Vessels for drinking in Indo-European lexicon Текст научной статьи по специальности «Языкознание и литературоведение»

V. Blazek

VESSELS FOR DRINKING IN INDO-EUROPEAN LEXICON

ABSTRACT. A purpose of the present study is to map main semantic strategies in designations of vessels usually for drinking in the Indo-European languages. A choice of this specific semantic field was motivated by the fact that vessels represent a cultural phenomenon connected with borrowing, frequently mediated by a trade. Determination of the loan-vectors allow us to map the most probable trajectories of the trade routes even for periods before any historical records. In the study a minilexicon of 20 terms is analyzed. In 15 cases it was possible to determine a semantic motivation: "to drink", "to make full, contain", "a pointy formed vessel similar to a horn", "to carve, cut out", "hollow", "glossy / shining", "to weave", "to hang", "to bake". Very frequent is a semantic connection between "vessel" and "skull" as well as "vessel" and "belly" with its organs. From 20 terms discussed here there are 13 attested in Slavic, but only two of them are inherited formations, while remaining 11 terms were borrowed. It is no surprise that the oldest final sources of borrowing appear in languages of early civilisations of Mediterraneum and Mesopotamia, Egyptian, Ugaritic, Aramaic, Akkadian.

KEYWORDS: Indo-European, lexicon, semantic motivation, vessel-names, borrowing

УДК 81-112

D O I 10.31250/2618-8600-2019-3(5)-156-166

Vaclav BLAZEK — Professor of comparative-historical linguistics at Institute of Linguistics and Baltic Studies of Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University in Brno (Czech Republic, Pribram) E-mail: blazek@phil.muni.cz

The main ambition of this etymological-semasiological study is to map substantial approaches of semantic motivation in designation of vessels made for drinking in the Indo-European languages. The choice of this specific semantic field is based on assumption that vessels represent the first-class cultural phenomenon, frequently connected with borrowing mediated by trade. Determination of loan-vectors allows us to trace the most probable trajectories of the trade routes even for the preliterary periods. Such a study is ready to serve as a methodological starting-point for partial etymological analyses devoted to individual Indo-European branches too.

In the Indo-European protolanguage there are reconstructible several vessel names. The number of the drinking vessels is still more limited. The following minilexicon concentrates especially on the vessel terminology in languages of Europe, but the Indo-Iranian languages are not also omitted. Individual lemmas summarize both the inherited terms continuing in several branches and isolated designations, spread further via borrowing. The vessel names belong to the most typical cultural terms and so the relatively long chains of loanwords should not be surprising. Standard tools of comparative linguistics, especially historical phonetics, serve to differentiate the borrowings from inherited forms. For instance, Old Norse koppr, Old English cuppe > English cup, Old High German kopf "vessel for drinking" > German Kopf "head" should be borrowed from Middle Latin cuppa (#7), since Latin c- [k] (< IE *k-) regularly corresponds to Germanic h-, and not k-/c-, cf. Greek Kbpßr) "(drinking-)cup, bowl"; Middle Irish comm "vessel, pot", Breton komm "trough", versus German Humpe(n) "beaker, tankard" (#6). If the material and technological origin of the studied vessels is taken in account, the approach of linguistic archaeology is applied. In tradition of German historical linguistics this approach is called Wörter und Sachen, which means that in historical research of lexicon of any language the analyzed words should not be separated from objects or entities, which they designate.

A. The following terms are reconstructible for the late Indo-European

protolanguage:

1. *poH3-tl-om > *pötlom

Latin pöculum "drinking vessel, cup, goblet, bowl, beaker" [from Plautus] exactly corresponds to Vedic pa tram "drinking vessel, goblet, bowl, cup, dish, plate" (EWAI II, 119). Greek nox^p «drinking-cup, wine-cup" (*pH?,-t5r) is of the same origin. All is derived from the verb *peH3(i)- "to drink", which continues in most of branches: Vedicpibati "drinks", Wakhipöv- "to drink"; Armenian smpem "I drink"; Hittite pasi "swallows, gulps down"; Greek mv©, Aeolic TCfflv© "I drink", perf. nsnöKa; Old Albanian pii "drinks"; Latin bibö, -ere "to drink",pötus "a drinking, drink"; Gaulish ibetis "drink!" (2nd pl.), Old Irish ebait "they drink" (*pibonti); Prussianpoüt "to drink", Lithuanianpuota "drinking spree"; Old Church Slavonicpijg: piti "to drink" (EWAI II, 113-14; LIV 462-63; Mallory, Adams 2006: 240; Pokorny 1959: 839-840).

2. *kol-/*kl-

Vedic kalasa- "water-pot, pitcher, jar, dish" vs. ?Greek kuM, "(drinking) cup, wine-cup", Latin calix "vessel for food or drink, cup, goblet, pot" (EWAI I: 321). It can be formed from the root, which is attested in Sanskrit kalila- "full of'. The irregular root vowel -u- in the Greek word perhaps appeared under the influence of KoA.a pl. "hollows" (sr. Frisk II: 46-47), but it not excluded, it is a quite different cultural term 1. The Latin word was borrowed into Old Irish cailech, Old English calic, Old High German kelih, Middle High German ke-lich, German kelch; Middle High German > Old Czech kalich/kelich, Polish kielich, Slovenian kelih etc. (Buck 1949: 349; Machek 1968: 236). 2a. *kl-p-/*kel-p-

Greek KaXnig "vessel for drawing water, pitcher", KaXnog. nox^piou siSog, i. e. "kind of drinking vessel" (Frisk I: 767-768): Old Irish cilornn, ci-lurn "bucket, pail", Welsh celwrn "tub, bucket, pail, barrel", Breton kelorn "pail, bucket" (*kelpurno-; see Pokorny 1959: 555). It seems, it is the same root as the preceding one, extended of -p-, which could be identified as a trace of the verb *peH3- "to drink".

3. *korn-/*krn-

Middle Irish, Cornish, Breton corn "drinking horn"; Old Norse horn "horn", also "drinking horn". This meaning was used already in the Old Runic inscription on the golden drinking horn from Gallehus, dated to c. 400 CE: ek hlewagastiz holtijaz horna tawido "I Hlewagastiz Holtijaz, [this] horn I made".

The Celtic and Germanic words were formed from the Indo-European designation of "horn", which is known e. g. in Latin cornu "horn", but also "a vessel in the form of horn" (Pokorny 1959: 576; de Vaan 2008: 110, 137: *kr- "horn as material", *krn- "an individual horn", *kerH2-collective "that what forms top" = "head", *ker(H2)uo- "having horns" = "horned animal" = "deer, stag").

4.*kouko-

Vedic kosa- "cask, vessel for holding liquids, pail, bucket", khot. kusa-"vessel, measure"; Greek mora & KavKog "kind of cup"; Latin caucum "drinking vessel"; Middle Irish cuach "bowl, cup", Welsh cawg "bowl": Lithuanian kausas "skull", Latvian kauss "skull, vessel, bowl" (EWAI I: 403-04; Bailey 1979: 64; Frisk I: 802; Mann 1984-1987: 481).

B. Other vessel names for drinking are limited to only one branch, but with relatives in other branches and with different semantics. The terms frequently spread thanks to a chain borrowing.

1 The base *kulio designating various kinds of vessels appear in several Indo-European languages: Sanskrit kulya- n. "receptacle for bones" [MBh I: 150] and/or kulija- n. "particular vessel" [Kaus.], "sort of measure" [Pan.], Cuneiform Luvian DUGkullita- "vessel (for honey or oil)" (Melchert 1993: 106; Tischler 2001: 83); Tocharian B kwalyiye "kind of vessel" (Adams 2013: 253).

5. * teks-to-/ta-

Avestan tasta- "cup, bowl", ?Khotanese tcasta "bowls" (Bailey 1979: 137: influenced by the verb *cas- 'to drink'); Parthian t'st & t'st/tast/, t'stg/ tastag/"cup" (Durkin-Meisterernst 2004: 322), Zoroastrian Pahlavi tst/tast/ "bowl" (MacKenzie 1971: 82), Persian tast "cup, goblet" (Steingass 1892: 280), besides tas "cup, dish, plate" (Steingass 1892: 275), and a reverse loan tas "cup, goblet; a dish; the vessel in which water is cooled; brocade" (Steingass 1892: 806) from Persian-Arabic tas, pl. tassât. The Iranian vessel-name is a derivative of the verb attested in Avestan tas- "to cut; make, construct", Vedic taks- "to fashion, carpenter, create, cut" < *tetk- (Cheung 2007: 38485; LIV: 638). Latin testa "earthen pot, pitcher, jug, urn" is probably of the same origin (Pokorny 1959: 1058; Mallory, Adams 2006: 240). Let us mention that its Romance continuants mean "head": French tête, Catalonian testa "head", Provençal testa "head, nutshell" > Italian testa "head" etc. (Meyer-Lubke 1935: #8682).

On the other hand, the Persian word tast through its Arabic adaptation tas penetrates into East European languages: Italian tazza "cup, mug", French tasse, German Tasse id. (Kluge 1999: 816).

6. *k (h)umb (h)-

Greek KtipPn "drinking vessel, cup, bowl" (Nicander, Alexipharmaca, 2nd cent. BCE; Athenaios, 2nd-3rd cent. CE), Cypriot KoPPa: Vedic kumbhâ- "jar, pitcher, water-pot", Avestan xumba- "pot", Persian xum "jug, pitcher"; Old Irish comm "vessel, pot", Breton komm "trough"; German Humpe(n) "beaker, tankard" (Frisk II: 48; Kluge 1999: 387-88; Huld & Adams 1997: 443; Mallory, Adams 2006: 239). The Greek and Indo-Iranian forms cannot be projected into any common protoform. It means, it is necessary to propose their independent borrowing, perhaps from two different, but related sources. A good candidate could be Semitic *qubbaÇ-(at-), reconstructed on the basis of Emar Akkadian qubbaÇu; Ugaritic qbÇ "goblet", Phoenician qbÇ "cup", Hebrew qubbai'at "cup, goblet", Aramaic qbÇ?, Syriac qubÇo id., Arabic qubÇat "calyx". (DUL: 69162; HAL: 1062). The dissimilation *-bb- > -mb- has analogy in other Semitic loans in Greek: xti^navov ~ Aramaic tuppa or ^a^naç, -aSoç ~ Aramaic lap-pîda, Hebrew lappîd (Rosôl 2013: 53-54). For Greek a donor-language might be Phoenician or Aramaic with regard to relatively late attestation, while Vedic and Avestan could borrow the word from some Akkadian variety.

7. *kup-

Greek kOtcsAIov "big-bellied drinking vessel, beaker, goblet, cup" [Ilias]: Latin cupa "tub, cask, tun, vat", Sanskrit kupa- «hole, cave, well», besides the late Greek gloss of the lexicographer Hesychius KOnn. xpœy^n, i. e. «hole, cave» (Frisk II: 51). Medieval Latin variant cuppa was a source of Italian coppa, French coupe, Spanish copa, Romanian cupa; Modern Greek KoOna; Old Irish copp, copân, Welsh cwpan, Breton kop; Old Norse koppr, Old English cuppe > English cup, Old High German kopf "drinking vessel" > German Kopf "head"

(Buck 1949: 348-49). Middle High German kopfel "small cup" was a source of Czech koflik id. (Rejzek 2001: 283). It is not excluded that Late Greek Kunn "hole, cave" should be separated from the word kutcsAAov "big-bellied drinking vessel, beaker, goblet, cup", known already from Ilias. This form is derivable from *kupeslon, indicating a Semitic source of the type Ugaritic kpsln "container or measure for liquids" (DUL: 453).

8. *stig-

Gothic stikls "beaker, chalice", Old High German stehhal "beaker"; a more primary meaning was preserved in Old Norse stikill "tip of a drinking horn", Old English sticel, Old High German stichill "point, tip", all from IE * (s)teig-"to prick", cf. Greek oxlZ© id. (Pokorny 1959: 1016; Wodtko, NIL: 660-661).

The Gothic word is a source of Common Slavic *stbklo "glass" > Church Slavonic stbklo "glass", cf. Old Church Slavonic stbklenica "drinking glass", Bulgarian staklo "glass", Serbo-Croatian staklo "glass, (glass) dishes", Slovenian stdklo id., Slovak, Czech sklo, Old Czech stklo "glass", Upper & Lower Lusatian sklo "bowl", Polish szklo, Ukrainian sklo, Russian steklo "glass" (Pronk-Tiethoff 2013: 146-147).

9. *ghloso-

Old English glws, Old Saxon, Old High German glas, German Glas "(drinking) glass" reflect Germanic *glasa- < *ghloso-, while Old Norse gler id. is a continuant of Germanic *glaza- < *ghloso-. Old English glar "amber, resin", Middle Low German glar "resin" represent a lengthened grade *gleza- < *ghleso-. The same formation may be identified in the Latinized record glesum, which had to designate "amber" among the Aesti, the inhabitants of Eastern Balticum according to witness of Tacitus (Germania § 45). The Aesti have usually been identified as Balts, but the word glesum is probably an adaptation of a Germanic, most likely Gothic, word. In the 1st cent. CE just East Germans mediated the trade between Rome and East Balticum. Latvian glTsis & glTse "amber" (ME I, 627) with its T reveals East Germanic origin. On the other hand, Latvian glaze, similarly as Estonian (k)laz, "(drinking) glass", represent late borrowings of Middle Low German glas (ME I, 624). In North Germanic there is a relative in Old Norse glasa "to decorate oneself by something bright" (Holthausen 1963: 132; Kluge 1999: 326). From the point of view of word formation, Germanic *glasa-/*glaza- "(drinking) glass" is not formed from *gleza- "amber", but more likely oppositely. The starting-point has been sought in Germanic *gladsa-, formed from the adj. *glada- "glossy; bright" (Pokorny 1959, 432), or in the verb *glowan- "to glow" (Kroonen 2013: 180, 182; Pronk-Tiethoff 2013: 190-91).

10. *plokt-ska

Old Norse flaska "bottle", Old English flasce, Old High German flasca, German Flasche; from here e. g. Czech flaska "bottle". The Germanic protoform *flasko is probably formed from the verb *flehtanan "to weave, plait" > Old High Germanflehtan, Germanflechten, Old Norse fletta id., cf. Gothicflahta

"a plait"; further Latin plectere "to plait, braid, interweave"; Czech plest "to weave, plait" etc. This solution implies that originally it was a 'vessel' plaited of twigs, later serving as a protective layer for vessels of more fragile materials, including glass (Kluge 1999: 270-271).

11. *podo-

Lithuanian puodelis & puodukas «small cup» are diminutives from puodas «pot», Latvian puods. Their relatives are Old Norse fat, Old English fat, English vat, Old High German faz, Middle High German vaz «vessel», German Fass id. Their primarily meaning apparently was «that what contains», cf. German fassen «to contain» (Buck 1949: 341; Kluge 1999: 251).

12. *kib-

(a) Common Slavic *cbbanb > Old Church Slavonic cbvant "vessel, jug", Bulgarian dial. cvanica "wine-vessel", Serbo-Croatian cvan id., Ukrainian dial. cvan "vessel for liquids"; besides the forms with -b-: Bulgarian dial. dziban, Serbo-Croatian (d)zban, Slovak, Czech dzban, Kashubian zbon, Polish, Belorussian, Ukrainian dzban, Russian zban "vessel, jug" (ESJS 2: 120).

(b) Common Slavic *cbbbrb "tub" > Bulgarian cabar, debar, Serbo-Croatian cabar, Slovenian ceber, Slovak cbara, (d)zbar, Old Czech cber, Czech dzber, Upper Lusatian cwor, Polish ceber, hence Ukrainian ceber, Russian cebar (Machek 1968: 138).

Related is Lithuanian kibiras "bucket, tub", Latvian ciba "round wooden vessel", all from the verb, which is attested in Lithuanian kibti "to remain hanging", kibiti "to hang" (ESJS 2: 120). It means, the vessel-names were motivated by the fact that the vessels were hanged.

13. *guhrniko-

Common Slavic *gbrnbcb "pot", continuing e. g. in Serbo-Croatian grnac, Czech hrnec, Upper Lusatian hornc, Lower Lusatian gjarnc, Russian gornec etc., is formed from Common Slavic *gbrnb "(melting or potter's) oven, furnace", which is directly attested in East Slavic languages: Church Slavonic (of Russian redaction) gbrnb "kettle, forge, oven", Russian dial. gorno "oven to fire bricks or potter's ware", Belorussian harno, hurno "potter's oven". It is formed in the same way as Latin furnus "oven" and Vedic ghrna- "heat, ardour, sunshine" < *guhrno-, all from the verb *g«her- "to burn" (ESJS 4: 209-10; Machek 1968: 184). The Slavic "pot" explicitly means the vessel fired in a potter's oven.

C. Let us analyze the other Slavic names of the drinking vessels separately.

Usually they represent loans from other Indo-European branches or even

non-Indo-European languages.

14. Old Church Slavonic casa "goblet, cup, chalice", Bulgarian casa, Macedonian casa, Serbo-Croatian casa, Slovenian casa, Slovak casa, Czech cise, Polabian coso "goblet", Polish czasza, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Russian casa "bowl, big drinking cup" < Common Slavic *casa (ESSJ 4: 30-31; ESJS 2: 99) is borrowed from an Iranian source. The probable protoform adopted into

Slavic is reconstructible as *casa, cf. Khotanese casa "measure for liquids" vs. Sogdian cs- "to taste", pes- "to drink", cs'ntk "a drink", Pashto c(d)sdl "to drink, swallow", Iranian > Armenian casak "cup"; Sanskrit cásaka- "cup, wineglass" (Bailey 1979: 101; ESIJ 2: 235-38; KEWA I: 380). Prus. kiosi "cup" is of Slavic origin.

15. Common Slavic *lagy, gen. *lagwe > Church Slavonic (of Russian redaction) lagva, lagvica "cup", Serbo-Croatian lágav "barrel", Slovenian lágav "bottle", Czech láhev, Upper Lusatian tahej, Lower Lusatian tágwe "bottle", Polish tagiew "cup", Russian lagóvka "milk jug" < West Germanic *lagel(l)o-: Old High German lagel(l)a "cask for liquids", lagel(la) "bottle", dial. lagen, Middle High German lagel(e), lwgel(e), German Lagel, Legel "small barrel", Middle Dutch lagel(e), legel(e) < Latin lagoena, lagona "large vessel with narrow neck and handles, flask, flagon, bottle" < Greek Xáyüvo^ "flask, flagon", also "measure" [Aristotle, Fragmenta 457, 4th cent. BCE] (Machek 1968: 317; Kluge 1999: 499; Beekes 2010: 820; Pronk-Tiethoff 2013: 114). An ultimate source should be sought in Semitic, where are attested such the forms as Ugaritic lg, Hebrew log "measure of capacity of liquids (1/6 litre)" [Lv 14:10,12,15,21,24], Middle Hebrew pl. loggim, Samaritanian lag, Aramaic logga, Syriac lagg^ta "small bowl and liquid measure" (DUL 494; HAL 520; Klein 1987, 293, 294). The Greek extension in -w- may be explained as adaptation of the Semitic diminutive suffix *-an-, which was regularly changed in -on- in Hebrew and Aramaic, e. g. Hebrew Pisón "pupil of eye", lit. "the little man", Syriac berona "small son", New Syriac ialuna "small boy" (Brockelmann 1908: 394-395; HAL: 44).

16. Czech & Slovakpohár, Polishpuhar, Ukrainianpóhar "cup" are borrowed from Hungarian pohár id. The Hungarian word itself has origin in Old High German pechari (& behhari > German Becher), being also the source of Slovenian péhar, Serbo-Croatian pehar (Machek 1968: 468). The Old High German forms represent adaptation of Middle Latin picarium & bicarium "drinking vessel". English beaker is of the same origin, while English pitcher came via Old French pichier from Middle Latin picarium, which itself is adapted from Greek piKoq «wine-jar; drinking-bowl" [Herodotus; 5th cent. BCE] (Buck 1949, 348), which is finally borrowed from Egyptian b3k.t "vessel for oil, used as a measure of capacity" [from Old Kingdom], further from b3k "olive tree" [from Old Kingdom], "olive oil" [from Middle Kingdom] (Frisk I: 237; Beekes 2010: 215; Wb. I: 423-424).

17. Czech sálek "small cup" is adaptation of German Schale "bowl"; further cf. Middle High German schal(e), Old High German scala, Old Saxon skala, Old Norse skála "drinking bowl; scale" < Germanic *sk&lo; all from the verb *skeljan- "to separate", derived from IE *skel- "to chop", cf. Lithuanian skélti id. (Buck 1949: 349; Kluge 1999: 710; Pokorny 1959: 923-927; Kroonen 2013: 443).

18. Serbo-Croatian fildzan, Polish filizanka "small cup, small goblet" with mediation of Modern Greek ф&т^г, ф^гт^ам, and Karaim fyl^an respectively, plus Hungarian findzsa, have origin in Turkish fincan, filcan "cup" (Buck 1949: 348-349), which itself is adaptation of Arabic or Persianfingan "cup (for coffee)" (AED: 805; Rasanen 1969: 145).

19. Polish czarka "small cup", czara "drinking bowl" < Old Russian cara (first AD 1151), Russian cara, carka, Ukrainian, Belorussian cara "drinking glass" represent Turkish borrowings, cf. Tatar, Oirot cara "big goblet", Kazakh sara "big wooden bowl" (Vasmer IV: 316; Buck 1949: 349), all probably from the verb attested in Teleut car "to wind, wrap", Baraba Tatar car "to tie around" (Rasanen 1969: 100).

20. Russian stakan, dial. stokan, Old Russian dostokanb (first AD 1356) is of Turkish origin, cf. Chaghatai tostakan "wooden bowl", Kazakh tustayan "drinking glass; dipper, ladle". Concerning the semantic motivation, cf. Old Turkish tosta "to show up", Teleut tosto-k "being excellent" (Vasmer III: 743; Rasanen 1969: 491).

CONCLUSIONS

Among 20 analyzed terms designating vessels usually made for drinking there are 15 cases, where the semantic motivation is determined with more or less probability, namely these motives: "to drink" (##1, 14), "to make full; contain" (##2, 11), "horn-like pointed form" (##3, 8), "to cut" etc. (##5, 17), "hollow" (#7), "smooth, glossy, bright" (#9), "to plait" (#10), "to hang" (#12), "to fire" (#13). "Glass" as material was used with high probability in the case of Gothic stikls (#8) and Germanic *glasa-/*glaza- (#9). Connection with "skull" appears in the case of etymons ##4, 5, 7; in the cases ##5 & 7 the semantic shift "vessel" ^ "skull" was realized, ambiguous is the situation in #4. Other body parts, which became inspiration for designation of vessel names, were organs of abdominal cavity, which really served as safe containers of liquids, or belly itself for its similarity with some vessels, cf. Sanskrit udara-patra- "stomach serving as a vessel" [Birhad Aranyaka Upanisad 5] vs. Vedic udara- "belly, stomach, bowels, abdomen"; Latin ventriosus "pot-bellied" vs. venter "belly; bowels, entrails"; Latin uter, gen. utris "bag or bottle made of an animal's hide" vs. uterus "belly, paunch, womb"; Lithuanian videras "intestine, bowel, stomach, abdominal cavity" vs. Old Church Slavonic vedro "bucket"; Church Slavonic lonbcb, Bulgarian lonec, Serbo-Croatian ¡dnac "pot" vs. Church Slavonic lono "womb" etc. (Buck 1949: 342; de Vaan 2008: 647). Let us mention that from 13 cases, when the Slavic material was analyzed in the present minilexicon (##2, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20), only two of them (##12, 13) represent original, unborrowed forms. The foreign designations of vessels penetrate in Slavic most frequently through Middle or Old High German (5x), plus once by an indirect route through Hungarian (#16), and once directly from Gothic

(#8). In three cases the Turkish loans are recognizible, one via Modern Greek. In only case (#14: "goblet") the Iranian origin is probable. The semantic field "vessel" is much more abundant, but even this brief contribution offers illustration, how fruitful are vessel names in perspective of linguistic archaeology.

* The contribution was prepared in frame of the Specific research fund, nr. 2817, at Faculty of Arts of Masaryk University in Brno.

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СОСУДЫ ДЛЯ ПИТЬЯ В ЛЕКСИКОНЕ ИНДОЕВРОПЕЙЦЕВ

АННОТАЦИЯ. Задача исследования состояла в выявлении тенденций географического распространения основных семантических стратегий в обозначении сосудов (в основном для питья) в индоевропейских языках. Выбор столь специфического семантического поля вызван тем, что сосуды как культурное явление связаны с отношениями дара/отдарка, нередко опосредованных торговлей. Знание направлений заимствования позволяет картографировать наиболее веро-

ятные направления торговых путей, в том числе в период, не освещенный письменными источниками. В работе проанализирован минилексикон из 20 терминов. В 15 случаях удалось определить семантическую мотивацию: «пить», «наполнять, содержать», «сосуд с заостронным нижним концом типа рога», «резать, вырезать», «пустой», «блестящий/сверкающий», «ткать», «вешать», «печь». Высоко частотна семантическая связь между лексемами «сосуд» и «череп», а также между «сосуд» and «живот» (с находящимися в нем органами). Из 20 рассмотренных терминов 13 зафиксированы в протославянском, но лишь 2 унаследованы от более раннего языкового состояния, тогда как оставшиеся 11 представляют собой заимствования. Не удивительно, что самые ранние конечные источники заимствований отыскиваются в языках ранних цивилизаций Средиземноморья и Месопотамии — египетской, угаритской, арамейской, аккадской.

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: индоевропейцы, лексикон, семантическая мотивация, наименования сосудов, заимствование

Вацлав Б Л A Ж E К — профессор сравнительно-исторического языкознания, Институт языкознания и балтистики Философского факультета Университета имени Масарыка в Брно (Чешская Республика, Пржибрам) E-mail: Ь^ек@рЫ1.тит.с7