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45PRESERVATION OF HISTORICAL MONUMENTS OF FERGHANA REGION
Dilmurod Raxmonov Barchinoy Toshpo'latova
Assistant, Department of Architecture, Assistant, Department of Architecture, Fergana Polytechnic Institute Fergana Polytechnic Institute
ABSTRACT
The article considers the possibility of preserving the historical monuments of the Ferghana region and their maximum use in modern society, the cultural and educational sphere, ideological, moral, aesthetic, cultural and spiritual education of the people on the example of the Poshshopirim mausoleum.
Keywords: Mausoleum "Poshshopirim", protection of historical monuments, cultural and historical-architectural value of monuments.
INTRODUCTION
The role of historical and cultural monuments in our country, which is an integral part of our national values, is important. At present, 7,216 monuments are under state protection in the country, of which 2,248 are architectural and 1,695 are archaeological monuments [1-3]. Tsarist Russia's colonial policy, the classist approach of the ideology of the dictatorial Soviet system in contrast to the scientific and historical principles in the assessment of all events in society, the rejection of any opinions that do not correspond to its own ideas, have contributed to the historical development of society for 130 years. had a negative impact on the socio-economic and cultural-enlightenment development of nations. One of the basic ideas of the communist ideology was intolerance of any religion and religious belief, and atheism was propagated under the slogan "religion is opium."
The colonial policy of Tsarist Russia, and later the destructive principles of communist ideology, did not bypass the historical and cultural monuments that are the material manifestation of the culture, values, historical memory, spiritual heritage of our nation. Disrespect and savagery for our national values, spiritual riches and historical and cultural monuments dating back to the time of Tsarist Russia. This is evidenced by clear evidence from historical sources. Examples are the scientific works and memoirs of Russian orientalists and historians - Academician V.V. Bartold, Professor M.E. Masson, V.L. Vyatkin.
According to the Ministry of Culture, in the 1980s, about 7,000 archaeological monuments were registered in Uzbekistan. As of 2019, a total of 4,308 monuments are registered in the country. Most of the archaeological and architectural monuments were destroyed by the Soviet state under the pretext of expanding arable land. Especially in
the Fergana Valley, as a result of the large-scale expansion of cotton fields in the 30s and 50s, many monuments were levelled. This process was especially active in Uzbekistan in the 60s and 80s of the last century. The leadership of our state, personally the President of the Republic at the initiative of Sh.M. Mirziyoyev, several important decisions and decrees were adopted, which paved the way for the preservation and rational use of the historical and cultural heritage of our people.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Poshshopirim mausoleum is one of the historical monuments of the Fergana region. The first mausoleum was built by the Osh master Bedilkhoki in 1108 by the order of Bugrakhan, the ruler of the Karakhanids.
Years later, during the reign of Genghis Khan, in 1222, the roof of the Tomb was demolished by the general Mahsud Chordi. Years later, by the order of Amir Temur, master architects led by Said Baraka and master Ubaydullo Qori completed the mausoleum "Podshopirim" in 1375-1400 AD, as well as a small gate called Kabatullo and mezzanine. In 1983-1989, under the leadership of Karimberdi Yusupov, an employee of the People's Academy of Culture and Universal Values of Uzbekistan, a project was developed by the chief architect Sh. Zoirov to renovate the mausoleum. Based on this project in 1995-1999 the monument was partially repaired by the master of the Kokand department of repair of Fergana monuments, the master of Alkor Sheroz Nishanov. The mausoleum was repaired in 2005-2007 by the "hashar" of the Podshahpirim architectural monument. It is known that the preservation of architectural monuments is an important element of the complex urban planning activities of architects. After all, there are rules for renting monuments [4-5].
According to the law, damage or destruction of architectural monuments is considered a criminal offence. As it turns out, this is not easy to do because it is not backed up by legal documents and guidelines. Authorities for the protection of historical and cultural monuments today do not have the right to take any action against unscrupulous tenants. They can't even impose a fine. This can only be done by city and district architectural inspectorates dealing with non-residential buildings and rooms. A piece of architectural detail in a historic building is assessed by many workers in this inspection in the same way as to damage to a similar detail in an ordinary house.
This leads to frustration and a complete lack of punishment. As a result, the solution to the problem under discussion remains unresolved. Positive examples of the restoration and use of these and other architectural monuments can be easily understood. In this case, all service areas and organizations involved in the problem are united and act in a supportive way, not interfering with each other. But unity in action is
not always the case, and in many cases, the activities are carried out by a large number of organizations with different interests, subordinate to different agencies.
The buildings of the Fergana Valley, especially in Kokand, were distinguished by a high culture of decoration, first of all, by the richness and variety of ceiling decorations. Often during the reconstruction, the houses changed their appearance. So finding two old apartment buildings can be considered a great fortune.
Many historical and cultural monuments of the Fergana Valley have rich and colourful murals, all now lost decorative elements have been restored and restored. In accordance with the known methodology of studying architectural monuments and their adaptation to use, taking into account the cultural and historical-architectural value of architectural monuments of Uzbekistan, the most important rules for the use of historical heritage are:
- maximum maintenance of buildings;
- approximation of the new function of the building to the historically formed function;
- create an environment for direct communication between the building and the audience;
- Consistency of traditions of folk architecture.
As mentioned, it is first necessary to determine the nature of the use of individual buildings and architectural complexes - whether they serve as a museum or architectural exhibit, or they can be adapted for cultural, educational, tourist and similar purposes [35]. Until recently, the protection and repair of monuments was mainly an expression of "clean" repair of monuments. Now, this process is a task of national importance - to prepare the monuments for visitors, foreign tourists, to strengthen the promotion of history and material culture. Undoubtedly, cities such as Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva are important tourist centres. Therefore, it is necessary to develop measures aimed at the preservation and use of several separate monuments and architectural complexes. Restoration of methods typical of monumental architecture is also used in the field of decoration. Embossed ornament is widely used in ceiling decoration, in which the main lines of the pattern are made with a dark white mass - about a special mixture of refined plaster (local alabaster), then covered with a solution [6-7].
This is a unique equivalent of the "Kundal" relief ornament, which brought fame to the Samarkand constructions of the Timurid period. This gilded pattern decorates the ceiling cornices of the Margilan mosque and the Kuva residence. The ornament of these buildings is unique.
Many architectural monuments are still unprotected, such as the Poshshopirim mausoleum in the village of Pakhtaabad, Buvayda district, as a result of which the monument was arbitrarily repaired and damaged, the internal arches were closed, and
the rough plaster facades covered the brickwork and dome edges. In Uzbekistan, such an approach to the artistic monuments of the past has been formed, on the one hand, it is based on the principles of historical materialism, on the other hand, it stems from the need to integrate the good things created by mankind. An active attitude towards heritage, involving the past in the current cultural construction, defines its important features. In other words, the process of formation, development, past stages of historical culture does not erase or deny the achievements but rather stems from the need for further deepening and improvement of all valuable aspects of folk culture. The more important and unique this culture is, the more it enriches history with masterpieces, the more its monuments are included in the treasury of world-historical and artistic experience. These complex problems can be solved only at the level of modern science, by large-scale enrichment of those gathered in this field. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the study of historical and cultural heritage, and especially in the use of it. International scientific conferences and symposiums, numerous published articles and other materials testify to this. The methodological aspects of the problem are of particular interest, as until recently there were serious shortcomings that could be remedied with great difficulty in the protection and use of monuments. There is no single rule that can be applied in all cases in determining the nature of the modern use of architectural monuments. A differentiated approach to clear evidence and case commonality is needed to substantiate a favourable solution. The development of methods, the research that influences this solution, the various factors are of great practical importance. A new planning solution of architectural monuments adapted for new purposes can be carried out according to the rules of modern planning, but the solution must take into account the specifics of the building - the presence of the main structures of the monument to be preserved. In use and design, there may be some deviations from the existing MMC in the same way as in the enlargement of the surface norms to preserve the monumental layout structure (often found in the planning of rooms covered with a domed structure).
CONCLUSION
In monuments, the installation of a device on the walls, columns, ceilings, mechanical damage, demolition, etc. should be strictly avoided. It is known that their scientific documentation is of great importance for the preservation of monuments. It is necessary to make full measurements of valuable objects, to graphically record plans, cuts, decorative elements. However, it is necessary not only to find and study monuments but also to create conditions for their preservation in such a way as to ensure their maximum use in modern society, cultural and educational work, ideological and moral, aesthetic, cultural and spiritual education of the people.
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