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U.D.C. 93/94: 902/904
Contribution of archaeological research under the «Cultural Heritage» program to the study of the Stone Age and Paleometallic epoch of Eurasia
Kariyev Yeldos Maksatovich
senior lecturer of the Kazakhstan History Department in the East Kazakhstan University. Republic of Kazakhstan, 070000, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan str., 55. E-mail: [email protected].
Abstract. The article considers practical and theoretical research works carried out under the national strategic program «Cultural Heritage» on archaeological sites of the Stone Age - Paleolithic, Neolithic and Mesolithic, as well as the Paleometallic - Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age, in the context of their contribution to the study of the history of the peoples of Eurasia.
Key words: archaeological sites, Cultural heritage, the stone age, the era of paleometal, the history of Eurasia.
6ОЖ 93/94: 902/904
«Мэдени мура» улттык багдарламасы аясында журпзтген археологиялык iзденiстердiн Еуразиянын тас дэуiрi мен кене металл кезендершщ зерттелуше коскан Yлесi
Кариев Елдос Максатулы
«Шыгыс Казахстан университет КЕАК^-ныц К^за^стан тарихы кафедрасыныц ага о^ытушысы, 070000, ©скемен Казахстан квшесi, 55. E-mail: [email protected].
Авдатпа. Ма^алада «Мэдени мура» улттьщ стратегиялыщ багдарламасы аясында тас дэуiрiнi^| - палеолит, мезолит, неолит, сонымен ^атар квне металл кезецЫщ - мыстас жэне ^ола дэуiрi археологиялыщ ескерткiштерiнде жYргiзiлген тэжiрибелiк жэне теориялыщ зерттеу жумыстарынын Еуразия халы^тары тарихын зерттеуге ^ос^ан Yлесi ^арастырылуда.
ТYЙiндi сездер: археологиялыщ ескерткiштер, «Мэдени мура», тас дэуiрi, квне металл кезец^ Еу-разии тарихы.
УДК 93/94: 902/904
Вклад археологических изысканий по программе «Культурное наследие» в исследование каменного века и эпохи палеометалла Евразии
Кариев Елдос Максатович
Старший преподаватель кафедры истории Казахстана НАО «ВКУ им. С. Аманжолова» МОН РК. Республика Казахстан, 070000, г. Усть-Каменогорск, ул. Казахстан, 55. E-mail: eldos.05.82@gmail. com.
Аннотация. В статье рассматриваются проведенные в рамках национальной стратегической программы «Культурное наследие» практические и теоретические научно-исследовательские работы на археологических памятниках каменного века - палеолита, неолита и мезолита, а также эпохи палеометалла - меднокаменного и бронзового веков, в контексте их вклада в изучение истории народов Евразии.
Ключевые слова: археологические памятники, «Культурное наследие», каменный век, эпоха палеометалла, история Евразии.
Contribution of archaeological research under the «Cultural Heritage» program to the study of the Stone Age and Paleometallic epoch of Eurasia
Y.M. Kariyev
Introduction. Within the framework of the national program "Cultural Heritage", research was carried out on almost all categories of archaeological sites of the widest chronological range - from ancient times to the late Middle Ages. An important place in these studies is occupied by monuments of the Stone Age-Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, and monuments of the Paleometallic era-Eneolithic and Bronze Age.
Research questions:
The monuments of the stone age
Between the years 2004-2011 archaeological survey was conducted on the following monuments of the stone age - Paleolithic Koshkurgan-I-II and Shaktas in South Kazakhstan region, a monument to the upper Paleolithic Maibulak in Almaty region, complex Toktauyl containing layers of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Eneolithic in Karaganda region, multi-layer site Shiderti -III in Pavlodar region, which also contains the tiers of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Eneolithic.
Monuments of the stone age were recorded in the course of work on other historical periods monuments, but no targeted work was carried out on them (Collections, 20052011).
Consider each monument separately in the context of their place in the Stone Age system of Eurasia.
Taimagambetov Zh. is the author researches sites Koshkurgan and Shaktas, holder of an Advanced Doctorate in Historical Sciences, professor, based on the comparative analysis of the material called the Paleolithic monuments, recorded direct Parallels with geographically distant and nearby monuments of Paleolithic of Eurasia -site Billingslea in East Germany, the Paleolithic monuments Dongato, Xiaochangliang, Zhoukoudian and Nihewan in China, monuments Babadan, Nakamine, Takamori, Furayasika in Japan, site Kulbulak in Uzbekistan, sites Kuldhara and Lahuti in Tajikistan. According to the results of comparative studies, the scientist concludes that a single micro-industry existed on the entire Eurasian continent during the Early and Middle Paleolithic (Taimagambetov, 2005: 189) and the territory of modern Kazakhstan was one of the Ancient Stone Age cultures development centers and played the role of a link between the eastern and western areas of Eurasia (Taimagambetov, 2010: 161).
Maibulak stratified Palaeolithic site, which was also studied by doctor of historical Sciences, Professor Taimagambetov Zh.K., has close parallels with sites Samarkand and Shugnou in Central Asia, with Paleolithic monuments Shestakovo and Afontovo in Siberia, with the sites of the Old Stone Age Anui-I, -III, Tumechin-IV, Ust-Karakol-I and the Gorny Altai II (Taimagambetov, Ozherelev, 2006: 42-43). Because the Maibulak site, according to the results of radiocarbon analysis, is correlated with the end of the Mustier epoch - the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic (Taimagambetov, 2008: 40), and the above-mentioned Paleolithic monuments of Eurasia are mostly dated to the Late Paleolithic time (Taimagambetov, Ozherelev, 2006: 44), it is assumed that these sites were left by ancient hominids who came from the territory of modern Kazakhstan. The author of the research notes that the Maibulak site, being the only stratified site of the south-eastern Zhetisu, plays an important role in the study of the Paleolithic of Central Asia (Taimagambetov, 2011: 468), one of the key regions in terms of studying of the Eurasia people's ancient history.
Scientific research at the multi-layered Stone Age site Toktauyl, according to the authors of the works, made a significant contribution to the study of the Eurasia history problems. For example, has repeatedly emphasized that during studies dynamics of formation and transformation of periods Mesolithic, Neolithic, Eneolithic and bronze ages cultures is traced with considering broad analogies of site materials in the vastness of Eurasia. On the example of a single sub-region, work has been done to reconstruction the evolution of humanity throughout 8-10 thousand years (Artyukhova, Birmukhanova, Mamirov, Sargizova, 2010: 196). Most important, in our opinion, the results of the Tartaul site studies is that the on the outcomes of the authors work on the weighty arguments basis of in the form of bones of domesticated animals and traces of ploughing on the monument to the question is that in the Kazakhstan Neolithic was developed producing economy - pastoralism and agriculture, despite entrenched in the domestic science of the view that Neolithic revolution, that is, the shift from consuming to producing economy in Kazakhstan took place somewhat later, in the Eneolithic, and in some places even in the bronze age (Artyukhova, Mamirov, 2014: 171), that is, we can say quite firmly that Kazakhstan was one of the centers of the producing economy formation, which radically changed the course of peoples history of Eurasia and the world in general.
Research of the complex Shiderti-III stone age site revealed the greatest communication of Pavlodar Priirtyshje' population with the leading cultures of the Mesolithic and Neolithic of Kazakhstan and Eurasia, including the widely known in the archaeology of the ancient Jeitun, Kelteminar, Oyukly, Telmanskaya, Tuluzskaya culture. An opinion is put forward the possibility of several waves of migrations from South-West Asia and notes the significant influence of the Stone Age cultures of Central Asia (Merz, 2008: 24). The author of the research, analyzing the materials of the site, concludes that in the region during the Mesolithic period there were two groups of the population - one local, Paleolithic, the second - migrants. Based on the presence of geometric tools that are found in the monuments of the Middle East synchronously with the beginnings of the process of animals' domestication and are evidence of a producing economy, it is assumed that these are probably pastoral tribes of the Middle East, which, due to increased mobility, quickly spread throughout Europe and the steppe part of Asia. The author thus preliminarily refutes the opinion prevailing in science that these specific tools were brought by hunters and believes that they are distributed by pastoral tribes (Merz, 2007: 197).
Monuments of the paleometallic era.
The main monument of the First Metal or Eneolithic era, studied in the framework of the «Cultural Heritage» program, is undoubtedly the world-famous Botay settlement in the North Kazakhstan region.
The Eneolithic layer was also studied in the course of work at the Shiderti-III multilayer site in the Pavlodar region (Merc, 2006: 265-271, Merc, 2007: 195-198). The horizon correlated with the Copper-Stone Age was recorded during archaeological work at the Bestamak complex in Kostanay region (Logvin, Shevnina, 2006: 258-260, Logvin, Shevnina, Kolbina, Neteta, 2007: 123-127), the Eneolithic stage was identified during research work at the Toktauyl archaeological complex in Central Kazakhstan (Artyukhova, Birmukhanova, Mamirov, Sargizova, 2010: 196).
The role of the settlement of early Botai horse breeders in the history of Eurasia is truly enormous, it is scientifically proven that it was the carriers of the Botai culture who domesticated the horse (Outram..., 2009: 1332-1335, Nurushev, 2018) and moreover, according to the results of laboratory studies by American specialists, the Botai people
used horses as draft animals and for riding (Anthony, Brown, 1991: 22-38). This is evidenced by the skulls of horses found at the settlement with traces of artificial harmony in work on the jaws from bone and hair bits (Seibert, 2005: 162), numerous details of horse equipment, the functional purpose of which is various auxiliary elements of the harness of a draft nature and equestrian ammunition, and analogies to them are found in all historical periods of active use of horses as a riding animal, up to ethnographic modernity (Seibert, 2011a: 451). The fact that the representatives of the Botai culture domesticated the horse and actively used it in the farm, including as a full - fledged pet, is also confirmed by the fact that the remains of a fermented milk drink-kumis-were found in the ceramic pots of the Botai settlement (Outram..., 2009: 1332-1335, Seibert, 2011: 455). The role of the horse in the history of the peoples of Eurasia is great, due to it, all possible habitable areas are inhabited, hundreds of times become intensified ethno-cultural processes of diffusion character, and let the phenomenon of nomadism - «the era of the centaurs» has spread in Eurasia later copper stone century, but the foundations of it were laid during the Eneolithic and on the territory of modern Kazakhstan. Certainly it would be an exaggeration to say that this evidence is obtained especially in the years of operation of the program «Cultural heritage», the fact that it is the fruits of the labor of the authors of the studies over the decades, however, it should be noted that summarize the main outcomes of long-term studies accounts for the period of the national project and the confirmation of the generalizing and analytical works of scientists, introduced into scientific circulation at that time (Seibert, Tulebaev, Kulakov, zadorozhnyi, 2007, Seibert, 2009, 20116).
The archaeological sites of the Bronze Age are one of the most numerous objects of historical and cultural heritage, explored in the framework of the «Cultural Heritage»program. It is widely known burial memorials of the Begazy-Dandybay culture, Taldysai the early settlement of metallurgists, urban settlement of Kent in Central Kazakhstan, a settlement Toksanbai in Ustyurt, monuments from the bronze age Turgen archaeological complex in Zhetysu. Also worth mentioning are the Bronze Age monuments of the Bestamak complex in the Kostanay region, Aybas Darasy in the Karaganda region, and studies of different years on the Bronze Age monuments Akkainar and Asy in the Almaty region, Kenotkel in the Akmola region, and on the monument of the Bronze Age ore miners Delbegetey in the East Kazakhstan region (Collections 2005-2011).
In view of the scientific materials value and the objects main number uniqueness, it is necessary to consider each of these monuments separately in the context of a source on Eurasia people's history.
The Begazy burial ground is a well-known monument of the Late Bronze Age in archaeological circles. Some authoritative archaeologists see the origins of the Eurasia Saka world in the Begazy-Dandybay culture (hereinafter BDK) of Central Kazakhstan (Kyzlasov, 1977: 71-77). The authors of the research, during the years of work under the state program, conducted an extended analysis to clarify the origins of the Begazy-Dandybayev monuments in the environment of the Eurasia archaeological cultures. As a result, the scientists considered all the existing scientific points of view at that time, noted broad analogies with the most diverse historical and cultural communities of the Eurasian continent - traces of Central Asian, Siberian and Altai cultures of the Bronze Age were recorded. Based on a thorough analysis of ceramics and a number of other features, the authors refute the alien nature of the Begaza-Dandybai community, in particular, a number of theories about the Karasuk origin of the BDK and tend to see the autochthonous nature of the culture (Beisenov, Varfolomeev, 2008: 46-60). Based
on the results of a detailed analysis of the social structure of BDK carriers, the authors conclude that at the turn of the II-I millennium BC, on Kazakhstan territory already had a peculiar culture and statehood was formed (Beisenov, Varfolomeev, 2008: 74), one of the early manifestations of the higher structure of society in Eurasia. The authors, according to some results of their work, do not rule out that the BDC could have influenced the formation of the Eurasia Scythian-Siberian world foundations - they noted that the rapid processes of Scythian-Saka and Siberian cultures formation that started in the Early Scythian time were already going on during the BDC (Beisenov, Varfolomeev, 2008: 77). The fact that the priority is the local origin of BDK may indicate that, most likely, those researchers who see the basis of the Eurasia Scythian-Siberian world in BDK are right. The authors of the research, based on the weighty data based on the results of scientific research's long years, clearly indicate that the Early Saka mounds of Kazakhstan have direct analogies in their architectural features and structures in the Begazy-Dandybai complex of Central Kazakhstan. On this basis, the researchers raise the question of the "Begazy layer" in the monuments of the Early Scythian period of the Eurasia eastern area (Beisenov, Varfolomeev, Kasenalin, 2014: 172).
The next important Bronze Age monument is the Kent Proto-Urban culture monument in Central Kazakhstan. This extraordinary monument also correlated with the terms of the Begazy-Dandybai culture. The works author within the framework summarizing the implementation of the national programme, it was demonstrated that Kent is a monument of urban culture (Varfolomeev, 2011: 86-89) and we can say that the Kazakhstan territory was one of the centers of urban civilization origin of the Eurasia peoples. The researcher, after scrupulously analyzing and summarizing the material of long-term scientific research on the Kent settlement and other BDK monuments, comes to the conclusion that the Begazy-Dandybai historical and cultural community was autochthonous in origin (Varfolomeev, 2011: 94) and consisted of two categories of carriers-shepherds who lived in villages, and the paramilitary elite who lived in Kent - type cities and owned all the important production resources of that period (Varfolomeev, 2011: 95). The military elite spread its influence not only within the territory of modern Kazakhstan and neighboring territories, but also organized military campaigns in remote places - in the areas of agricultural crops in the territories of modern Afghanistan, Iran and southern Central Asia (Varfolomeev, 2011: 96). It is obvious that the Kent Bronze Age city is a prototype of the powerful state paramilitary associations of the Eurasia central part, which spread their influence over most of the Eurasian continent and played a decisive role in the ethnogenesis, cultural and political genesis of the Eurasia peoples.
One of the equally significant monuments of the Bronze Age is the Taldysay ancient metallurgists' settlement in the Karaganda region. Work on the monument has been going on for many years, the results of the research, including in the framework of the national program, scientists determined that the settlement was one of the leading centers of industry Ulytau-Zhezkazgan region in the second half of the II Millennium BC - early I century BC (Artyukhova, Kurmankulov, Ermolaeva, Yerzhanova, 2013: 157-162). The inhabitants of the settlement conducted a complex economy - animal husbandry, crafts, and the main direction - metallurgical production (Ermolaeva, Kurmankulov, Yerzhanova, 2011: 124-130). Based on the analysis of a wide range of analogies, scientists have established that the metallurgical products of the Taldysai settlement were used in trade operations with the tribes of other Kazakhstan regions, Central Asia, the Altai sub-region, Western and Southern Siberia (Kurmankulov,
Ermolaeva, Yerzhanova, 2012: 120-125).
The Toksanbai settlement on Ustyurt, due to its certain isolation in space, is an extraordinary and peculiar monument of the early metal era. Researchers based on the results of long years of scientific research on the settlement, a significant proportion of which falls on the the state program period, came to reasonable conclusions that it is possible to distinguish the Toksanbai type monuments of the Eurasia Paleometallic epoch (Samashev, Ermolaeva, Loshakova, 2008: 20-23). The results of long-term and comprehensive studies show that the period of active development of the settlement coincides with a complex process of cultural genesis that took place within the Eurasia main part (Loshakova, 2013: 78-79), and record the connection of Toksanbay settlements creators with representatives of the oldest centers of civilization in the Middle East with of the Volga-Ural region cultures and the Caspian area (Samashev, Ermolaeva, Loshakova, 2009: 159-167).
Scientific research on the territory of the Turgen archaeological complex has shown that the materials of the monument reflect the historical cycle throughout 1.5 thousand years-from the Bronze Age to the Middle Ages (Goryachev, 2011: 266). Summarizing up many years of research, the author notes that the carriers of the Bronze Age cultures came to the territory of the Zailysisky Alatau from the territory of modern Eastern and Central Kazakhstan (Goryachev, 2008: 191). Based on the analysis of the design features of residential structures of the Late Bronze Age - the stage of transition from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age and the Saka time, the author suggests that the universal dwelling of the nomadic peoples of Eurasia - the yurt, could have been created on the territory of Kazakhstan (Goryachev, 2010: 136].
One of the extraordinary monuments of the Bronze Age is a complex in the Delbegetey Mountains in Eastern Kazakhstan, consisting of a settlement, a burial ground, and mines for the extraction of copper and tin. As a result of scientific research, it was established that the settlement and the burial ground were used by ancient ore miners. This is evidenced by numerous samples of metallurgical production found within the residential area and inventory in the form of tools of metallurgists in the burials of the burial ground (Berdenov..., 2007: 123). According to the results of the work, the researchers raise the question of the make ancient of the origin and formation of metallurgy in Kazakhstan until the middle of the III millennium BC (Berdenov..., 2004: 170). In the light of the latest comparative research data, scientists speak about the extensive trade and other relations of the carriers of the metallurgical traditions of East Kazakhstan with other neighboring territories, as well as with the most remote regions of Eurasia (Goncharov, 2016: 685). For its part, it can be noted that the question raised by researchers about the older date of the appearance of metallurgy in Kazakhstan can be considered a prologue to the concept of one of the first centers of metallurgy in the vast expanses of Eurasia.
Undoubtedly, among the no less important historical and cultural monuments of the Bronze Age studied under the state program, all the previously considered archaeological sites, for example, the Bestamak complex, demonstrate the presence of a wide range of monuments from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages, the study of which showed the dynamics of the human society evolution over the course of about 5-6 thousand years, recorded extensive connections of the ancient population of the Torgai region with different geographical areas of Eurasia (Logvin, Shevnina 2006: 258-260, Logvin, Shevnina, Kolbina, Neteta, 2007: 123-127).
All other monuments of Bronze Age archeology also provided significant materials on a few key issues on the continuity of cultures of different epochs, migration
processes, the formation and transformation of a particular economic type in the course of the history of the Eurasian Paleometallic era peoples.
Conclusions. Summing up the conclusions of scientists, according to the results of studies of the stone age monuments, it can be stated that the Kazakhstan territory was one of the first areas of Eurasia inhabited by Homo Sapiens Sapiens and was among the transit centers of the Cro-Magnon distribution on the continent.
The inhabitants of Kazakhstan had producing economy already in the Neolithic era, and this is due to the migration of advanced Mesolithic tribes to the modern Kazakhstan territory.
Regarding the research of the early metal age, it is obvious that scientific research within the framework of the "Cultural Heritage" program made a significant contribution to the scientists ' proof that the horse was domesticated in the modern Kazakhstan territory and was used as a draft and riding transport already in the Eneolithic era.
The modern Kazakhstan territory was one of the centers of the Scythian-Siberian world origin of the Eurasia ancient peoples and already in the Bronze Age there were developed proto-state associations with advanced production and economy at that time.
It should also be noted that the results of the research made it possible to raise the question of creating a unique creation of mobile life - a yurt, exactly on the territory of Kazakhstan, in the cradle of nomadic civilization.
It is also important, from the point of view of determining the international copyright for a particular cultural heritage, that scientists were able to prove the practice of manufacturing and using fermented milk products from mare's milk by the Eneolithic tribes that inhabited the borders of present-day Kazakhstan.
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