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TYPOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF ARABIC AND ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY Radjabova M.D. Email: Radjabova17147@scientifictext.ru
Radjabova Muhtasar Davranbekovna — Teacher, DEPARTMENT OF INTENSIVE TEACHING OF SECOND LANGUAGE, UZBEK STATE WORLD LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY, TASHKENT, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: this article aims to clarify different types in classification of dictionaries and vocabulary base in Arabic and English languages. By means of accomplishing, it is expected that those key sources on those variables have understood are reached in order to give the appropriate descriptions of how and why dissimilarities have followed. To gain this aim, an expository precarious account of the applications to the accumulation of monolingual dictionaries in English and Arabic, are performed; reference to bi-lingual dictionaries is going to be produced appropriately though. These trends, or schools, in every single approach followed a particular structure in gathering its representative dictionaries.
Keywords: lexicography, semasiological, onomasiology, thesauruses, monolingual, multilingual, vocabulary, categorization.
ТИПОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ СРАВНЕНИЕ АРАБСКОЙ И АНГЛИЙСКОЙ
ЛЕКСИКОГРАФИИ Раджабова М.Д.
Раджабова Мухтасар Давранбековна - преподаватель, кафедра интенсивного обучения второму иностранному языку,
Узбекский государственный университет иностранных языков, г. Ташкент, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: данная статья направлена на уточнение различных типов при классификации словарей и словарной базы на арабском и английском языках. Ожидается, что посредством постижения этих ключевых источников по этим переменным все понято, чтобы дать соответствующие описания того, как и почему последовали различия. Чтобы достичь этой цели, выполняется краткий отчет о приложениях к накоплению одноязычных словарей на английском и арабском языках; однако ссылка на двуязычные словари будет произведена надлежащим образом. Эти тенденции, или школы, в каждом подходе следовали определенной структуре в сборе своих репрезентативных словарей.
Ключевые слова: лексикография, семасиология, ономасиология, тезаурусы, одноязычный, многоязычный, словарный запас, категоризация.
UDC 34 7.78.034
Introduction. Lexicography, the art and craft of making dictionary, is as old as writing. Since its very early periods several thousands of years ago, it helped to serve basically the every-day needs of written communication among people in communities speaking in variety of languages or different ranges of the similar language. Two overall approaches are distinguished in the skill of dictionary-making: the semasiological and the onomasiological. Typical alphabetical dictionaries demonstrates the previous one as such, i.e. their being inventories of the lexicon, while the latter is expressed in thesauruses [1].
English and Arabic have made usage of both two approaches in the research of their dictionaries, each having a different intention ahead. Within the restrictions of each language, an approach may produce various trends as to, for example, the organization of items within a dictionary. The work resulting in this way is the dictionary that can be illustrated as a book including selected words, usually prepared alphabetically, side by side with an explanation of their implications and other pieces of data connected with them. The explanations may be specified either in the same language (i.e. mono-lingual dictionaries), or in (an) other language (s) (as in bi- or multi-lingual dictionaries) [2].
Despite of being mono-lingual dictionary which is the concern to be discussed, the statement on the past of English lexicography will make reference to bilingual initial stages owing to the close combination between the two. In addition, trends in entry-arrangement in English dictionaries are exposed.
One source of English lexicography was made by the glosses, the additional source was to be captured with the learning of Latin as a foreign language, which involved the grasping the both grammar and vocabulary[4]. As for the vocabulary items, they were learned in words and conveyed thus from a generation to another. When individual learners understood, vocabulary items were comprehended as separate lists of
linked words, such as the names of body parts, animals, plants, places, measurements etc. furthermore, such lists were collected on paper or parchment leaves and constituted a 'vocabularium' or vocabulary. Beginnings of such like are to be sought within middle ages like periods 600 and 700 A.D.
Arabic had the chance to enjoy from its very early stages the compilation of countless different dictionaries when several thereof had protective purposes as well as Wholesome academic ones. Naturally, the vast figure of dictionaries prepared for one unique language would absolutely indicate a variety of processes and principles in their compilation, a situation that would have its effect on the tactics in categorizing of dictionaries. A distinction in typologies would result; and so the floor would have to be prepared for the classification of all dictionaries into homogenous categories. The next section is dedicated to studying these typologies in an attempt to give also a historical account of the schools of Arabic lexicography [3].
Typologies of Arabic Dictionaries
Typologies have been offered since the beginning of the behalf of XX century. They reflected in deep essence how rich Arabic was in this respect. A short sequential order of the following typologies with their schools of dictionaries will suffice and the ends intended herein will be met. Having mentioned that, serious appraisal points are to be set upwards in due place of reference:
1 - J^I (1956) regarded Arabic dictionaries as having the following trends:
1- ji^ilip jji^uj^School of Phonetic Arrangement and Permutation).
ii-,, ^□u£^jjJy^J^jjj;roj^(School of Grammatical Arrangement or Arrangement as to Morphological Patterns).
iii-JC'jO'iup^tD'p jjJcuj\<(School of Word-Rhyme Alphabetical Arrangement).
iv-ftbffuc^iW'p jjdcuj^School of Word-Beginning Alphabetical Arrangement) .
2- Haywood witnessed Arabic dictionaries as being of three trends:
i- ¿'i^J-l-C'&iDictionaries of Permutation).
ii-JC'jO'u^ti;'®^ jjii£l£y(Dictionaries of Word-Rhyme Alphabetical Arrangement). ш^сЬ^'ц^й^Й^ jji.£l£y(Dictionaries of Word-Beginning Alphabetical Arrangement).
3- Misstated three types of dictionaries: the two of those of general dictionaries, and the third was that of detailed purpose dictionaries:
i- idpjdcf J^J£^i^j'ci'UCc'i^^J^'^Dictionaries Arranging Words According to Place of Articulation and Permutation).
ii-, Jib^l^0 4$^j\.£'£y(Dic1ionaries Arranging Words Alphabetically). m^l^u£wal?ucl€1'i^^J^'&/Dictionaries Arranging Words According to Subjects).
As regards that of Jl^tg □jul , it shows a comprehensive explanation and classification of dictionaries. The dictionaries are classified in respect to matters such as: their spreading to historical periods, the number of dictionaries representing every single category, specification of the aim behind the compilation of each category, and the whole theme taken care of within each (not looking through the manner the entries are arranged within dictionaries as has been done by former typologies) [5]. Due to such a basis, the typology is considered from the style followed here in the present study. As for the typology established by , it gives a comprehensive account to schools besides being the most recent categorization in this particular respect.
Conclusion. This brief statement on the school will suffice us at present, and so no need to urge to present any dictionary within it. This could be ascribed to the fact that various subtypes existed where all shared the same approach but were differed in contents.
References / Список литературы
1. Browning D.C., 1972. (ed.) Roget's Thesaurus. London: Pan BooksLtd.
2. Crystal D. 2007. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (2nd Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. Mohammed Al-Ammari: About Choosing Methods of Teaching the Arabic Language. The II International Conference «Methods Of Teaching Oriental Languages: Actual Problems And Trends», 2014. P. 6.
4. Murray J.A.H., 1900. The Evolution of English Lexicography. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, via. [Electronic Resource]. URL: www.gutenberg.net/ (date of access: 29.01.2020).
5. RobinsR.H., 1967. A Short History of Linguistics. London: Longman.
6. Wilkins J., 1668. An Essay Towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language, via. [Electronic Resource]. URL: www.metricationmatters.com/ (date of access: 29.01.2020).
