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PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF CRATAEGUS MONOGYNA FRUITS FROM ROMANIA
© Erzsebet Varga1, Bernadett Papp2, Mircea Dumitru Croitoru3, Erzsebet Majai Fogarasi3, Fülöp Ibolya3, Domokos Erzsebet4, Laczko Zöld Eszter1
1 University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Ttrgu Mures, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy;
2 Faculty of Pharmacy, Student;
3 Department of Toxicology and Biopharmacy;
4 Department of Botany Ttrgu Mure
Crataegus monogyyna L., known as common hawthorn is a native species in Europe, also widespread in Romania. The fruits are used in phytotherapy. Methanol, methanol-water (1:1) and water were used to prepare extracts from frozen fruit. Spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the phenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin content of extracts [1, 2]. The content of total phenol compounds varies from 745 mg gallic acid in water extracts to 1135 mg gallic acid in methanol:water (1:1) extracts of 100 g frozen fruit. The content of total flavonoids is between 175 mg in methanol extracts and 735 mg in water extracts of 100 g frozen fruits. Anthocyanins content were 1.50 mg cyanidin 3 glucoside/g of frozen fruits sample. The differences in total phenol compounds content depend on used extraction medium. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by ABTS and photochemiluminescens (PCL, Photochem®, Analytic Jena) methods. The antioxidant activity of the methanol-water extract is higher with the PCL test and methanol extract antioxidant activity is higher with the ABTS test (methanol-water extract
IC50 = 0.89 mg/ml for ABTS; 1324 imol AAE/g fruit for PCL; methanol extract IC50 = 0.54 mg/ml for ABTS; 458 imol AAE/g fruit for PCL). Chlorogenic acid and hyperoside, isoquercitrin flavonoids were identified by RP-HPLC-UV-VIS from methanol extracts. The present study represents a contribution to the chemical characterization of phenolic compounds from wild fruits with antioxidant activity and traditionally used in phytotherapy.
Acknowledgements. We thank the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Studium Prospero Foundation (0350/26.02.2016) for the financial support.
References:
1. Balogh E. 2010. Antioxidans kapacitas meghataro-zasa es ennek kialakitasaban szerepet jatszo veg-yületek vizsgalata bogyos gyümölcsök eseteben, PhD thesis, Budapest, Corvinus Univ
2. Banderas-Tarabay JA, et al. 2015. J. Pharmacoge-nomics Pharmacoproteomics. 6:4.
WHERE ANCIENT KNOWLEDGE AND MODERN SCIENCE MEET -EXAMPLES FROM SOUTH AFRICAN FLORA
© Alvaro Viljoen, Fikile Mhlongo, Talent Chipiti, Baatile Komane Mofokeng
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
South Africa is home to several UNESCO world heritage sites, including the Sterkfontein caves referred to as the Cradle of Humankind. This site has produced a large number, as well as some of the oldest, hominid fossils ever found, some dating back as far as 3.5 million years. South Africa is often referred to as the 'rainbow nation', a phrase which epitomises the country's cultural diversity. It is this unique blend of ancient civilisation and cultural diversity all situated in a botanical wonderland which provides the most ideal opportunities for pharmacognosy research in South Africa. Using various directives from ancient knowledge and current traditional plant use, we have explored the phytochemistry and biological properties of South Africa's indigenous flora and several examples will be discussed:
1. Sceletium tortuosum has emerged as a nutraceutical to treat CNS-related orders. The importance
of respecting traditional practices will be highlighted and the tedious processes involved in developing new commercial products will be summarised.
2. Helichrysum species are used extensively in traditional rituals and produce a variety of bioactive molecules. South Africa harbours more than 250 Helichrysum species which remain largely unexplored.
3. Bulbine frutescens has similar applications to Aloe vera which include; to promote and maintain healthy skin. The value of in vivo studies to confirm traditional uses will be highlighted.
4. African nut oils are traditionally used by southern African women as moisturising agents on the face, feet and hands. Results from a clinical study have confirmed the moisturising, hydrating as well as occlusivity properties of Marula and Baobab oils applied topically.
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5. Several African plants are used topically to treat wounds and angiogenesis is an important sub-phase of the proliferative stage of wound healing. Using a zebrafish model we confirmed pro-angiogenic properties of several plant species that promoted the growth of new capillaries from pre-existing blood vessels.
6. There has been renewed interest in the discovery of antiepileptic compounds of natural origin. Using the zebrafish model, several "mind-and-mood" plants used in African traditional medicine were screened to confirm their use in treating epilepsy.
7. Traditional healers rarely rely on a single species to treat disorders but most often administer polyherbal formulations to patients. The value of synergy studies to enhance pharmacological efficacy will be demonstrated.
The premise for studying the plants mentioned above is all based on very rich (yet fragile) indigenous knowledge systems. An urgent need exists to explore the unique South African flora with the ultimate goal of improving the quality of life of mankind and to stimulate the bio-economy of the region.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOLVENTS ON PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS AND FREE RADICALS SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF MACLURA COCHINCHINENSIS STEM EXTRACTS
© Boonyadist Vongsak1, Nutsuda Inson1, Savita Chewchinda2
1 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Saensook, Muang, Chonburi, Thailand;
2 Department of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rajathevi, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
Maclura cochinchinensis Corner have been used as traditional herbal medicine throughout tropical and subtropical countries. The stem of this plant has traditionally been used to treat, skin infection, fever and jaundice. Based on recent study, M. cochinchinensis has in vitro prominent value of antioxidant and free scavenging activity. The bioactive compound in this plant was found to be morin, a class of flavonols. To obtain the maximum yields of the compound, which consequently influence the free radicals scavenging activity, varying extraction solvents; distilled water, 70 percent ethanol, and ethyl acetate, were examined by soxhlet extraction method. The contents of total phenolics and total flavonoids, free radical scavenging activity using DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging methods and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay of each extract were quantitatively determined. Seventy percent ethanol extract gave the highest yields of crude extract (25.23% dry weight), while ethyl acetate extract
gave the lowest yield (11.33% dry weight). The 70% ethanol extract exhibited significantly different amount of total phenolic contents (4.88 ± 0.25 gram Gallic acid equivalent/100 gram dry powder) and total flavonoid contents (2.80 ± 0.22 gram Morin equivalent/100 gram dry powder). For free radicals scavenging activity, the extracts from these various solvents revealed slightly different activity (IC50 16.39 - 18.87 ig/mL, IC50 7.05 -9.52 ig/mL and 0.82- 1.08 mmol Fe2+eqivatent/100 gram extract for DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays, respectively), while ascorbic acid, a positive control, displayed the activity with IC50 5.10 ig/mL, 5.42 ig/mL and 5.56 mmol Fe2+eqivatent/15000 gram extract for DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays, respectively. Thus, the results point that M. cochinchinensis stem extracts illustrated strong free radicals scavenging activity and 70 percent ethanol extract should be recommended as the extraction solvent because of maximum contents of phenolics and flavonoids for pharmaceutical development.
ISOLATION OF THREE NEW FLAVONOID C-GLYCOSIDES FROM IRIS LACTEA
© Whaley A.K., Luzhanin V.G.
St. Petersburg State Chemical-Pharmaceutical Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia
Iris lactea Pall. is a rhizomatous perennial flowering plant distributed throughout mostly temperate and some tropical areas of Asia. Early research of plants from the Iris genus mainly focused on the rhizomes, of which flavonoids were reported to be the major secondary metabolites. In previous phytochemical publications flavone C-glycosides
have been found in the aerial parts of Iris lactea. Previous study on Iris lactea suggested the presence of flavone C-glycosides derivatives of embinin [1].
Up to now, three rhamnose-residue acetate ester derivatives of embinin, 5-hydroxyl-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone-6-C-[O-(a-L-2-acetylrhamnopyranosyl)-1^2-p -D-
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