44Review article Economics of Agriculture 4/2017
UDC: 165.64:338.48-6(497.11)
WHO ARE WINE TOURISTS? AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF SEGMENTS IN SERBIAN
WINE TOURISM
Dejan Sekulic1, Aleksandar Petrovic2, Vladimir Dimitrijevic3
Summary
This paper aims to investigate who are the wine tourists in Serbia. The research was conducted by using a survey method. Two profile questions were used aimed to identify segments: "Do you consume wine?" and "Have you ever visited some winery in Serbia"? Of a total number, 152 completed questionnaires were received. According to the research results, two segments of wine tourists were defined: active and potential. The active wine tourists are persons who consume wine and so far have visited some wineries and participated in wine tourism. The potential wine tourists also consume wine, but haven't visited any winery in Serbia so far. Motives for inclusion in wine tourism of both these groups are similar, while the active wine tourists have shown greater readiness to revisit the favourite winery and participate actively in wine tourism in future period in regard to the potential ones.
Keywords: wine tourists, segmentation, motivation, behavioral intention, barriers. JEL: D12, M21, Q13, L83
Introduction
Modern tourism is based on shorter, but frequent visits of tourists to the specific destinations, in order to reveal new localities and attractions. Tourists are more interested in adventures and experiences during the trip, which affects the emergence of new tourism products and new forms of tourism.
1 Dejan Sekulic, PhD, Assistant, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjacka Banja, Vojvodanska bb, 36210 Vrnjacka Banja, Serbia, Phone: +38162602902, E-mail: dejan.sekulic@kg.ac.rs
2 Aleksandar Petrovic, MA, PhD candidate, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjacka Banja, Vojvodanska bb, 36210 Vrnjacka Banja, Serbia, Phone: +381604553366, E-mail: acapetrovic86@yahoo.com
3 Vladimir Dimitrijevic, MA, Public Enterprise "Posta Srbije", Balkanska 27, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, Phone: +381112686570; E-mail: v_dimitrijevic@yahoo.com
These modern forms of tourism comprise sport and recreation, culinary delights and gastronomy, culture and customs and can be marked as the specific forms of tourism. Interest in the specific forms of tourism has increased in recent years, and tourists who participate in them spend more money, travel more often and practice more activities than other tourists (MacKay et al., 2002).
Activities related to wine and the desire of tourists to visit wine destinations and wine cellars, and to get acquainted with the wine production method, wine culture and customs, are getting a special interest in the world within the specific forms of tourism, which all affects the development of wine tourism. In the 2004 in France, 7.5 million wine tourists were registered, of which 2.5 million was foreigners. In Italy 4 million wine tourists were registered, in the USA more than 4 million only in Napa Valley, while in Spain in the year 2008 was recorded 1 million wine tourists. The most of wineries open for tourist visits are located in Australia (80%) and in Germany (60%) (Marzo-Navarro, Pedraja-Iglesias, 2010). In the USA, wine toutists spend around $ 3 billion a year on visits to wine-growing regions (Bonn et al., 2016).
In general, wine tourism can be defined as visits to wineries, to vineyards, and to wine and grape festivals, where experiencing the attributes of a wine or of production regions constitutes the main reason for a visit. Thus, a wine tourist can be any person who gets involved in appreciating elements that are related to wine while visiting a production region (O'Neill, Palmer, 2004). Wine tourists are fundamentally motivated by the esthetic experience or the enrichment through unique environs such as the wine country. Tasting and purchasing wine have been identified as motivations for visiting a particular region. While tourists may gaze at the winescape (esthetic experience), they may also actively engage in wine country recreation (escapist experience), abundant in the natural, rural setting of wine regions (Quadri-Felitti, Fiore, 2016).
Wine tourism, as the specific form of tourism in Serbia is in its infancy. Wineries in Serbia don't have precise data regarding a number of tourists who visit them. That is why these problems point out to the significance of research in the field of wine tourism, motivation of tourists to be included in this form of tourism, as well as defining the wine tourists segments.
The basic research problem in this paper is the definition of wine tourists, as well as the identification of differences in motives, intentions and behavior among them. Based on the review of previous research in domestic and foreign literature, a research model has been developed, which includes three groups of questions related to: motives for participation in wine tourism, behavioral intention and barriers.
An empirical research was conducted to identify wine tourists. Two profile questions, "Do you consume wine" and "Have you ever visited some winery in Serbia", were used. The first profile question aims to identify respondents who consume wine in relation to non-consumers. Respondents who are marked as non-consumers are not included in further research. Only those who are wine consumers remain in the sample. On the basis of the second profile question, the segmentation of wine tourists was carried out
in two groups. The first group consists of those who consume wine and take part in wine tourism. This group is named as "active wine tourists". The second group consists of respondents who consume wine, but have not yet visited a wine cellar or participated in wine tourism. That is why this group is marked as "potential wine tourists".
Using the descriptive statistical analysis, the values of the arithmetic means of independent variables in the model are determined. By calculating the Cronbach alpha coefficient, the reliability of the model was estimated. Using the t-test, differences in the average marks of the defined variables were calculated for these two groups of respondents.
In domestic literature there is very little research in this field and these works are primarily theoretical. The significance of the research in this paper, in addition to theoretical contribution, is reflected in the empirical verification of the introduced model in order to identify the most important motives that influence the inclusion of wine consumers in wine tourism, as well as determining the difference between the defined segments of wine tourists.
Research methodology
The survey method was used in this research for collecting the primary data. The questionnaire consists of three groups of questions, which are drafted according to the relevant researches (Bruwer, 2003; Bruwer, 2004; Brown et al., 2006; Marzo-Navarro, Pedraja-Iglesias, 2009; Alonso, 2009; Marzo-Navarro, Pedraja-Iglesias, 2010; Grybovych, Lankford, Lankford, 2013, Sekulic et al. 2016).
The first group of questions encloses 12 assertions, which refer on tourists motives to take part in wine tourism. Respondents were rating these assertions on a scale from 1 to 7, where 1 meant "absolutely irrelevant", and 7 meant "absolutely relevant".
The second group of questions encloses 2 observations concerning the intention of tourists to visit wine destinations and be active participants in wine tourism. The respondents appraise these assertions on a scale from 1 (I absolutely disagree) to 7 (I absolutely agree).
The third group of questions was defined by using 3 assertions, which refer to limitations for taking part in wine tourism. These limitations refer to time necessary for taking part in wine tourism, remoteness and inaccessibility of wine tourism destinations, as well as the wine tourism costs.
Besides these questions, the questionnaire enclosed also the questions regarding the demographic characteristics of respondents (gender, age and education), as well as two profile questions: "do you consume wine?" and "have you visited some winery in Serbia so far"?
Segmentation of wine tourists
There are numerous researches in the literature, which tend to define the wine tourists. Therefore, there is no unique stereotype of a wine tourist, as well as no unique definition of who he really is. Number of these tourists, in countries with the developed wine tourism, ranges from 5 to 30 percentage of the total number of tourists. These are "casual" tourists, who visit wineries in order to taste wine. In addition, we can also find the "sophisticated drinkers", who are interested in getting additional information on wine and its production as well, besides wine tasting. Wineries consider that around 5% of tourists make this group, and their number depends on a winery reputation and a wine manufacturer (Charters, Ali-Knight, 2002).
In the study conducted in Italy (1996), Corigliano was identified four groups of wine tourists. The Professional: persons between 30-45 years of age, who are good wine connoisseurs and its production, interested in trying something new and ready to invest time and energy in research. The Impassioned Neophyte: persons between 25-30 years of age, they like wine, enjoy food, like to travel in company, like to find out something new and make new friendships. The Hanger: persons between 40-45 years of age, richer, interested in wine because they think that the proficiency in wine differentiates them from other people, but they know only basic things about wine, they are easy to impress, sometimes ask for a discount. The Drunker: persons between 50-60 years of age, they visit wineries in groups on Sundays, consider them as an alternative to a bar, they drink fast and ask for more, buy wine in balloons.
In conversation with wineries in New Zealand, Hall (1996) was identified three groups of wine tourists: the "wine lovers", the "wine interested" and "curious tourists". Dodd and Bigotte (1997) were studying visitors to the wineries in Texas and were defined two segments based on the respondents' age and their income. The first group was made of older tourists with higher income in regard to the second group.
Di-Gregorio and Licari (2006) was identifying three segments in their research conducted in South Italy: Opinion leaders: passionate about wine and write for wine magazines. Wine tourists: their goal is to increase knowledge on wine and buy a bottle of wine in the winery. Occasional tourists: they are more interested in vacation and visit to restaurants than in wine.
Browen et al., (2006) were defined four segments: Demanding gourmet: male, self-employed, takes part in wine tourism, visits wineries and makes acquaintances in them, visits good restaurants. Hedonic aficionados: a man who often drinks wine. Prudent enthusiast: female, employed, consumes wine less than the previous two groups. Functional differentiator: retired woman.
Galloway et al., (2008) were singled out two groups of wine tourists: Higher sensation seekers: male, has high incomes, buys more bottles of wine per month, visits several wineries annually, uses the internet to get information about wineries, takes part in several activities during the visit to wineries and wine destinations. Lower sensation seekers: female with less expressed participation in activities in regard to the first group.
Brunner and Synergist (2011) were identified six segments of wine consumers in their research conducted in Switzerland: the price-conscious wine consumer; the involved, knowledgeable wine consumer; the image-oriented wine consumer; the indifferent wine consumer; the basic wine consumer; and the enjoyment-oriented, social wine consumer.
In the research conducted in Germany, Koch, et al., (2013) were determined that person between 35-45 and 45-60 years of age are two most suitable groups for wine tourism. These two groups have higher incomes in regard to younger respondents and show more interest in wine. Only 21% of respondents between 18-25 and 25-35 years of age are worth targeting, while 19% of persons older than 60 years have shown interest in taking part in wine tourism.
Salai, et al., (2013) define three wine consumer segments according to the frequency of consumption: consumers who consume wine regularly, consumers who consume wine rarely and consumers determined by habit.
Olsen et al., (2015) were identified three segments of wine consumers in the research conducted in the USA: high variety-seeking consumers, moderate variety-seeking and variety avoiders. High variety seekers are younger, hold values favouring stimulation and tolerance of risk, pay more for wine, purchase wine in more locations, prefer more varietals and consider themselves more wine knowledgeable and involved than the other two segments.
Results and Discussion
Of the total number of sent questionnaires, 160 completed questionnaires were received. Eight respondents (5%) said that they don't like to drink wine, and therefore they were not taken into further consideration. Only those respondents who consume wine remained in the sample (152).
Table 1. Demographic characteristics of respondents
Demographic characteristics Frequency Share (%)
Gender
Male 78 51.3%
Female 74 48.7%
Age
Up to 25 10 6.6%
25-34 62 40.8%
35-44 66 43.4%
45-54 11 7.2%
55+ 3 2.0%
Education
Secondary school 13 8.6%
College 40 26.3%
Demographic characteristics Frequency Share (%)
University 99 65.1%
Visit to wineries
Yes 90 59.2%
No 62 40.8%
Source: Authors' research
Taking into consideration the second segmentation criterion, which refers on the visit to wineries in Serbia, two groups of respondents were identified. The first group makes 90 respondents, who consume wine and have visited some winery in Serbia (59.2%). The second group of 62 respondents makes persons who consume wine, but still haven't visited any winery in Serbia (40.8%).
The first group will be called the "active "wine tourists, while it is consisted of the respondents who drink wine and have visited some winery so far and have participated in wine tourism. On the other hand, we can find the respondents who drink wine as well, but still haven't visited any winery in Serbia. These tourists will be called the "potential" wine tourists.
Table 2. Demographic characteristics of segments
Demographic characteristics Active (n=90) Potential (n=62)
Frequency (%) Frequency (%)
Gender
Male 55 61.1% 23 37.1%
Female 35 38.9% 39 62.9%
Age
Up to 25 4 4.4% 6 9.7%
25-34 30 33.3% 32 51.6%
35-44 46 51.1% 20 32.3%
45-54 8 8.9% 3 4.8%
55+ 2 2.2% 1 1.6%
Education
Secondary school 9 10.0% 2 3.2%
College 22 24.4% 9 14.5%
University 59 65.6% 51 82.3%
Source: Authors' research
An active wine tourist is a male, between 35-44 years of age, with a university degree. On the other hand, a potential wine tourist is a female, between 25-34 years of age, also with a university degree.
Table 3. Differences in segment estimates
Motives for participation in wine tourism Active (Mean) Potential (Mean) t-value Sig.
Visit to wineries 6.28 5.72 1.724 0.091
Wine tasting 6.43 6.00 1.441 0.155
Purchasing wine 5.21 4.91 0.796 0.430
Trying different types of wines 6.26 5.78 1.614 0.111
Getting to know wine manufacturers 5.81 5.13 1.925 0.058
Getting information on wine and its production 6.21 5.50 2.229 0.029**
Taking part in wine production 4.23 3.53 1,813 0,074
Tasting local gastronomic specialties 5.62 5.03 1,750 0,086
Shops with the local agricultural and handicraft products 5.06 4.44 1.519 0.134
Opportunities for recreation and vacation 5.70 5.09 1.811 0.076
Meeting people with similar interests 5.19 4.56 1.863 0.066
Trip organization (transport, accommodation, activities) 5.91 5.34 1.679 0.100
Behavioral intention Active (Mean) Potential (Mean) t-value Sig.
I would gladly visit a winery in which manufactures wine I like to drink 6.64 6.03 2.436 0.019**
I would take part in wine tourism in future period 6.17 5.28 3.074 0.003**
Barriers Active (Mean) Potential (Mean) t-value Sig.
High costs of wine tourism 4.68 4.63 0.180 0.858
Wine destinations in Serbia are remote and inaccessable 3.64 3.88 -0.616 0.540
It takes a lot of time for wine tourism 3.57 3.72 -0.419 0.677
Source: Authors' research
The active wine tourists have rated the following assertions with the highest ratings, which point out to the basic motives for taking part in wine tourism: wine tasting (6.43), visit to wineries (6.28), trying different wines (6.28), getting information about wine and its production (6.21). They rated with something worse grades: participation in wine production (4.23), shops (5.06) and meeting people (5.19). The active wine tourists would gladly visit wineries (6.64); while on the other hand, they consider that the necessary time (3.57) and the remoteness of wine destination (3.64) are not significant barriers for taking part in wine tourism.
The potential wine tourists have rated with the highest grades the following motives for the inclusion in wine tourism: wine (6.03), trying various wines (5.78), visit to wineries (5.72), getting information about wine and its production (5.50). They rated with worse grades those assertions that refer to: participation in wine production (3.53), the existence of shops (4.44) and meeting people (4.56). Similar to the active ones, but worse rated, the potential wine tourists would gladly visit the winery that manufactures wine they consumed (6.03). The potential wine tourists don't consider that it takes a lot of time for wine tourism (3.72), as well as that they don't consider the wine destinations as distant (3.88).
Table 4. Basic characteristics of the active and potential wine tourists
Type of wine tourists Characteristics
Active Wine Tourists Male
35-44 years of age
University education
Primary motives: wine tasting, visit wineries, trying wines, getting information about wine and its production.
Secondary motives: taking part in production, interest in local shops, meeting people. They are more willing to visit a winery that produces a favourite wine and take part in wine tourism in regard to the potential wine tourists
Barriers: time and remoteness are less significant in regard to the potential tourists in order to take part in wine tourism
Potential Wine Tourists Female
25-34 years of age
Univeristy education
Primary motives: wine tasting, trying wines, visit to wineries
Secondary motives: taking part in production, interest in local shops, meeting people.
They are less willing to visit a winery that produces a favourite wine and take part in wine tourism in regard to the active wine tourists
Barriers: time and remoteness are more significant in regard to the active tourists in order to take part in wine tourism
Source: Authors' research
Differences regarding the assertions which refer to the motives of tourists to take part in wine tourism were established by using a t-test. Statistically significant difference appears concerning the assertion on getting information on wine and its production. The active tourists have rated this assertion with an average grade of 6.21, while the potential tourists have rated with 5.50 (t=2.229, p=0.029<0.05), so there have been the statistically important difference in the views of these two groups of respondents. In other words, the active tourists have expressed the greater motivation to learn something about wine and its production, i.e. the greater readiness to educate in regard to the potential wine tourists.
The statistically important differences in the attitudes of respondents occur concerning the assertions, which describe future behaviour of wine tourists. The active tourists have shown higher interest in visiting the winery that manufactures wine they consume in regard to the potential wine tourists (t=2.436, p=0.019<0.05), as well as the greater readiness to take part in wine tourism in time to come (t=3.074, p=0.003<0.05).
Conclusion
Wine tourism in Serbia is in its infancy, but with great potential for development. Subsidies for vineyards, production and processing of wine have influenced the increase in the number of small winery in Serbia for the last ten years. Domestic winemakers are interested in engaging in this form oftourism. It is therefore very important to get an answer to the question "who are wine tourists". The answer to this question will help marketers and winemakers to identify wine tourists, as well as, similarities and differences between different segments. This will enable the creation of an adequate marketing strategies in order to attract more wine tourists and generate more significant revenues.
In this regard, empirical research was conducted with the aim of defining wine tourists and identifying similarities and differences between certain segments.The empirical research results show that the primary motives for taking part in wine tourism for both groups of the active wine tourists (they consume wine and take part in wine tourism) and the potential wine tourists (they consume wine, but haven't participated in wine tourism so far) are the same: wine tasting, visit to wineries and trying different wines.
Secondary motives are also very similar: taking part in wine production, the local shops and meeting people. There can be noticed that the active tourists have rated the defined claims with higher grades in regard to the potential tourists, i.e. they have been more motivated for taking part in wine tourism. The most important difference in these two wine tourists groups' motives is in a fact that the active tourists are more motivated to learn more on wine and its production in regard to the potential wine tourists.
As far as future behaviour of wine tourists is concerned, the best rated claim for both groups was the intention to visit a winery that manufactures wine they consumed. This is important concerning future action and driving force as for the active, as well as for the potential tourists.
On the other hand, the obstacles for taking part in wine tourism, which refer on time, remoteness and costs, are rated low. The negative values of t-test were noticeable here, i.e. the obstacles were related to the destination remoteness, and time necessary for taking part in wine tourism was more significant for the potential wine tourists in regard to the active wine tourists.
The active wine tourists have shown greater readiness to revisit a favourite winery and participate actively in wine tourism in the future. On the other hand, the potential wine tourists showed less readiness to visit wineries and for wine tourism. These results point out to the necessity of using the appropriate marketing tools, aiming to motivate
the potential tourist to take part in wine tourism and their conversion from the potential tourists into the active wine tourists. Realisation of this goal is possible considering that the potential tourists find the barriers (time, remoteness, and money) are not a significant obstacle for participating in wine tourism.
The significance of this research is reflected in the empirical verification of the introduced model conceived on the basis of relevant researchs in the literature. In domestic literature there are limited number of papers in this field or they are primarily of theoretical character. The limitation of this research refers to the size of the sample. In future research it is necessary to include a large number of respondents. Also, this research could be linked to the research of the attitudes of wine producers regarding wine tourism, their intention and desire to connect at regional and national level in order to promot and develop wine tourism.
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KO SU VINSKI TURISTI? EMPIRIJSKO ISTRAZIVANJE SEGMENATA U VINSKOM TURIZMU
U SRBIJI
Dejan Sekulic4, Aleksandar Petrovic5, Vladimir Petrovic6
Rezime
Cilj ovog rada je da istrazi ko su vinski turisti u Srbiji. Istrazivanje je sprovedeno koriscenjem anketnog metoda. U cilju identifikacije segmenata koriscenja su dva profilna pitanja: "da li konzumirate vino" i "da li ste do sada posetili neku vinariju u Srbiji". Od ukupnog brojapristiglo je 152potpuno popunjena upitnika. Na osnovu rezultata istrazivanja definisana su dva segmenta vinskih turista: aktivni i potencijalni. Aktivni vinski turisti su osobe koji konzumiraju vino i do sada su posetili neku vinariji i ucestvovali u vinskom turizmu. Potencijalni vinski turisti takode konzumiraju vino, ali nisu do sada posetili neku vinariju u Srbiji. Motivi za ukljucivanje u vinski turizam obe grupe su slicni, dok aktivni vinski turisti su pokazali vecu spremnost da ponovo posete omiljenu vinariju i aktivno ucestvuju u vinskom turizmu u buducem periodu u odnosu na potencijalne.
Kljucne reci: vinski turizam, segmentacija, motivacija, namera posete, barijere. JEL: D12, M21, Q13, L83
4 Dr Dejan Sekulic, Asistent, Univerzitet u Kragujevcu, Fakultet za hotelijerstvo i turizam u Vrnjackoj Banji, Vojvodanska bb, 36210 Vrnjacka Banja, Srbija, Tel. +38162602902, E-mejl: dejan.sekulic@kg.ac.rs
5 MSc Aleksandar Petrovic, doktorant, Univerzitet u Kragujevcu, Fakultet za hotelijerstvo i turizam u Vrnjackoj Banji, Vojvodanska bb, 36210 Vrnjacka Banja, Srbija, Tel. +381604553366, E-mejl: acapetrovic86@yahoo.com
6 Mr Vladimir Dimitrijevic, Javno preduzece „Posta Srbije", Balkanska 27, 11000 Beograd, Srbija, Tel. +381112686570;E-mejl: v_dimitrijevic@yahoo.com
