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LINGUISTICS & LITERARY STUDIES
Copyright © 2016 by the Kalmyk Institute for Humanities of the Russian Academy of Sciences
_____ Published in the Russian Federation
rIf§Fn Bulletin of the Kalmyk Institute for Humanities
of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Has been issued since 2008
ISSN: 2075-7794; E-ISSN: 2410-7670
Vol. 24, Is. 2, pp. 98-105, 2016
DOI 10.22162/2075-7794-2016-24-2-98-105 Journal homepage: http://kigiran.com/pubs/vestnik
UDC 81.374
The role of Hindushah Nakhchivani and his son Mahammad Ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani in the formation and development of Persian Lexicography
Mamedova Manzara Hasan kizi1
1 Ph. D. of Philology (Doctor of Philological Sciences), Associate Professor, Department of Iranian
Philology, Baku State University (Baku, Republic of Azerbaijan)
Abstract
A unique role of the language in the history of mankind is an undeniable truth. From this perspective, the history of languages is of great interest for scientists. Of course, the Persian language is no exception in this regard. It was one of the three main languages (Turkish, Arabic and Persian) of the Middle and Far East during the middle Ages, still those were non-Persian, particularly the Azerbaijani poets, writers and lexicographers who had contributed to the development of this language. It is no coincidence that the beginnings of Persian lexicography took shape in the work "CjUiI^^j" ("Tefasir") of the great Azerbaijani scholar and poet Qatran Tabrizi in the beginning of the eleventh century. This article explores the works by the famous statesmen and Azerbaijani scholars Hindushah Nakhchivani and his son Mahammad ibn Hindusah Nakhchivani in the field of the Persian language of that time and scientifically substantiates their role in the formation and development of the lexicography of this language.
Keywords: Hindushah, "Sihah ul-acam", creation, "Sihah ul-furs", history, lexis, vocabulary, person, science.
Relevance of the subject. Scientists have always thought of language as a social occasion. Compiling vocabularies and explanatory dictionaries the scientists have played an important role in the development of languages and in enriching their lexical structure and grammar. In this regard, the creation and development of the lexicography of the Persian language as well as the role of individual lexicographers in this process is of great interest from a scientific perspective, and the topic - on the role of Hindushah Nakhchivani and his son Mahammad ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani in the formation and development of the Persian lexicography — is of great importance.
The usage rate. Though, numerous scientists, including [Tatavi XVII c], [Taati 1963], [Alizadeh 1947], [Kapronov 1964], [Akhmano-va 1957], [Ivanov 1926], [Zarinazadeh 1962] and others have studied the lexicography of the Persian language, its formation and development issues, the role of Hindushah Nakhchiva-ni and his son Mahammad ibn Hindushah Na-khchivani in the formation and development of the Persian lexicography have not been subject to special studies yet.
Goals and objectives: The goal of the study is to review the scientific heritage of Hin-dushah Nakhchivani and his son Mahammad ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani. The objective of the study is to explore their roles in the establishment and development of the lexicography of the Persian language.
Method of the study: This study was carried out mainly on the basis of manuscripts, personal research and historical comparison methods.
Among the people that made their contributions to the world science, history, literature and culture there have been numerous personalities from different Azerbaijani families named — Nakhchivanis. This article describes two great personalities who achieved success in many areas and provided exceptional contribution especially to the formation and development of Persian lexicography. These personalities are the representatives of the generation founded in the thirteenth century by Sanjar ibn Abdullah Nakhchivani [HaxmeBaHCKaa 2002] who gained a senior position in science, culture and public administration. One of them is Sanjar ibn Abdullah Nakhchivani's son — San-jar ibn Abdullah ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani (1245-1328), and the other one is his grandson Mahammad ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani (1293-1376).
In view of this, we should provide brief information about the two great personalities. Sanjar ibn Abdullah ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani is known as a historian, linguist, philosopher, writer, translator, poet, scribe and statesman. He is the author of "Mavarid al-arab" ("About Arabs", 1307) and "Tajarub al-salaf" ("Predecessors' experience", 1324) and others, as well as the Persian-English dictionary "Sihahul-ajam" ("Ajam's truth"). Being one of the first sources of very valuable Persian as well as Azerbaijani lexicography, "Sihahul-ajam" consists of 21 sections and 393 chapters. According to the structure this work consists of 3 parts and includes an introduction to the Persian language. Note that the parts "Vocabulary" and "Grammar" are written in Arabic. As compared to the previous dictionaries "Sihahul-ajam" contains more Persian words (5,117 words) and approximately 10,000 of their Azerbaijani equivalents.
When it comes to Mahammad ibn Hin-dushah Nakhchivani, he is more known as an encyclopedist, lawyer, statesman, linguist, philologist and a poet. His "Dastur al-katib fi-tayin al-maratib" ("Guideline for secretaries to define positions") is an encyclopedia which reflects all aspects of that period. The work is quite voluminous. The author worked on this work for about 50 years. A corresponding critical academic text by A. A. Alizadeh was published in 3 large books in 1964-1976 in Moscow. There is no area of life that would not be reflected there.
Another famous work by Mahammad ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani that survived till nowadays is an explanatory dictionary of the Persian language "Sihahul-furs" ("Precise Persian", 1328). The dictionary contains an introduction, 25 sections and 431 chapters.
There had been available only three works in this area — before the Persian-Turkish explanatory dictionary "^c'c 'JfcC?" ("Seha-hul-ajam") by Hindushah Nakhchivani and the Persian explanatory dictionary "<^c'c 'JUj^r ("Sehah ul-furs") by Mahammad ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani. Those are as follows: "^Uil^^j" ("Tafasir") by Qatran Tabrizi, "J^lV ("Loghatname") by Asadi Tusi, and "j^'J»" ("Resale") by Abu Hafs Soghdi. For the sake of fairness we should emphasize that the Azerbaijani scientists have played an exceptional role in the formation and development of the lexicography of the Persian language, and it is no coincidence that the lexicography of the Persian language was founded by the above-mentioned works written by the great Azerbai-
jani scholar and poet QatranTabrizi in the early eleventh century.
Though the works by Hindushah Nakhchivani and Mahammad ibn Hindusah are often identified in the world of science [Taati 1963], the availability of the copies of their various manuscripts is sufficient enough to prove this wrong evidence. The first of the works — the manuscript of bilingual dictionary "Sehahul-ajam" - is more widely available rather than the second one. Information about them can be obtained from explanatory catalogs that comprise descriptions of various manuscript treasures around the world. Information about the manuscript of this dictionary was first provided in the description catalog of Arabic, Turkish, and Persian manuscripts of the University of Upssala by Tornberg in 1849 [Gornberg 1963]. The note on the manuscript - the copying date still remains unknown - provides information according to which it is a Persian-Turkish dictionary called "^^M ^c'c ("Ketabi-Sehahul-ajam") that consists of nouns, verbs and grammar parts.
The author of the catalog which provides information about the second edition of the dictionary is Wilhelm Pertsch. His catalog that contains manuscripts' descriptions ofthe Gotha Library indicates that the author of that edition is Hindusah Nakhchivani and that it was copied in 1530. The other data and the first lines of the manuscript are consistent with the description of the first copy.
other manuscripts of the dictionary are available at the Berlin State Library which are also reflected in the catalog developed by Wilhelm Pertsch in 1888 [Dictionarinvers 1957]. Here, three manuscript copies of the work under the numbers 138, 139, 140 were described, with no dates provided.
The information about other manuscript copies and fragments of "Sehahul-ajam" is provided by the author Hermann Ethe [Ethe 1889]. The three manuscripts available at the Bodleian Library are those of the dictionary named "^c'c ("Sehahul-ajamiyya") by Ma-
hammad Hindusah, two of them being its full version and the third one - its fragment. One of the manuscripts — by an unknown person and dated 1508, the second one was recorded by the scribe Mahammad ibn Bustan in 1628. The scribe and date of the dictionary fragment is unknown. The fragment covers the next part of the chapter ^ of the section c, that is from the word ending with the letter с and beginning with the letter ^ .
Finally, there is information about another interesting manuscript of the dictionary which is its Azerbaijani copy. H.Zarinazadeh writes in the article on this manuscript that the original manuscript of the author was copied in 1551 [Zarinazadeh 1966]. Thus, nine copies of the dictionary are now available and the most ancient of them is manuscript No. 1681 copied in 1507 that is kept at the library of Bodleian, India. Chronologically the Azerbaijani copy of the dictionary ranked second.
The book written by Hindushah Nakh-chivani is the oldest Persian bilingual dictionary, at the same time a number of grammar issues of the language are also interpreted here. In this respect, as this section of the dictionary is one of the first grammar means of the Persian language it becomes of great importance. Since, no authors have ever mentioned this issue in any Persian dictionaries so far.
Further development of Persian lexicography and revelation of its aspects is associated with the name of Hindushah Nakhchivani's son, Mahammad ibn Hindusah. Mahammad ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani used the works on Arabic and Persian lexicography in his dictionary. Working under the influence of Arabic lexicography and using its experience was very natural for the dictionary authors of Persian lexicography, as it was demand of that time. Since the available Dictionaries of the Persian language prior to ij^j^" ("Sehahul-furs") were
not satisfactory, their use was inappropriate for that period. However, Arabic lexicography achieved a number of successful results in this area, both in the fields of theory and practice. Thus, as compared to the Persian language of the fourteenth century there were numerous high quality works on Arabic lexicography which was founded in the eighth century with IJ^j" by Khalil ibn Ahmad Farahidi ("Book ul-eyn"). Mahammad ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani properly understood the advantages of these lexicographical dictionaries and improved his own work using them. It affected the word composition as well as the structural features of "Sehahul-furs".
First of all, it should be noted that, initially, "Sehahul-furs" differed from the previous dictionaries in terms of its volume. Accordingly, the dictionary by Qatran Tabrizi prior to it contained 300 words and the dictionary by Asadi Tusi contained 1700 words, while the author of "Sehahul-furs" increased this figure to 2300, which is also a noteworthy improvement in the volume compared to the previous ones. Famili-
arity with the glossary of the dictionary allows us to say that the author collected the words from larger areas and explained them according to that period.
The author of "Sehahul-furs" used Qatran Tabrizi's experience and principles.
Mahammad ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani's main objective was to explain the hard words used in the classical Persian poetry and, therefore, when we talk about the sources used by him, first of all, it is necessary to take into account the works and selected poems of the masters of the same literature. The author did not simply collect the words of the literature widely used in the dictionary; at the same time, he provided some examples to visually deliver the meaning of the language units. The dictionary includes the majority of the words providing a detailed explanation for each of them and sometimes a few couplets of poetry are also shown as an example. For this purpose, the author used the works by 150 masters; there are also Azerbaijani poets among them. This means that "Sehahul-furs" can be used as one of the necessary sources for the study of the language features of the works by those poets.
Another group of sources used in the dictionary includes previous lexicographical works, such as the dictionaries by Qatran Ta-brizi and Asadi Tusi as well as the Explanatory Dictionary of the Arabic language "^^M IJJt»" ("Ketabol-loghat") by Jovhari. The third group of books and literature used by Maham-mad ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani both for the collection and interpretations of the meanings can be observed in separate paragraphs. All that shows a wide range of sources the dictionary is based on.
The glossary of Mahammad ibn Hindusah's dictionary also includes interesting groups. The terms of different spheres, names, geographical places, loanwords from the Azerbaijani, Arabic, Turkish, Roman, Greek and other languages, the words and phrases of different Iranian accents and dialects used here draw attention, their study would be interesting for Iranian studies as well as exploration of the language history and the mentioned people.
It is known that the extent of the achievement of the dictionary's goal depends on the quality of the interpretation given by the lexicographer to explain the words. The more it is explained by convenient ways in accordance with the objective of the dictionary, the more importance of the dictionary increases. The duty of the lexicographer is to interpret the se-
mantic features of the words correctly and to find its meaning details. Here, the combination of the word meaning and the visual content is of great importance. For this purpose, Mahammad ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani used a number of progressive methods of which essential are as follows: 1. Lexical method; 2. Grammatical m.; 3. Descriptive m.; Translation.
The above-mentioned description methods are used in accordance with the feature of the word used in the dictionary and its field of usage, a part of which is encountered more, and the others less.
I. One of the methods widely used in the dictionary is a lexical method. The method is used with regard to archaisms, dialects, synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, metaphoric meanings and polysemantic words. 1. One of the explanation forms included into the lexical method is a "synonymic" one that is referred to as follows:
a. When archaisms have neologisms;
b. When other language and dialect equivalents of the words are given. Here the author provided the equivalents of the dialects, such as Mawarannahr, Balkh, Khuzestan, Eran, Mughan, Na-khchivan, Khorasan, Pahlavi, Fergana, Tus, Bukhara and others which widely effected the Azerbaijani, Arabic, Turkish, Greek and Persian languages. This shows the familiarity of the author with the dialects of several provinces. The words provided here with regard to Azerbaijan and its regions such as Eran, Mughan, Nakhchivan are very interesting from the perspective of Azerbaijan linguistics;
c. A certain group of words included to the dictionary shows that though they have changed over the time, the definitions remained the same. The new forms of the modified old words act as neologisms. Such change always develops as the replacement of the old with the new and spreads more widely. Taking this into account the author confronted the new form of those words with the old form for that period and used them as a synonym for the explanation;
d. When a word has one or more synonymous this description method is used;
e. The author added other meanings of these words given in other sources and provided his own attitude which can be viewed as a form of "synonymic" explanation;
f. Another explanation form of the lexical method is to interpret the words with antonyms. Here, this method was sometimes freely used and sometimes it is used for the interpretation of one meaning of the word.
2. The explanation forms of this group are characterized by polysemantic words and homonyms. In fact, there is no certain barrier between the polysemantic words and homonyms. The differentiation of these lexical groups and determination of their characters is up to the researcher. Nevertheless, here Mahammad ibn Hindushah identified different meanings of the words in an individual way and listed them one by one. These listed words can also be considered as homonyms. Because here not only close meanings of the words but also quite far meanings are given, which are as well sometimes referred to repeatedly in different paragraphs.
There are some words in the dictionary for the explanationof which polysemantics is also expressed along with homonyms. For example, the first and second meanings of the following word jjl are generated from each other as by means of polysemantics, while the third, fourth and fifth ones denote different meanings.
Moreover, polysemantics is expressed between the first and second meanings, as well as the third and fifth meaning out of the five meanings of the word ^M, whereas the first, third and fourth meanings are in homonymic relationship with one another.
Obviously, the meanings of the words differ according to their proximity. Such differences are almost not shown in the dictionary. But a note given in this regard shows that the author took this aspect of the words as well. This is explained in connection with the word
3. Finally, the last form referred to the lexical method is related to metaphoric words. The metaphoric meaning of the word acts as one of the many meanings of the word and, therefore, such kind of explanation does not refer to the basic meaning of the word but to the new one that is metaphoric. Consequently, this method is not observed independently within the dictionary paragraphs but along with other basic methods. It should also be noted that prior to the author none of these aspects were taken into account in the Persian explanatory dictionaries. The word i^^iji^ is used as a stylistic note of these meanings by the author in the dictionary. Such words are ^j^jlj' v^^jlj' ^J^' j>lj'
II. The second type of explanation methods used in the dictionary is the grammatical method. Like the first method, the grammatical method has also been generated out of the meaning features of the words. Since sometimes the words have different meanings affected by the grammatical forms, in such cases, they can only be expressed by this method. Though Mahammad ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani rarely used this method in the dictionary he succeeded in this field. The author sometimes used this method independently and sometimes in order to express one and more meanings of the words. With the introduction of this method he showed the meaning unity of the form and words, and of the word and speech which is typical for Persian lexicography of the fourteenth century as well as is regarded as a basic principle of modern lexicography.
When talking about lexical and grammatical meaning of the word Professor O. S. Akhmanova stated: "Two types of meaning of the word are so internally connected with each other that when giving lexicographical description of the word both of them would be taken into account" [Akhmanova 1957].
Being expressed in morphological and syntactic ways in the given dictionary, it is shown in this method how infinitive, tense forms, and commands, participles, negative forms and quantities take new meanings with the help of suffixes; their role and functions in the speech are also explained.
1. Manifestation of the grammatical method in the morphological form is much more common rather than the syntactic form.
2. A syntactic form commonly includes the explanation of the words used in the speech to denote regret, addressing, question and confirmation.
III. Descriptive method is the most commonly used explanation method in the dictionary. This usually covers the words used in separate areas, where their area and the nature and characteristics of an object they denote are explained. It would be more correct if we generally refer this method to the terms. According to its nature, the descriptive method is also manifested in three forms which can be categorized as terminological, etymological explanation, and the explanation of different geographical and historical names.
1. Terminological explanation of the descriptive method includes the words from the firlds of botany, poetry, music, geology, astronomy, domestic perfumery, garments, and food,
a variety of business and labor tools, weapons, animals, birds and so on.
2. Sometimes words are described with an explanation of its parts where the author shows the etymology of the word.
3. When it comes to geographical names where, first of all, geographical location with the same name is described and shown. Sometimes its new name is also given for the description. These are related to the names of different cities, provinces, rivers, mountains, castles and so on.
IV. The method of translation used by Ma-hammad ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani is based on the equivalent of the words in other languages and dialects which is the objective of translation and dialectological dictionaries. In this method, an appropriate word in a certain language is given instead of explanation.
This method is used independently as well as in an auxiliary form. In his dictionary, Mahammad ibn Hindushah searched for a new method for the vocabulary structure and achieved a new principle of arrangement. Developing a new principle in Persian lexicography based on Arabic lexicography Mahammad ibn Hindushah used a number of convenient tools. Although the author used the principle of "Sehahul-loghat" by Jovhari, here he considered not only the first and only last letters of the words but also the second and third letters as well. Thus, the words are divided into sections according to their last letter, and into chapters according to their first letter, and the order of the middle letters is also provided. This facilitates the vocabulary use, at the same time enables reading its text.
By the way, it should be noted that such type of dictionaries with the trend of the last letter of the words are usually considered useful by the researchers only in terms of rhyme and, therefore, they are grouped by the rhymes. On the other hand, the dictionaries arranged according to the last letter can be a very significant tool for linguists to resolve a number of issues. So, in a number of agglutinative languages formation of new words mainly through adding the particles, the suffix and so on to the end of the word is common. This is the basis for a group of methods for the generation of a new word in these languages. Since such word groups are collected together in connection with the dictionary structuring, it enables researchers to find them all together. And as the Persian language is also an agglutinative lan-
guage, the application of this principle here is a suitable method in terms of identifying the word development. It should also be noted that, today in some places compiling a dictionary with the opposite structure in the alphabetical system from the end to the beginning is carried out again. The dictionaries with opposite structures, such as Russian [Vasmer 1957: 58; Bielfeldt 1958], Romanian [Dictionarinvers 1957], the ancient Slavic [Saduick 1935; Locker 1941; Pertcsh 1888] and Czech [Priruchni 1935: 57] dictionaries can be examples. The development of machine translation has led to the creation of such dictionaries and this process has made it necessary to apply a new principle of new vocabulary compilation in the lexicography.
One of Mahammad ibn Hindusah's contributions to the Persian lexicography is making notes on spelling and pronunciation of the words here for the first time. It was applied to all the words in the dictionary.
As is known, the Persian texts written with the features of the Arabic alphabet are possible to read in various forms and ways by changing the diacritics. Therefore, the text is often pronounced incorrectly and confused. In other areas, such cases can be solved through the contents of the text. As for dictionaries, the issue is stated in a completely different way. Because, as the vocabularies contain specific words and their definition, the wrong place of diacritics or its absence can lead to complete confusion, and the essence of the word as well as its definition can be lost. Understanding the importance of this feature as a lexicographer even in the fourteenth century, Mahammad ibn Hindusah increased the significance of "Sihahul-furs" by making phonetic notes in his work, at the same time stimulated the later authors to focus on this area. Accordingly, the previous dictionaries did not include phonetic-graphic characteristics, while the subsequent lexicographical works are appropriately recorded in this term. None of the Persian explanatory dictionaries prior to Mahammad ibn Hindushah contained the notes on spelling and pronunciation of words and, subsequently, its application in the lexicography of this language should be associated with the name of the author.
In general, three versions of providing the pronunciation in the Persian explanatory dictionaries are known, which are diacritics, description and rhythm. Though each of them reflects the phonetic-graphic features of the
words, the most accurate and compact method in this case is by means of diacritics. Because it allows to accurately show the basic structure of the language and enables the writing speed and compactness. The other two methods lead to the expansion of the dictionary items and to some misunderstandings. Nevertheless, in addition, along with the diacritics each generated method has its own reasons. Thus, depending on the majority of diacritics in the Persian alphabet language and the katis' accuracy, as different writing forms enable not recording some of them and even replacing some of them by others, the lexicographers have sought different methods to prevent such cases. Along with some limited aspects, the methods of description and rhythm related developed for writing characters are pretty reasonable. In a descriptive method short vowels of the word are described with diacritics, whereas in rhythm the vowels of the word are given compared to another form of the language unit in rhythm. Feasibility of these methods is measured by its wide reflection in the dictionaries. Thus, in Persian dictionaries, providing the pronunciation not in diacritics but in descriptions and rhythms lasted until the eighteenth century and even afterwards, and only due to the computerization of writing of modern dictionaries the method of rhythms has been used again.
The first example of these methods used in the explanatory dictionaries in the history of Persian lexicography is a descriptive method. The application of this method in the Persian dictionaries formed by historical circumstances should be regarded as Mahammad ibn Hindu-sah's contribution. As is mentioned above, the author provided the pronunciation of only a part of words. It rarely describes all the short vowels of the word. Thus, in most words the first diacritics, in fewer words the second and subsequent diacritics are described.
Besides the two methods of description with regard to pronunciation the dictionary has significance. In the descriptive method, the author has to note the name of the character and subsequently spelling notes appear. It is also very important to define the writing rules ofthat period. It is known that the alphabet used by the Persians consists of three groups of graphics which are the Arabic, Persian and the joint letters; some of those included to the first and second groups differ according to their form in writing, whereas others only differ by diacritics. As in Persian texts of different periods, as
well as in dictionaries, these signs are sometimes forgotten, and consequently the original writing is read in modified form. The spelling records made by the careful lexicographers are most important and necessary. These records are mainly associated with the dotted and similar letters in the dictionary.
In "Sehahul-furs" the author also used a number of following ways to clarify the spelling and pronunciation:
a) To denote the formation of differences in the meanings by changing the diacritics, these words are shown in separate fields;
b) Synonymous words are shown together with the words changed by modified diacritics and letters;
c) Spelling and pronunciation differences of the words are shown in the dictionary by referring to various sources;
d) If the author knows several forms of the word all of them are listed;
e) Narrations about orthography are referred. Thus, along with the reflection of important
lexicographic and linguistic aspect of the previous works in "Sehahul-furs", its vocabulary, the features of the Persian language and new methods related to the historical conditions are concentrated here. The features that existed in the fourteenth century had a positive impact on the further development of Persian lexicography as well as on the modern era.
The dictionary "j^lJ» j^ta^"
("Risaleyi-Hoseyin-Vafai") by the sixteenth century lexicographer Hussein Vafai is the best example of Mahammad ibn Hindushah Na-khchivani's impact on the future dictionaries. In addition, Mahammad ibn Hindushah's dictionary has been widely used in IJJ^l^" ("Shamelol-loghat") by Garahasari, "J^ lJJ»" (Loghati-Nematolla) by Nematul-laibn Ahmad Rumi, ("Majmaol-fors") by Mahammad Gasim Sururi,
("Farhangi-jahangiri") by Ja-maluddin Hussain Inju and others.
Conclusion. All the above-mentioned description shows that Hindushah Nakhchivani and his son Mahammad ibn Hindushah Nakh-chivani played a crucial role in the formation and development of Persian lexicography.
In this context, Hindushah Nakhchivani's "Sehahul-ajam" and Mahammad ibn Hindu-shah Nakhchivani's "Sehahul-furs" are recommended to be translated into English and presented to the international scientific community.
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УДК 81.374
РОЛЬ ХИНДУШАХА НАХЧЫВАНИ И ЕГО СЫНА МУХАММЕДА ИБН ХИНДУШАХА НАХЧЫВАНИ В СОЗДАНИИ И РАЗВИТИИ ПЕРСИДСКОЙ ЛЕКСИКОГРАФИИ
Манзара Гасан кызы Мамедова1
1 кандидат фиологических наук, доцент, кафедра «Иранская филология», Бакинский государственный университет (Баку, Азербайджанская Республика). E-mail: shemsi_59@mail.ru
Аннотация. Роль языка в истории человечества — непререкаемый факт. С точки зрения истории человечества развитие языков имеет большой интерес для науки. Естественно, в этом смысле и персидский язык не исключение. Персидский язык был одним из трех рабочих языков (турецкий, арабский и персидский) в Средние века на Ближнем и Среднем Востоке, и в его развитии заслуживает внимания роль иноперсов, в особенности азербайджанских поэтов, писателей и лексикографов. Не случайно основу персидской лексикографии установил великий азербайджанский ученый и поэт Катран Тебризи в своем произведении «^^'^^j («Тафасир») в начале XI в. В данной статье исследуются произведения, написанные известными азербайджанскими государственными деятелями и учеными Хиндушахом Нахчывани и его сыном Мухаммед ибн Хиндушах Нахчывани в области персидского языка, и научно доказывается их роль в создании и развитии лексикографии этого языка.
Ключевые слова: Хиндушах, «Сыхах ул-аджам», творчество, «Сыхах ул-фурс», история, лексика, словарь, личность, наука.
