19Academic Research in Educational Sciences VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 11 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 Directory Indexing of International Research Journals-CiteFactor 2020-21: 0.89
DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-11-539-544
VERBALIZATION OF THE CONCEPT OF FAITH/BELIEF BY MEANS OF LEXEMES AND PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN MODERN ENGLISH AND
UZBEK
Nodirbek Zakirovich Hamidov
Andijan State University, Teacher
Zebinso Usmonjon Qizi No'monova
Andijan State University, Teacher
ABSTRACT
This article studies verbalization of the concept of faith/believe, its classification, its usage in different texts and analyzing the etymology of the word "Faith/ Belief' in different languages.
Keywords: phraseological units, concept, stylistic, self-determination, self-determination.
We all know that the importance of happiness, love, liberty in real life turns to be fragile and only faith can relieve a person of his disappointment. Human beings are mortal and horror-stricken by the thought of death. Only one's faith in immortality and life after death can ease one's spiritual bore. Without belief human life becomes senseless. History proves that human beings have never lived without belief in something highest, supreme, surpassing them and absolute. Any culture goes through spiritual self-determination, asserting faith in something eminent and unattainable, something which fosters sense and saves from uncountable metamorphoses of nature. So in the course of history we move from belief to unbelief and from unbelief to the search of new belief, new values in life which give sense to our existence.
Faith as the main value makes strong influence upon functioning of governments and social institutions and also upon individuals. All these make the study of this concept more actual. But what does it mean to believe? The Hebrew word denoting the concept of belief in the Old Testament is "aman" which is actually the word people normally used at the end of their prays ("amen", which should really be pronounced "amein"). Christian people say, "In the name of Jesus, Amen", which means, "I believe it". "Believe" means "to lean upon", that is why there are a number
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Academic Research in Educational Sciences VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 11 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 Directory Indexing of International Research Journals-CiteFactor 2020-21: 0.89
DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-11-539-544
of words with the preposition "upon" in the semantic field of this concept, such as reckon upon, depend upon, count upon, build upon, rely upon, rest upon, calculate upon, pin one's faith upon, upon my faith, etc.
Analyzing the etymology of the word "Faith/ Belief" in different languages, P.Florensky distinguishes the main tendencies involved in perception of "faith" by various nations. Thus, in some cultures the concept of "faith/belief" refers to the inter-personal relations of moral character. For example, in Greek, Latin, English, Armenian, Russian, German, Hebrew and Sanscrit "to believe" means— to trust, to love, to permit, to begin, to approve " The concept of "Faith/Belief" is connected with the concept of "truth". According to P.Florensky, "truthworthiness is the feeling of truth, but the comprehension of truth is possible only in the case of belief".
In analyzing the lexemes of the concept we have used different dictionaries of the English language. They are: American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, fifth edition, Collins English Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition, Webster's New World college dictionary fifth edition, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English and of course Oxford and Merriam Webster dictionaries which are considered the most popular ones. According to them the concept "Faith/Belief" can be verbalized in the English language with the following lexical units:
Faith in the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, fifth edition:
1. Belief in God or in a set of religious doctrines.
2. A set of religious doctrines; a body of dogma: adhered to the Muslim
faith.
3. Often Faith Christianity Secure belief in God and a trusting acceptance of G od's will viewed as a theological virtue.
4. Confident or unquestioning belief in the truth, value, or trustworthiness
of a person, idea, or thing.
5. Loyalty to a person or thing; allegiance: keeping faith with one's
supporters.
Collins English Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition defines the word in the following way:
1. strong or unshakeable belief in something, esp without proof or evidence
2. a specific system of religious beliefs: the Jewish faith.
Academic Research in Educational Sciences VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 11 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 Directory Indexing of International Research Journals-CiteFactor 2020-21: 0.89
DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-11-539-544
3. (Theology) Christianity trust in God and in his actions and promises
4. (Theology) a conviction of the truth of certain doctrines of religion, esp whe n this is not based on reason
5. complete confidence or trust in a person, remedy, etc
6. any set of firmly held principles or beliefs
7. allegiance or loyalty, as to a person or cause
These were the definition for the first lexeme of my theme now I suggest moving the second one.
Belief
1. The mental act, condition, or habit of placing trust or confidence in another: My belief in you is as strong as ever
2. Mental acceptance of and conviction in the truth, actuality, or validity of so mething: His explanation of what happened defies belief
3. Something believed or accepted as true, especially certain tenet or a body of tenets accepted by a group of persons.
Belief
1. a state or habit of mind in which trust or confidence is placed in some person or thing
2. something believed; especially : a tenet or body of tenets held by a group
3. conviction of the truth of some statement or the reality of some being or phenomenon especially when based on examination of evidence
If we observe definitions above attentively the lexeme faith is defined as complete trust or strong feeling of belief in all dictionary entries. All of them also confirm the use of the word faith as belief in god or religious doctrines. In the same time the word may be used in sense of trust or loyalty to a person or thing as well. Some dictionaries above stated the use of the word in sense of particular religion or set of religious doctrines. So we can say that the lexeme is mainly used to imply trust and belief whether it is related to the sense of religion or not. Apart from that there is a meaning of loyalty and alliance towards person or thing is used interchangeably with the former one. As to the analysis of the lexeme belief my opinion is that the lexeme can be used with the lexeme faith interchangeably. All dictionary entries confirm the meaning of feeling that something is true or real. It was also used in sense of something can be trusted or accepted as real. Both lexemes can be used to imply trust or confidence in something or somebody.
Academic Research in Educational Sciences VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 11 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 Directory Indexing of International Research Journals-CiteFactor 2020-21: 0.89
DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-11-539-544
Phraseological units reflect not only the history of the people, the peculiarity of culture and life, but they also help to make speech more expressive and emotional. Idioms expand the informational side of the language with the sensible, intuitive and emotional description of the outward things. That is why the study of specific semantic qualities of the phraseological units of different languages (English and Uzbek) will make it easier to contrast and compare both the conceptual and the cultural sides of the two languages.Phraseological units are word-groups that cannot be made in the process of speech they exist in the language as ready-made units. They are compiled in special dictionaries. Like words, phraseological units express a single notion andare used in a sentence as one part of it. Lexicographers call such units idioms.
I have found and analyzed the following phraseolgical units related to the concept of faith/belief:
lose one's faith in someone or something -to stop believing in (someone or something); to become disillusioned; embittered or doubtful (about something or someone). (When said simply as ''lose faith'' it is often in reference to losing religious faith in God).
The staff has started losing faith in John's ability to mange the restaurant properly.
an act of faith-an act or deed demonstrating religious faith; an act or deed showing trust in someone or something.
For him to trust you with his safety was a real act of faith.
have faith in someone or something -to believe in someone; to trust someone to do or be what is claimed.
We have faith in you and know you can do the job well.
in bad faith-without sincerity; with bad or dishonest intent; with duplicity.
If you do things in bad faith, you'll get a bad reputation.
in good faith-with good and honest intent; with sincerity.
We are convinced you were acting in good faith even though you made a serious error.
keep faith with somebody/something-to be loyal to someone or something; to continue to support an idea or person especially by doing what you promised to do.
I intend to keep faith with my people and all they stand for.
leap of faith-acceptance of an idea or conclusion largely on faith; the act or an instance of believing or trusting intangible or incapable of being proved.
Academic Research in Educational Sciences VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 11 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 Directory Indexing of International Research Journals-CiteFactor 2020-21: 0.89
DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-11-539-544
We had to make quite a leap of faith to accept his promise after the last time he let us down.
Oh, ye of little faith -You who trust no one You thought I wouldn't show up on time. Oh, ye of little faith. pin one's faith on someone or something-to fasten one's faith or hope to someone or something
Don't pin your faith on Tom. He can't always do exactly what you want. restore someone's faith in something -to reinstate someone's belief trust faith ...etc in something.
Her faith was restored in the government. show good faith -to demonstrate good intentions or good will. I'm certain that you showed good faith when you signed the contract. take somebody/something on faith-to accept or believe someone or something on the basis of little or no evidence
Surely you can't expect me to take a story like that on faith. Through the analysis of the phraseological units which contains the lexeme belief we may say that this phrases may be used in sense of opinion idea besides the meaning of the feeling of acceptance or truth to something. Other than that I should mention that I haven't observed any phraseological units related to the sense of religion In spite of its existence in all definitions above. So according to modern English linguistic world view the phraseological units of belief are used in order to express the meanings of trust idea opinion. There might be said similar words in terms of the phraseological units consisting of the lexeme faith. But in these units the notions of trust support are expressed more stronger than religious ones. But there is something to be said for there exist some phraseological units which include the feeling of religious belief or similar to it For instance find faith ; lose one's faith. Meanwhile the use of phraseological units of faith in order to denote honesty and loyalty in terms of positive meanings and to denote dishonest and disloyalty in terms of negative meanings is worth to mention. I think it is time to move the verbalization of the concept in Uzbek language.
As every language has its own characteristics we have chosen the equivalent lexeme to the lexemes of faith/belief. Thus we have found out that the most adequate words to these lexemes are Iymon/E'tiqod. So while reviewing the verbalization of the concept we normally use the lexemes of "Iymon/E'tiqod". The key word-representative of studied concept is the lexeme "Iymon/E'tiqod'. Analyzing is done
Academic Research in Educational Sciences VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 11 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 Directory Indexing of International Research Journals-CiteFactor 2020-21: 0.89
DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-11-539-544
according to the materials of dictionary definitions from explanatory dictionaries, also used associative dictionaries and thesaurus, which help to expose associative connections of lexemes —Iymon/E'tiqod', which play an important role in formation of concept and its components. According to the opinion of S.Z.Tillayeva the conceptual nuclei of lexeme "Iymon/E'tiqoa" presented by cognitive-conceptual features that can be divided into several zones. I also want to begin with linguistic zone as she did in her work.
Linguistic zone of the meaning of concept "Iymon/E'tiqoa" is generally presented by following meanings of the lexeme:
According to the opinion of S.Z Tillayeva meaning of the word "Iymon/E'tiqod" also can be expressed by the word "ixlos". The meaning of the word "ixlos" is nearly similar with the meaning of the word "Iymon/E'tiqod" in the Uzbek language.
As it is known, phraseological units differ from words in their stylistical value, expressiveness and national-cultural specificity. The significance and role of phraseological units call forth studying the phraseological units as a type of verbalization of the concept "Iymon/E'tiqod".
Analysis of language materials showed that the conceptual composition of structures of the concept "Iymon/E'tiqod" is basically presented by linguistic zone: Iymon
Iymoni komil -ishonchi komil
Iymon keltirmoq - xudoga ishonch-e'tiqod bildirib sig'inmoq Iymonsiz ketmoq - imonidan mahrum bo'lib, kofir bo'lib o'lmoq; E, yolg'on gapirayotgan bo 'lsam, til tortmay o 'lay, Iymonsiz ketay S. Ahmad.Hukm.
As we saw in the definitions for the lexemes and phrases stated the concept of faith/belief is expressed as ones belief in God like in English. This means the concept means one and the same notion from the religious point of view in both languages. According to Uzbek linguistic world view the words like ixlos, iymon, e'tiqod are considered to be the words expressing the important quality of every person. The negative use of these words may express the strong attitude of person to the people surrounding him.
REFERENCES
1. S. Z.Tillaeva "Verbalization of the concepts "faith/belief" and "iymon/e'tiqod" in the English and Uzbek languages" Dissertation paper for Master's Degree Tashkent 2013 25- 28 bet
