CC BY
18
УДК 72.032
Siddiqov M. senior lecturer department of architecture Fergana Polytechnic Institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana
URBAN PLANNING MEASURES IN THE PRESERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS
Abstract: This article discusses the urban traditions and activities that are adapted to the local climate, taking into account the different natural climatic and geographical conditions and opportunities for the preservation of architectural monuments, building ensembles.
Keywords: architecture, urban planning, revolution, social order, reconstruction, engineering, history, glazed pottery, brick.
The interest in Central Asian architecture, which has played a significant role in the cultural development of the world since ancient times, is still growing. At the same time, our modern urban planning and architecture not only attract the attention of tourists but also do not meet the needs of the people living in the area. The main reason for this is that our modern architecture is developing apart from its deep roots. Because after the October Revolution, our system of political and economic society, which was considered by some to be new backwardness, underwent a new development. The influx of ideas, imbued with the revolutionary spirit of Europe, and the desire to put them into practice as soon as possible, paved the way for a complete transformation of the old development into a new one. As a result, there is a misconception that every local culture is backward and advanced. In the 1930s and 1950s, politically incorrect slogans such as "National in form, socialist in content" and the state resolution of 1956 on "Silence in Architecture and Construction" quickly put all art into a common pattern. was focused. As a result, several similarly shallow works of art, including cave architecture and urban planning, were created, which corresponded to the instructions from above. Reconstruction of cities is a process of great change and development, renewal, change and improvement of the urban environment, which is inextricably linked with the problem of succession. It is the vast world in which we live, which crushes and inspires us with its diversity. At the same time, it is a luxurious house that is a reliable refuge for us.
With this one and the only word, we call the city Tashkent, the great New York and the small Chirchik, the ancient Samarkand, Shakhrisabz, Bukhara and the only resort Yangiabad, Shohimardon. What do such a diverse community of people, houses, and roads have in common? How does each of them allow us to give a city category? Yes, there is no single universal definition of a city, but it should have a definition that includes a variety of alternating characters in different combinations.
Thus, it can be concluded that the city is very complex, in which very different aspects of our lives and the world around us collide in different ways.
Indeed, the city is a scene of social relations that reflects the social structure of society. The city is a developed national economic complex, which is closely connected with large banking institutions, dozens and hundreds of different enterprises and industries. The city is a strong engineering economy, a unique system of livelihood for a large population. The city is the cradle and the pinnacle of civilization, where the great symbols of the material and spiritual culture of mankind were born and continue. Therefore, the existence of a modern city does not exist by itself but is an integral part of others. With its diversity and different layout, the city will always appear before us as a single, integral, vital, complete and constantly evolving entity.
In 1926, there were 31 major and largest cities in the former Soviet Union, and now there are 200. Their rapid growth depends primarily on socio-economic factors (the combination of industry and science, education, etc.).
Today we need to think about urban planning in the XXI century. This is important not only for the future but also for our current practice. The main histories of our cities are formed for 25 years. Modern urban planning is not only an art but also a unit of science and technology. No science combines the achievements of many fields of knowledge at such a high level as urban planning. Here it is necessary to use powerful computers in solving the complex problems of modern town planning. Historical sources indicate that problems such as traffic, noise, and environmental pollution have existed in the past.
For example, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, burning coal was banned in London and was punished for it. The problems of transport and ecology depend not only on the growth of the city but also on the social, economic, technical and technological means available to society to solve them. In Central Asia, Islam not only became stronger but also began to develop scientifically. New types of buildings have emerged. In particular, many new types of buildings, such as mosques, minarets, mausoleums, madrasas, caravanserais, cisterns, khanaqah, Dorus-shifo (hospitals), dwellings, baths, and many other buildings were built in cities and villages, as well as in other settlements. In short, Central Asia is one of the most ancient cultural sites and has made a worthy contribution to the development of world art and literature. has a ring. In particular, the mausoleum of the Samanids, Kalon Minaret, Khoja Ahmad Yassavi khanaqah, Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, Shakhrisabz and several other urban architectural ensembles attract attention with their artistic expression and richness. The emergence of irrigated agriculture in this century from time immemorial has led to the creation of several towns and villages.
Taking into account the natural climate and geographical conditions and opportunities, urban planning traditions, types of buildings, construction ensembles have been created to suit the local climate. From time immemorial, elegantly decorated historical monuments and architectural forms have been built of rock, raw brick and cotton. Although the region is not rich in wood, it is possible to make
devices such as beams, beams, and very elegant carving elements. Later, a wide variety of forms of crowns, rafters and domes were developed using baked bricks, the study of which will take several more years. Especially after the invention of glazed ceramics, the art of rivets, tiles and tiles reached a new level of development. Thanks to the use of geometric harmony and proportion, beautiful buildings were built. Calligraphy, Islamic and geometric patterns have risen to the level of special art. Residential buildings have resulted in building types that take into account all conditions. In the Middle Ages, the philosophical direction created here, mysticism and Sufism played an important role in their realization. Because in this centre of philosophical thought, working under the motto "Dast ba yoru, dil bakor", man is understood as the main factor. From the second half of the 19th century, the aggression against Central Asia and its occupation by Russia slowed down the natural development of the region. In particular, the revolution put local architecture in a generally backward Soviet mould. If we evaluate this historical process from the very beginning, we will be able to determine the path of development of the architecture of the independent republics of Central Asia.
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