. This scientific article is devoted to the formation of workers in the industry during the Soviet system, the policy of "mobilization" of workers from the center, the issue of ideological bases and strategic goals, the consequences of which will be studied on the basis of scientific sources and journals. The study covers 1925-1940 years of the twentieth century.
Keywords: Soviet system, personnel policy, working personnel, mobilization policy, industrialization, engineer-technical personnel, specialist, technical, party, organization.
Introduction. One of the important problems of studying the history of Uzbekistan is to cover the issue of the inconsistencies in the issue of the working staff of the Soviet system in Uzbekistan and the essence of the policy of "mobilization" in 1925-1940. It is necessary to study the policy of personnel carried out under the administrative command of the Soviet state, its impact and consequences on social and spiritual life, the standard of living of the population, to draw appropriate lessons, conclusions. The fact that the study is still a separate issue in socio-political development today creates the ground for new scientific conclusions and practical recommendations. The chosen period has an ideological appearance from the point of view of the border under study, the emergence of large industrial sectors in Uzbekistan, forms of party and Soviet personnel training, colonial interests in personnel training, attitude to National Personnel, migration of many nationalities, the results of the research allow to draw appropriate conclusions, as well as to develop theoretical and practical recommendations.
Literature view. During the Soviet system, several scientists conducted their research on the work-personnel policy carried out in Uzbekistan. In Particular, F.Oripov, T.Abdushukurov, Q.Abdurahmonov, M.Gurevich, Sh.A.Zukhriddinov, R.H.Aminova, G.Ismailova, M.A.Ahunova, F.Iskhakov, O.K.Ziyadullaev, A.K.Taksanov was engaged in research.
During the years of independence it is possible to include monographic researches of D.Alimova, D.Bobojonova, M.Khaydarov, N.Oblamurodov, Yu.Ergasheva, S.Tursunov, H.Yunusova, Ya.Abdullaeva, D.Iymanova. The scientific researches of K.K.Radjabov, M.M.Khaydarov, B.Burhanov and other scientists study the problems of labor force in Uzbekistan, the use of female
labor in the national economy and other issues. However, these works are the product of a totalitarian regime, which has a number of considerable aspects. In particular, the issue of training national staff has been studied from the point of view of the period, and although their number in educational institutions is small, it is considered positive. Both workers and peasants are valued as the main classes in society, their place in the development of society is emphasized, and the working class is given as the main driving force of the system. The participation of workers and peasants involved in political life in congresses, congresses, and deputies of the Supreme Soviet is considered to be positive. However, the problems of the workforce of 1925-1940, their "mobilization" and relocation from the center have not been studied as a whole object of research.
Research methodology. The scientific article used the methods of historical, systematization, statistical, systematic analysis, comparative analysis and problem-periodic approach.
Analysis and results. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated July 27, 1998 No 315 "On improving the activities of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan" On the basis of the Resolution No. PQ-3105 of June, it is planned to study and analyze the true history of our country. President Sh.M. Mirziyoyev said, "In particular, we need to understand our national identity, study the rich history of our country, strengthen scientific research in this area, fully support the activities of scientists in the humanities." [1] In addition, in a video conference on January 19, 2021 on the radical improvement of the system of spiritual and educational work, strengthening cooperation between state and public organizations in this regard, he said, "It is necessary to create a national history with a national spirit. Otherwise it will have no educational effect. We need to teach our youth to learn from history, to draw conclusions, to equip them with the science of history, historical thinking" said Sh. Mirziyoyev. [2] The world community recognizes that Uzbekistan, as an independent state, occupies an important place in the world among more than 200 countries with its strict humanistic, peace-loving policy.
The industrialization policy implemented in Uzbekistan in 1925-1940 was an integral part of the chauvinist and colonial policy of the Shura government and the Communist Party. In December 1925, the VKP (b) announced the escalation of the road "socialist industrialization" in the XVI Congress. Industrialization has led to the weakening of industries, although it has created a powerful manufacturing-industrial sector across the entire union, but at the same time serves to increase the consumption and living standards of the people. The National Natural Resources of the Uzbek people, its labor, were necessarily subordinated to the service of the tyrannical-imperial regime. The idea of a single economy of the USSR was put forward in order to make such a policy possible. Moscow insisted on the development of which network of the national economy was headed in Uzbekistan. This direction of development was
reflected in the directives "Stalin five years". While in Russia the main emphasis was on the construction of heavy industrial enterprises in Ukraine, Belarus and other republics, in Uzbekistan light industrial enterprises were built, which produce food, clothing, etc., which are associated with the development of cotton cultivation, are connected with the living and living of the population. The growth of industrial strength was also noticeable. Even after the establishment of the Uzbek SSR, certain enterprises intended for industrial production were established in the country, funds were allocated from the budget, including with the help of the industrial districts of the center, efforts were carried out to find a class of workers. But all this was directed to the dominant center, and then to the imperial interests of the union circles. Since the middle of the 1920s, large groups of workers and specialists have been regularly mobilized from Russia to Uzbekistan for permanent residence. They should have helped to inflame industrial construction, form a detachment of the Republican working class. In Uzbekistan, the implementation of the policy of industrialization began as a necessary condition for the strengthening of Soviet power. Industrialization in the country is not formed, Skilled Workers, practically do not have specialists, experience in the development of Heavy Industries, has become difficult. Under the same pretext, workers, engineer-technical personnel were transplanted from the central regions of Russia. The center made efforts to form a working class with the help of industrial factories. But all this was in the interests of the ruling Bolshevik Party and the Center.
At the II Congress of the compartments of Uzbekistan (November 1925), the leadership of the Republic made public the need to restore its industry, first of all, the textile industry, which was intended "to meet the needs of the local population for textile products, as well as to supply them to the countries of the army" [3.58]. As the government of the young republic headed by Fayzulla Khujaev reasonably thought, in the case of the provision of appropriate economic assistance, Uzbekistan would be able to independently recycle the raw materials grown in it, produce finished products from it, establish direct foreign economic relations [4.190-191]. With the beginning of industrialization in such a view, looked like practical measures were being taken to solve this pressing task. Sergo Ordzhonikidze in his speech at the 15th Congress of the VKP (b), which was held in December 1927, was forced to admit that 61,9 percent of the management apparatus of the Shura power in Uzbekistan was Russian, and only 24,7 percent were representatives of land nationalities [5].
In 1925, the industrial enterprises in the territory of Uzbekistan were mainly light industrial enterprises, including 39 ginneries and 35 food enterprises. They employed a total of 87,000 workers. The main part of the workers were working personnel from the center. In particular, at the "First may" workshop in Tashkent, local workers accounted for 2.1 percent, and among specialist workers-0.6 percent. Local workers from 2438 workers of 5 enterprises located in the "Krasno Vostochny" District of Tashkent were 5 per
cent [6. 412-413]. In 1925-1926 in Uzbekistan, the number of workers reached 11900 people. 29.3% of them were representatives of local nationalities. At this time, an ordinary worker of a cement plant receives a salary of 51 rubles 50 kopeks, a sewing factory worker receives a salary of 40 rubles 51 kopeks [7. 296]. For Uzbekistan, it was extremely necessary to accelerate industrial construction at a wide pace. Because the economy of the Republic remained agrarian. In 1927, the share of agriculture in the national economy of the UzSSR was 62.6%, the share of industry was 37.4%, while 90% of industrial production was based on the processing of agricultural raw materials. In 1927, the share of agriculture in the national economy of Uzbekistan was 62.6%, the share of industry was 38.4%, while 90% of industrial production was based on the processing of agricultural raw materials [8.3]. The process of staffing the industry has become controversial. In general, the rapid pace of industrialization has created objective conditions for the quantitative growth of the supply of workers and engineers. For example, the number of the working class in large industry increased from 17.9 thousand in the first 5 years to 62.4 thousand, or 3.5 times. In particular, Akmal Ikramov, in his speech at the Congress of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan (b) in Samarkand on November 16-26, 1927, stated that the number of indigenous workers decreased from 38.4% in 1926 to 37.4% in 1927 [9.350]. Mustafa Chokay said: "Let's put aside other high-tech positions, not a single Turkestan train driver, not a single railway station chief or assistant. In the metallurgical industry, there were 3,627 foreigners and 819 indigenous peoples". [10] During the first five years (1928-1932) 289 industrial enterprises were built and put into operation in Uzbekistan. 79 enterprises were reorganized, the main production assets of the industry increased by 3 times, oil production by 2.5 times, metal products by 6 times. The rates of light industry in leather, footwear, sewing and yarn production have been steadily increasing. [11.38-39] During this period, "Tashselmash" and Quvasoy cement plants, the first in the Central Asian cotton machinery industry, were built. The construction of "Chirchikqurilish" and the Tashkent Textile Combine was carried out at a rapid pace. The development of industry required the expansion of the energy base. New power plants have been built in Fergana, Samarkand, Tashkent and other places. In 1932, the number of all power stations increased from 16 in 1928 to 49, and power generation increased more than 7 times. Fergana textile factory and oil refinery, sewing factories were launched in Bukhara, Tashkent and other cities. Due to the fact that the economy was based on raw materials, the industry of Uzbekistan was specialized only in one way: about 2/3 of it was accounted for by the ginning industry. The share of industry in the national economy increased from 43% in 1928 to 70% in 1940 [12.44-45]. New production lines have emerged.
In the Uzbek SSR in 1933, the average annual wage of workers and employees increased by 168% compared to 1929, and in 1937 by 280% [13.90]. At this point, the devaluation of the Soviet ruble was high. Due to the high cost,
the amount of expenditures made for social needs has increased. If in 1937, 188.4 million rubles were allocated from the state budget for socio-cultural events in Uzbekistan, in 1938 this amount amounted to 824.3 million rubles [14.76]. By 1931, the number of local workers in the Uzbek railway network was 17% [15.2]. In 1931 year 15,000 people were evacuated. At the beginning of industrialization, small hydropower plants and enterprises for processing raw materials for agriculture and cotton were built and put into operation. These include hydropower plants in Chirchik, Tashkent sewing, footwear, tobacco, Fergana textile, silk factories in Samarkand and Margilan. In the 1930s, the Tashkent Textile Combine, the Agricultural Machinery Plant, the Chirchik Chemical Plant and many other large enterprises were launched. At the end of the 1930s, there were 1,445 different industrial enterprises in the republic, employing 142,000 workers. The policy of industrialization pursued by the Soviets "in the short term on our own" was very difficult for Uzbekistan. The center was trying to get as much profit from the country as possible by plundering the country's underground and surface mineral resources, raw materials, using cheap labor. During the second 5-year period (1933-1937), the industrial enterprises to be established in the UzSSR were planned taking into account the needs of the center, rather than local conditions and national interests. For example, the construction of a nitrogen fertilizer plant in Chirchik and the Tashkent Textile Combine were aimed at developing cotton growing in the Central Asian region. In total, 189 different industrial enterprises and power plants were built in the second 5 years. These include the Fergana spinning mill, the Khavdag and Uchqizil oil fields, the Tashkent printing plant, the Kokand superphosphate plant, the thermal power plants in Bukhara, the Kadyriya and Burjar stations, the Tashkent paint factory, and others, which served mainly to meet the Union's needs. The political leadership of the Soviet state sought to compensate for the losses caused by the mistakes and shortcomings in the management of the national economy by forcing it through administrative command and by the escalation of the "revolutionary enthusiasm of the masses" through the actions of a number of Workers "Socialist competition", "intensity", "stakhanovism" and others, organized from above. This policy was carried out especially from the accounts of millions of peasants. Because the policy of collective bargaining conducted in the village was very much in line with the merciless goal, while the population of Uzbekistan increased by 37 percent in 1926-1939, the number of Europeans increased by 62 percent. In 1934 year 119 thousand people moved to Uzbekistan from other republics, of which 96 thousand were citizens of the RSFSR [16.99]. By 1937, the total number of industrial workers was 181,000. But among them, the indigenous peoples were a minority. The number of local indigenous workers declined rather than increased. By 1938, 650,000 people had been sent to the province [17.78]. Steps are being taken to form a national working class, and although their number is increasing, their share is declining in percentage terms. In 1926, Uzbek workers
accounted for 50.4 percent of Uzbekistan, while by 1936 it fell by 36.5 percent [18.45]. In 1938, 65.5 percent of the representatives of local nationalities, who were working personnel, served as black workers [19.2]. As a result of the development of the industry, the energy base also expanded. Since the personnel policies carried out during the entire Soviet system were associated with the chauvinistic goals of the Soviet state, during the period of the former Union, the health of local personnel in the leading branches of the national economy of the Republic was very low. This was the result of the chauvinist policy of the dictatorial Soviet regime, which denied the local features of the national republics, the national interests of the Uzbek people. New power plants were built in Fergana, Samarkand, Tashkent and other places. In 1932, the number of all power stations increased from 16 in 1928 to 49, and power generation increased more than 7 times [20,120]. In 1932, the republic produced 89.7% of cotton fiber, 54.2% of cement, 56.4% of vegetable oil, 47.2% of raw silk [21.120-125]. By 1940, the number of industrial workers had risen to 142,000. The local workforce was 32.4 percent [22.3]. Personnel sent from the center lived mainly in urban areas, worked in management offices, factories connected with modern science and technology. Local indigenous cadres worked in areas that did not require more high qualifications. Uzbekistan is the main supplier of raw cotton to the Union. Most of the cotton grown in Uzbekistan was sent to Russian textile factories for processing and exported abroad. Uzbekistan's industry was mainly focused on serving the needs of agriculture.
During the third five-year period before the war (1938-42) there was a shift in industrial development. By the beginning of the war, 134 additional industrial enterprises had been launched in the USSR. Among them were Chirchik Electrochemical Combine, Tashkent Textile Combine, and the largest fish cannery in Muynak. The construction of the Chirchik HPP, the Almalik Copper Smelter, the Quvasoy GRES, the Tavaksay and Samarkand HPPs, and the launch of the Angren coal mine have been accelerated. By the beginning of the war, the industrial potential of the republic included 1,445 large and medium-sized industrial enterprises and 19,000 small enterprises. The ratio between the industries that produce the means of production and the consumer goods has changed significantly. The share of large-scale industry rose from 16.3% in 1928 to 32.8% in 1940. In the industry, the primary processing of agricultural products is dominated by industries. The final product of the republic's raw materials was produced in the industrial centers of the Union, so the bulk of the profits would remain there. Uzbekistan's natural gas is also exported to the RSFSR and Eastern Europe via the Bukhara-Urals and the world's longest Central Asian gas pipeline. But most of the towns and villages in the republic were not gasified. The currency from the export of gold, uranium and other rare metals mined in Uzbekistan went to the treasury of the center. Industrial and agricultural products produced in the country were exported to 42 countries, but Uzbekistan was deprived of the right to establish contacts with foreign countries,
to conclude direct economic contracts with foreign firms and companies. Such authority was vested only in the ministries and departments of the Union at the center. While the industrialization of the Uzbek SSR provided large volumes of extractive and agricultural raw materials, the share of the processing and machine-building industries remained small, several times lower than the Union level.
In conclusion, the imperfection of the region's industry has affected the social composition of the indigenous population, their concentration in traditional industries, and has led to their extremely low availability in the sectors that determine the development of science and technology. Local staff is more involved in traditional industries, such as light industry, food, and so on. As the indigenous population is more involved in science-based industries, it would be expedient to increase the cultural and technical level, and to attract more local staff instead of replacing the skilled labor force in enterprises with foreign personnel. And living conditions would be improved if the problems of improving the working conditions of the local population, directing jobs, raising wages, improving housing and social conditions were done in a timely manner.
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