CC BY
26Т 61 (12)
ИЗВЕСТИЯ ВЫСШИХ УЧЕБНЫХ ЗАВЕДЕНИИ. Серия «ХИМИЯ И ХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ»
2018
V 61 (12)
IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA
RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
2018
DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20186112.5795
УДК: 664.022
К ВОПРОСУ БЕЗОТХОДНОЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ БИОМАССЫ МИКРОВОДОРОСЛЕЙ CHLORELLA SOROKINIANA ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ
ЛИПИДОВ И СОРБЕНТОВ
Н.А. Политаева, И.В. Атаманюк, Ю.А. Смятская, Т.А. Кузнецова, Туми Амира, П.Б. Разговоров
Наталья Анатольевна Политаева *, Юлия Александровна Смятская, Татьяна Алексеевна Кузнецова, Туми Амира
Научно-исследовательская лаборатория «Экологическая биотехнология», Санкт-Петербургский государственный политехнический университет Петра Великого, ул. Политехническая, 29, Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация, 195251
E-mail: politaevana1971@gmail.com, makarovayulia169@mail.ru, tano_lovely@mail.ru, toumi.amira@hotmail.com Ирина Викторовна Атаманюк
Гамбургский университет технологий, Шварценбергштрассе, 95, Гамбург, 21073 Гамбурга, Германия E-mail: iryna.atamaniuk@tuhh.de
Павел Борисович Разговоров
Кафедра технологии пищевых продуктов и биотехнологии, Ивановский государственный химико-технологический университет, ул. Жиделёва, 1, Иваново, Российская Федерация, 153002 E-mail: razgovorov@isuct.ru
Обозначены области применения биомассы мироводорослей Chlorella sorokiniana в народном хозяйстве (кормовые и биологически активные добавки и др.). Указано, что термическая и химическая модификация отходов растительного сырья может обеспечивать получение высокоэффективных материалов для водоочистки. Схематически представлены основные этапы безотходной технологии переработки указанных микроводорослей с выделением из них ценных липидов и получением сорбционных материалов. Определен жирнокислотный состав липидной фракции (77 мг/г), полученной методом Сокслета из лиофилизированной биомассы микроводорослей. Выявлено, что она включает 83,7% непредельных (в основном Cis.i, С18.2, С18.3) жирных кислот, а предельные жирные кислоты преимущественно представлены рядом Ci6 - С20. В качестве наиболее ценных биологически активных соединений в составе лиофилизированной биомассы, необходимых для полноценной жизнедеятельности человека, обнаружена а-линоленовая кислота (Омега-3, 28,3%). Проведенный микроструктурный анализ остаточной биомассы выявил ее пористую поверхность и возможность концентрирования на ней молекул различных адсорбатов из растворов. При изучении сорбционных свойств остаточной биомассы с использованием показателей начальной и конечной концентрации оценили эффективность очистки модельных вод от ионов Fe3+ (47,5%), что указывает на необходимость модифицирования сорбционных свойств биомассы. Установлено, что степень очистки сточных вод, включающих соединения железа (III), может быть значительно (в 1,8 раз) увеличена путем формирования из остаточной биомассы гранулированных материалов с дополнительным введением в состав композиции хитозана, выполняющего функции связующей и модифицирующей добавки при соотношении основных компонентов в смеси 4:1.
Ключевые слова: микроводоросли Chlorella sorokiniana, липиды, жирно- кислотный состав, Омега-3, сорбенты, очистка сточных вод
WASTE-FREE TECHNOLOGY OF CHLORELLA SOROKINIANA MICROALGAE BIOMASS USAGE FOR LIPIDS AND SORBENTS PRODUCTION
N.A. Politaeva, I.V. Atamanyuk, Yu.A. Smyatskaya, T.A. Kuznetsova, Toumi Amira, P.B. Razgovorov
Nata^a A. Politaeva *, Yuliya A. Smyatskaya, Tatiana A. Kuznetsova, Toumi Amira
Scientific Research Laboratory «Environmental biotechnology», St. Petersburg State Polytecnic University, Polytekhnicheskaya st., 29, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russia
E-mail: politaevana1971@gmail.com*, makarovayulia169@mail.ru, tano_lovely@mail.ru, toumi.amira@hotmail.com Irina V. Atamanyuk
Hamburg University of Technology, Schwarzenbergstrasse, 95, Hamburg, 21073 of Hamburg, Germany E-mail: iryna.atamaniuk@tuhh.de
Pavel B. Razgovorov
Departament of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Zhidelyova st., 1, Ivanovo, 153002, Russia E-mail: razgovorov@isuct.ru
In the present article we introduce application areas of Chlorella sorokiniana microalgae biomass for national economy (feed and biologically active additives, etc). Here it is shown that thermal and chemical modification of plant material waste might result in obtaining of highly-efficient materials for water purification. Major stages of waste-free technology of microalga processing with further extraction of valuable lipids and obtaining of sorption materials are schematically shown. We have determined fatty-acid content of lipid fraction (77 mg/g), obtained by Soxhlet method from lyophilized microalga biomass. It was revealed, that it includes 83.7% of unsaturated fatty acids (generally, Ci8:i, C18.2, C183), whereas saturated fatty acids are mostly presented by Ci6 - C20 family. In lyophilized biomass we discovered a-linolenoic acid (Omega-3, 28.3%), which is one of the most valuable biologically active compounds, required for full-value human life and activities. Microstructure analysis of residual biomass of C. sorokiniana microal-gae has shown pore surface, formed by destroyed cells. In the course of studying the sorption properties of residual biomass with the use of initial and final concentration parameters, the efficiency of purification of model water from Fe3+ ions (47.5%) was evaluated, which indicates the need to modify the sorption properties of biomass. It has been established that the degree of wastewater purification containing iron (III) compounds can be significantly increased (by i.8 times) by forming from the residual biomass granular materials with additional introduction of chitosan in the composition, which using as a binder and a modifying additive (mass ratio 4:1).
Key words: microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana, lipids, fatty-acid content, Omega-3, sorbents, wastewater purification
Для цитирования:
Политаева Н.А., Атаманюк И.В., Смятская Ю.А., Кузнецова Т.А., Амира Туми, Разговоров П.Б. К вопросу безотходной технологии использования биомассы микроводорослей Chlorella sorokiniana для получения липидов и сорбентов. Изв. вузов. Химия и хим. технология. 2018. Т. 61. Вып. 12. С. 137-143
For citation:
Politaeva N. А., Atamanyuk I.V., Smyatskaya Yu.A., Kuznetsova T.A., Amira Toumi, Razgovorov P.B. Waste-free technology of Chlorella sorokiniana microalgae biomass usage for lipids and sorbents production. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 12. P. 137-143
INTRODUCTION
Wastewater purification using sorption materials is a highly-effective way for removal of various chemical and biological contaminants from water, at the same time leading to improvement its smell and
taste. Also sorption materials might be used for purification of vegetable oils from undesirable ingredients [1, 2]. The following substances are widely used as sorption materials: activated carbons, silicagels, numerous compounds of aluminium and silicon oxides, etc. Besides this, usage of modified waste of plant
material for solving of the above-mentioned tasks is environmentally sound issue and makes economic sense. In particular, now there is widespread experience [3-10] of sunflower, wheat and millet threshing husk inclusion into wastewater after its' thermal and chemical modification. Besides modification of initial material, the aforesaid issues can be solved by efficient usage of bonding additives at creation of composite sorption materials [11]. For example, papers [12-18] present the studies on the possibility of sorp-tion-active materials production from agriculture wastes with addition of chitosan. There was revealed that chitosan inclusion improves sorption capacity for heavy metal ions for 15-20% [12-18].
In that context technological aspects of mi-croalga Chlorella (C.) sorokiniana processing for implementation as a feed or biologically-active material are of great interest [18-20]. In 2017 within the implementation of Federal Targeted Programme for Research and Development in Priority Areas of Development of the Russian Scientific and Technological Complex for 2014-2020, the project «Development and implementation of innovative biotechnologies for treatment of microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana and duckweed Lemna minor» (Agreement N 14.587.21.0038 of 17 July 2017, the unique project identifier is FMEFI58717X0038) was supported. Implementation of the project provides the possibility to join the technologies of obtaining the valuable components from plant material and sorption materials for wastewater purification.
At this the general resolution concerning development of innovative biotechnology of microalgae C. Sorokiniana processing, requires consequent solutions of a number of technological tasks, namely the following:
- Selection of biomass cultivation conditions [19, 20];
- Selection of appropriate methods for extraction of valuable phytocomponents (lipids, pigments, carotinoids, pectine substances);
- Usage of residual biomass for obtaining sorption materials for efficient water purification;
- Usage of spent materials as a substrate for fermentation of organic waste, separation of the obtained biogas into methane and carbon dioxide;
- Usage of methane for household needs, and carbon dioxide for intensification of microalgae cultivation process.
The aim of this work was to obtain lipids from dry biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana microalgae, as well as investigation of sorption properties of this biomass towards Fe (III) compounds, which are presented in effluents.
EXPERIMENTAL PART
Microalgae C. sorokiniana was grown in natural conditions of Saint Petersburg in summer. Further we have obtained lipid fraction (77.3 mg/g), by Soxhlet method from lyophilized microalga biomass. Chromatographic analysis of this fraction was carried out using gas chromatograph Agilent 7820A.
After extraction of lipid fraction we obtain spent material, which is known as residual biomass. Microstructure of the obtained biomass was studied using Scanning Electron Microscope Zeiss Leo 1530. In order to investigate the sorption properties of the obtained biomass, it was added in the amount of 20 g/l to the model solutions containing iron (III) ions of 50 mg/l concentration. The mixture was held in static conditions for 20 min. Further, the model solutions were filtered and the residual content of iron ions was analyzed using spectrophotometric technique PND F 14.1:2.4.50-96.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The conducted chromatographic analysis allowed us to estimate fatty-acid content in the lipid fraction of the biomass (Fig.1), obtained from C. Sorokiniana microalgae.
Рис. 1. Состав липидной фракции биомассы C. sorokiniana:
1 - Ci6:o (пальмитиновая); 2 - С18:о(стеариновая); 3 - С20:0 (арахиновая); 4 - Ci6:i (пальмитолеиновая); 5 - Ci6:2 (пальми-толинолевая); 6 - Ci8:i (олеиновая); 7 - Ci8:i (элаидиновая) 8 - Ci8:2 (линолевая); 9 - Ci8:3 (у -линоленовая); 10 - Ci8:3 (а -линоленовая)
Fig. i. Lipid fraction content of C. sorokiniana biomass: i - Ci6:o (palmitic); 2 - Ci8:o (stearic); 3 - С20:0 (arachidic); 4 - Ci6:i (palmitoleic); 5 - Ci6:2 (palmitolinoleic); 6 - Ci8:i (oleic); 7 - Ci8:i (elaidic); 8 - Ci8:2 (linoleic); 9 - Ci8:3 (y-linolenic); i0 - Ci8:3 (а-linolenic)
It was found that lipid fraction is predominantly made up of unsaturated fatty acids (Ci8i, Ci82, Ci8 3), whereas the amount of saturated acids having i6-20 carbon atoms in the chain is i6.3%.
Among unsaturated fatty acids we discovered a-linolenic acid in the amount of 28.3% (Fig. 2) of lipid fraction mass, which is related to polyunsatured family (Omega-3). Omega-3 acid is one of 8 basic elements for human health, youth and beauty. It regulates fat metabolism and life cycle of the positive bacteria, which inhabit the human guts. Also it improves human vision, reduces inflammatory processes in joints, improves brain functions, serves for immune stimulation, helps at skin disease, eczema, allergy and Alzheimer disease treatments. It should be noted, that Omega-3 acid isn't produced in human body and enters it solely together with food of special composition (oily fish, vegetable oils). In this context the issue concerning technology of Omega-3 obtaining from C. sorokiniana microalgae is reasonable both from economic and comprehensive points of view.
After lipid extraction from biomass we obtain spent material (so-called "residual biomass"). According to the literature data [18], the initial microalga biomass, along with lipids and pigments, contains cellulose (23.5%) and hemicellulose, as well as starch, chitin- and pectin-like substances, which govern its sorption properties.
Microstructure analysis of residual biomass of C. sorokiniana microalgae (Fig. 2 a,b) has shown pore surface, formed by destroyed cells (Fig. 2a).
Magnification x500 allowed us to fragmen-tarily clearly see pore surace of the cell membrane (Fig. 2b). Investigation of sorption properties of residual biomass using initial (Co) and final (Cfin) biomass concentrations, showed that the efficiency of
model wastewater purification from Fe3+ ions was 47.5% (Table).
b
Рис. 2. Микроструктура поверхности остаточной биомассы C. sorokiniana после выделения липидов: а - увеличение 300; б - увеличение 500 Fig. 2. Surface microstructure of residual biomass of C. sorokiniana after lipid extraction: a - magnification is 300; б - magnification is 500
Table
Efficiency of wastewater purification from Fe3+ compounds using obtained granulated sorbents Таблица. Эффективность очистки сточных вод от соединений Fe3+ с использованием полученных гра-
Sorbent composition Initial Fe3+ cation concentration, Со, mg/l Concentration after purification, Cfin, mg/l E, %
Residual biomass 50 26.25 47.5
Residual biomass + chitosan (1:4) 50 6.57 86.9
a b c d
Рис. 3. Материалы, получаемые на основе микроводорослей C. sorokiniana: а - лиофилизованная биомасса; б - экстракт липидов; в - остаточная биомасса; г - гранулированные сорбенты из остаточной биомассы и хитозана Fig. 3. Materials obtained from microalgae C. sorokiniana: a - lyophi-lized biomass; б - lipid extract; в - residual biomass; г - granulated sorbents made from residual biomass and chitosan
Such relatively low value denotes the necessity of biomass sorption properties modification. For this purpose we prepared granules from residual biomass and chitosan (mass ratio 1:4) according to the technique described in [12, 13]. Granules external view is presented in Fig. 3.
Drastic increase of effluent purification efficiency from Fe (III) ions using composite granulated sorbent can be described taking into account chemo-
sorption properties of chitosan, namely the presence of active NH2- and OH-groups in its molecular structure [12, 13]. Fig. 3 presents external view of materials obtained from C. sorokiniana microalgae biomass. A schematic diagram for usage of such biomass, presented in Fig. 4 provided the basis for energy- and resource-saving technology of material processing and obtaining of valuable components (lipids and sorbents).
Organic waste
Рис. 4. Принципиальная схема технологической переработки микроводорослей C. sorokiniana и использования сухой биомассы Fig. 4. Basic scheme of technological processing of microalgae C. sorokiniana and dry biomass usage
The uniqueness of the proposed waste-free technology is of biomass circuiting [19, 20]. This technology is waste-free, as the residual biomass acts as secondary material for sorbent obtaining. At this, even shallow analysis of the scheme from Fig. 4, reveals its specific features: In order to obtain favorable conditions for microalga Chlorella sorokiniana cultivation, the raw material is treated by infrared or ultraviolet radiation, and the process if performed at daylight. It should be noted that investigation of various physical impacts on Chlorella microalgae is the subject of a separate investigation and isn't considered in details here. However, we expect that the impact of such treatment with a high probability will be driven by initial response of cells to heat (or other factors). At this, as was mentioned above, the obtained biomass possesses moderate sorption properties (E = 47.5%). How-
ever, the additional usage of chitosan in the scheme for granulated sorbent formation at mass ratio of the major components (4:1), allows one to solve the problem. Also it provides increase of efficiency of effluent purification from Fe3+ for 1.8 times (E = 86.9%).
CONCLUSIONS
Consequently, gas chromatography technique was used to estimate fatty-acid content (16.3% of saturated acids, 83.7% of unsaturated acids) of lipid fraction, obtained from lyophilized biomass of C. sorokiniana microalgae. In lyophilized biomass we discovered biologically-valuable a-linolenic acid in the amount of 28.3% of total lipid fraction mass, which belongs to family of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Omega-3).
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1. Прокофьев В.Ю., Разговоров П.Б., Захаров О.Н., Ильин А.П. Модифицированные алюмосиликатные сорбенты для очистки растительного масла. Изв. вузов. Химия и хим. технология. 2008. Т. 51. Вып. 7. С. 65-69.
2. Прокофьев В.Ю., Разговоров П.Б., Смирнов К.В., Ильин А.П., Шушкина Е.А. Очистка льняного масла на модифицированной белой глине. Изв. вузов. Химия и хим. технология. 2007. Т. 50. Вып. 6. С. 56-59.
3. Собгайда Н.А., Ольшанская Л.Н. Ресурсосберегающие технологии применения сорбентов для очистки сточных вод от нефтепродуктов. Саратов: Изд. центр «Наука». 2010. 148 с.
4. Собгайда Н.А., Ольшанская Л.Н., Макарова Ю.А. Очистка сточных вод от нефтепродуктов композитными фильтрами на основе отходов производств. Химич. и нефтегаз. машиностр. 2010. № 3. C. 37-41.
5. Собгайда Н.А., Ольшанская Л.Н., Макарова Ю.А. Влияние модифицирования шелухи пшеницы на ее сорбцион-ные свойства к ионам Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ и Cu2+. Изв. вузов. Химия и хим. технология. 2010. Т. 53. Вып. 11. C. 36-40.
6. Собгайда Н.А., Ольшанская Л.Н., Макарова Ю.А. Очистка сточных вод от ионов тяжелых металлов с помощью сорбентов - отходов деревообрабатывающей и сельскохозяйственной отраслей промышленности. Химич. и нефтегаз. машиностр. 2009. № 9. C. 43-45.
7. Шайхиев И.Г., Шайхиева К.И. Кератинсодержащие отходы птицеводства как сорбционные материалы для удаления поллютантов из водных сред. Вестн. Казан. технолог. ун-та. 2015. Т. 18. № 5. С. 216-220.
8. Шайхиев И.Г., Шайхиева К.И. Использование компонентов хвойных деревьев для удаления поллютантов из водных сред. Вестн. Казан. технолог. ун-та. 2016. Т. 19. № 4. С. 127-141.
9. Собгайда Н.А., Ольшанская Л.Н., Кутукова К.Н., Макарова Ю.А. Использование отходов производства в качестве сорбентов нефтепродуктов. Эколог. и пром-ть России. 2009. Январь. C. 36-38.
10. Собгайда Н.А., Макарова Ю.А. Влияние природы связующего материала на сорбционные свойства сорбентов, изготовленных из отходов агропромышленного комплекса. Вест. Саратов. гос. технич. ун-та. 2011. Т. 1. № 1 (52). С. 116-122.
11. Политаева Н.А., Смятская Ю.А., Шайхиев И.Г., Слугин В.В., Прохоров В.В. Сорбционные свойства материалов на основе хитозана и углеродных добавок. Вестн. технолог. ун-та. 2017. Т. 20. № 23. С. 100-104.
12. Politaeva N.A., Slugin V.V., Taranovskaya E.A., Alferov IN., Soloviev M.A., Zakharevich A.M. Granulated sorption materials for waste waters purufucation from zink ions (Zn2+). Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 7. P. 85-90. DOI: 10.6060/tcct.2017607.5575.
13. Nikolaeva L.A., Laptev A.G., Golubchikov M.A. Purification of industrial enterprises wastewater from petroleum products using new granular hydrophobic sorbents. Natur. Environm. Pollut. Technol. 2015. V.14. N 3. P. 685-690.
14. Nikolaeva L.A., Laptev A.G., Iskhakova R.Ya. Wastewater treatment of industrial enterprises using carbonate sludge. Natur. Environm. Pollut. Technol. 2015. V.14. N 4. P. 947-950.
15. Тарановская Е.А., Политаева Н.А., ^угин В.В. Влияние добавки наполнителя на свойства композиционных материалов на основе хитозана. Фундаментал. ис-след. 2017. № 8-1. С. 92-97.
REFERENCES
1. Prokofev V.Yu., Razgovorov P.B., Zakharov O.N., Il'in
A.P. Modified aluminosilicate sorbents for vegetable oil purification. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2008. V. 51. N 7. P. 65-69 (in Russian).
2. Prokofev V.Yu., Razgovorov P.B., Smirnov K.V., Il'in A.P., Shushkina E.A. Purification of line seed oil on modified white clay. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2007. V. 50. N 6. P. 56-59 (in Russian).
3. Sobgaiyda N.A., Ol'shanskaya L.N. Resource-saving technologies of sorbent usage for wastewaters purification from oil products: monography. Saratov: Publ. Tsentr "Nauka". 2010. 148 p. (in Russian).
4. Sobgaiyda N.A., Ol'shanskaya L.N., Makarova Yu.A. Wastewater purification from oil products using composite filters based on production waste. Khimich. i Neftegaz. Mashinostr. 2010. V. 3. P. 37-41 (in Russian).
5. Sobgaiyda N.A., Ol'shanskaya L.N., Makarova Yu.A. Influence of wheat husk modification on its sorption properties towards Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ ions. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2010. V. 53. N 11. P. 36-40 (in Russian).
6. Sobgaiyda N.A., Ol'shanskaya L.N., Makarova Yu.A.
Wastewater purification from heavy metal ions using sorbents - wastes of wood-working and agriculture industry. Khimich. i Neftegaz. Mashinostr. 2009. V. 9. P. 43-45 (in Russian).
7. Shaiykhiev I.G., Shaiykhieva K.I. Ceratin-containing wastes as sorption materials for pollutants removal from waters. Vestn. Kazan. Tekhnolog. Un-ta. 2015. V. 18. N 5. P. 216-220 (in Russian).
8. Shaiykhiev I.G., Shaiykhieva K.I. Usage of pine woods components for pollutants removal from waters. Vestn. Kazan. Tekhnolog. Un-ta. 2016. V. 19. N 4. P. 127-141 (in Russian).
9. Sobgaiyda N.A., Ol'shanskaya L.N., Kutukova K.N., Makarova Yu.A. Industry wastes usage for oil products removal. Ekolog. i Prom-t' Rossii. 2009. January. P. 36-38 (in Russian).
10. Sobgaiyda N.A., Makarova Yu.A. Influence of bonding material nature on sorption properties of sorbents, made from agriculturewastes. Vestn. Saratov. Gos. Tekhnich. Unta. 2011. V. 1. N 1 (52). P. 116-122 (in Russian).
11. Politaeva N.A., Smyatskaya Yu.A., Shaiykhiev I.G., Slugin V.V., Prokhorov V.V. Sorption properties of materials based on chitosan and carbon dopants. Vestn. Tekhnolog. Un-ta. 2017. V. 20. N 23. P. 100-104 (in Russian).
12. Politaeva N.A., Slugin V.V., Taranovskaya E.A., Alferov I.N., Soloviev M.A., Zakharevich A.M. Granulated sorption materials for waste waters purufucation from zink ions (Zn2+). Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 7. P. 85-90. DOI: 10.6060/tcct.2017607.5575.
13. Nikolaeva L.A., Laptev A.G., Golubchikov M.A. Purification of industrial enterprises wastewater from petroleum products using new granular hydrophobic sorbents. Natur. Environm. Pollut. Technol. 2015. V.14. N 3. P. 685-690
14. Nikolaeva L.A., Laptev A.G., Iskhakova R.Ya. Wastewater treatment of industrial enterprises using carbonate sludge. Natur. Environm. Pollut. Technol. 2015. V.14. N 4. P. 947-950.
15. Taranovskaya E.A., Politaeva N.A., Slugin V.V. Impact of filler additive on chitosan-based composite material properties. Fundamental. Issled. 2017. V. 8-1. P. 92-97 (in Russian).
16. Politaeva N., Smyatskaya Yu., Slugin V., Toumi A., Bouabdelli M. Effect of laser radiation on the cultivation rate of themicroalga Chlorella sorokiniana as a source of biofuel. Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2018. Р. 22-29.
17. Политаева Н.А., Смятская Ю.А., Кузнецова Т.А., Ольшанская Л.Н, Валиев Р.Ш. Культивирование и использование микроводорослей Chlorella и высших водных растений ряска Lemm. Саратов: Изд. центр «Наука». 2017. 125 с.
18. Gerken H.G., Donohoe B., Knoshaug E.P. Enzymatic cell wall degradation of Chlorella vulgaris and other microalgae for biofuels production. Planta. 2013. V. 237. N 1. Р. 239-253.
19. Politaeva N., Kuznetsova T., Smyatskaya Yu., Trukhina E., Ovchinnikov F. Impact of various physical exposures on Chlorella Sorokiniana microalgae cultivation. Internat. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 2017. V. 12. N 21. Р. 11488-11492.
20. Politaeva N., Kuznetsova T., Smyatskaya Yu., Ata-manyuk I., Trukhina E. Chlorella Microalga Biomass Cultivation for Obtaining Energy in Climatic Conditions of St. Petersburg. In: Murgul V., Popovic Z. (eds) Internat. Sci. Conf. «Energy Management of Municipal Transportation Facilities and Transport» EMMFT 2017. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. V. 692. в, Cham. Р. 555-562.
16. Politaeva N., Smyatskaya Yu., Slugin V., Toumi A., Bouabdelli M. Effect of laser radiation on the cultivation rate of the microalga Chlorella sorokiniana as a source of biofuel. Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2018. P. 22-29.
17. Politaeva N.A., Smyatskaya Yu.A., Kuznetsova T.A., Ol'shanskaya L.N, Valiev R.Sh. Cultivation and usage of microalga Chlorella and higher water plants duckweed Lem-na. Saratov: Publ. Tsentr "Nauka". 2017. 125 p. (in Russian).
18. Gerken H.G., Donohoe B., Knoshaug E.P. Enzymatic cell wall degradation of Chlorella vulgaris and other microalgae for biofuels production. Planta. 2013. V. 237. N 1. P. 239-253.
19. Politaeva N., Kuznetsova T., Smyatskaya Yu., Trukhina E., Ovchinnikov F. Impact of various physical exposures on Chlorella Sorokiniana microalgae cultivation. Internat. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 2017. V. 12. N 21. P. 11488-11492.
20. Politaeva N., Kuznetsova T., Smyatskaya Yu., Ata-manyuk I., Trukhina E. Chlorella Microalga Biomass Cultivation for Obtaining Energy in Climatic Conditions of St. Petersburg. In: Murgul V., Popovic Z. (eds). Internat. Sci. Conf. «Energy Management of Municipal Transportation Facilities and Transport» EMMFT 2017. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. V. 692. в, Cham. Р. 555-562.
Поступила в редакцию 26.03.2018 Принята к опубликованию 16.10.2018
Received 26.03.2018 Accepted 16.10.2018
