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33INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 1 ISSUE 8 UIF-2022: 8.2 | ISSN: 2181-3337
TURLI TIZIMLI TILLARDA MAVJUD SOMATIK FRAZEOLOGIZMLARNING TASNIFI VA ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIKDAGI O'RNI Yusupova Marjona Ikromjon qizi
Farg'ona davlat universiteti o'qituvchisi https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7393360
Annotatsiya. Mazkur maqolada turli tizimli tillardagi somatik frazeologizmlarning zamonaviy tilshunoslikda muhim omil sanalayotgan antroposentrizm bilan bog'liqligi hamda kognitiv jarayonda aynan yuqorida ta'kidlangan frazeologik birliklarning ong tomonidan turlicha qabulqilinishi haqida ma'lumotlar misollar orqaliyoritib berilgan.
Kalit so'zlar: antroposentrizm, somatik, frazeologiya, konseptosfera, konsept, kognitiv, pragmatika, ong va tafakkur.
КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ СОМАТИЧЕСКИХ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМОВ, СУЩЕСТВУЮЩИХ В РАЗНЫХ СИСТЕМНЫХ ЯЗЫКАХ, И ИХ МЕСТО В
СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЛИНГВИСТИКЕ
Аннотация. В данной статье рассматриваются связь соматической фразеологии в разных систематических языках с антропоцентризмом, который считается важным фактором в современной лингвистике, и сведения о различном восприятии вышеуказанных фразеологизмов сознанием в процессе познания. выделено на примерах.
Ключевые слова: антропоцентризм, соматика, фразеология, концептосфера, концепт, когнитивность, прагматика, сознание и мышление.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOMATIC PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS EXISTING IN DIFFERENT SYSTEM LANGUAGES AND THEIR PLACE IN MODERN
LINGUISTICS
Abstract. In this article, the connection of somatic phraseologisms in different systematic languages with anthropocentrism, which is considered an important factor in modern linguistics, and the information about the different perception of the above-mentioned phraseological units by the mind in the cognitive process are highlighted through examples.
Keywords: anthropocentrism, somatic, phraseology, conceptosphere, concept, cognitive, pragmatics, consciousness and thinking.
XX - XXI asrlar mobaynida ro'y bergan lingvistik materialni tahlil qilishda antropotsentrik yondashuvga o'tish, tobora ko'proq zamonaviy tilshunos tadqiqotchilar tilni shaxs bilan bevosita bog'liq bo'lgan hodisa sifatida o'rganishga murojaat qilishlariga olib keldi. So'nggi o'n yillikdagi ko'plab lingvistik asarlar somatik lug'at va somatik frazeologiyaga bag'ishlangan.
Shunday qilib, filologiya fanlari mavzusidagi sarlavhada "somat" va "tana qismlari"ni qidirganda, Rossiya Davlat kutubxonasining ma'lumotlar bazasida so'nggi o'n yil ichida himoya qilingan yetmishtaga yaqin dissertatsiyalar mavjud (Petrova 2012, Saifi 2011, Shirova 2011, Chumicheva 2010, Sknarev 2006, Taurmenskaya 2006, Belogrudova 2005, Xamizova 2007, Kravchenko 2009, Podsevalova 2010, Vaxrusheva 2009).
Inson ongida tushuncha aqliy faoliyat birligi vazifasini bajaradi va ongimizdagi tartibli tushunchalar majmui sohasini tashkil qiladi. "Konseptosfera" atamasi mahalliy fanga akademik D. S. Lixachev tomonidan kiritilgan. Akademik D.S.Lixacheva tomonidan ta'riflangan kontseptsiya sohasi - bu millat tushunchalari to'plami bo'lib, u ona tilida so'zlashuvchilar
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tushunchalarining barcha imkoniyatlaridan shakllanadi. Xalqning kontseptual doirasi til so'zlarining ma'nolari bilan ifodalangan semantik sohadan kengroqdir. Xalqning madaniyati, xalq og'zaki ijodi, adabiyoti, ilm-fan, tasviriy san'ati, tarixiy tajribasi, dini qanchalik boy bo'lsa, xalqning konseptual sohasi ham shunchalik boy bo'ladi.
Boshqa tomondan, til inson ongiga kirish, ya'ni uning kontseptsiya sohasi. Lingvistik belgilar yordamida biz fikrlash birliklari sifatida tushunchalarni so'z bilan ifodalaymiz. Shaxsning lingvistik ongini moddiylashtirish vositasi bo'lib xizmat qiluvchi lingvistik vositalarga alohida so'zlar, erkin iboralar va frazeologik birliklar kiradi.
Lingvistik ong - bu lingvistik vositalar - alohida leksemalar, iboralar, frazeologik birliklar, matnlar, assotsiativ sohalar va shu sohalar majmui sifatidagi assotsiativ tezauriyalar bilan tashqi ko'rinishdagi ong obrazlari. Lingvistik ong obrazlari subyektning o'zi tomonidan, asosan, og'zaki muloqot jarayonida shakllangan aqliy bilimlar bilan obyektiv faoliyatda sezgilardan olingan perseptiv bilimlarni qayta ishlash natijasida ongda paydo bo'ladigan hissiy bilimlarni birlashtiradi".
Olamning markazida Inson bor. Aynan inson tanasi fazoning boshlang'ich o'lchovi parametrlarini va shunga mos ravishda vaqtni va asosiy arxetipik qarama-qarshiliklarni "uzoq -yaqin", "bizniki - begona" va hokazolarni belgilaydi. Butun tana va uning alohida qismlari dunyoni (ichki va ichki) kontseptsiyalashning asosiy asosi sifatida qaraladi. Insonga o'z tanasi, uning chegaralari, tuzilishi haqida mulohaza yuritish nafaqat makonni (пядь, лoкoть, foot va boshqalar kabi uzunlik o'lchovlari misolida), balki uzoq vaqtdan beri eskirgan universal metaforalar sifatida (hoc кoрaбля, aTaKoBaTb в лoб, ушш 3aMKa и TaK дaлее) idrok etish va tavsiflash uchun manba bo'lib xizmat qiladi.
Tadqiqotimiz doirasida, shaxsning shaxsiy xususiyatlarining kontseptual sohasini tavsiflovchi jihatlarning "tanaviy" talqiniga murojaat qilaylik. Ushbu sohada ikkita umumiy toifa ajratiladi, ularni yanada aniq kichik toifalarga bo'lish mumkin. Masalan:
1) Shaxsning shaxsiy xususiyatlari: jismoniy xususiyatlar va tashqi xususiyatlar. 2) Har xil turdagi xatti-harakatlar, shu jumladan nutq, iroda, aqliy harakatlar va boshqalarni ifodalovchi soha.
Insonning sog'lig'i, uning jismoniy holati, kuch-quvvati haqida tasavvurga ega bo'lgan shaxsiy xususiyatlar somatik frazeologik birliklar semantikasida mavjud: to be hale and hearty (especially of old people) healthy and strong: Her grandfather was hale and hearty, walking five miles each day before breakfast. Keling, ushbu somatik frazeologik birliklarning tarkibiy qismlarini ko'rib chiqaylik: 1) hale - partly from Middle English (northern) hale, from Old English hal; partly from Middle English hail, from Old Norse heill — whole; free from defect, disease, or infirmity; retaining exceptional health and vigor. 2) hearty - exhibiting vigorous good health.
Shaxsning tashqi ma'lumotlarini tavsiflovchi somatik frazeologik birliklar orasida quyi toifalarni ajratib ko'rsatish mumkin: a) inson qomatini tavsiflovchi somatik frazeologik birliklar; b) insonning tashqi ma'lumotlari, xususan uning jozibadorligi va go'zalligi haqida tasavvur beradigan somatik frazeologik birliklar. Qizig'i shundaki, inson qaddi-qomatini tavsiflovchi somatik fazeologizmlar ko'pincha "bone" va "skin" somatik komponentlarini o'z ichiga oladi. Suyaklar inson tanasining skeletini, tanamizni tashqi ta'sirlardan himoya qiladigan tashqi teri qoplami bilan qoplangan o'ziga xos "ramka"ni tashkil qiladi. Ammo mushak massasi bo'lmasa, odam qo'rqinchli darajada og'riqli va xunuk ko'rinadi. Aynan shu obraz somatik frazeologik
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birliklar semantikasiga kiritilgan to be skin and bone/bones - to be extremely thin; a bag of bones - a person or animal that is extremely thin.
Tashqi ko'rinish aldamchi, "beauty is only skin deep", ya'ni as deep as the skin, shallow, superficial. Shu bilan birga, go'zallik subyektiv tushunchadir: har kim go'zallikni o'ziga xos tarzda ko'radi: "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder", different people see beauty in different way, what one person finds beautiful may not appeal to another person. Aynan ko'zlar orqali inson atrofidagi dunyo haqidagi ma'lumotlarning 80% dan ortig'ini oladi. Ko'z orqali miya tanish narsalarni taniydi va yangilarini o'rganadi. Shu sababli, ushbu komponentga ega somatik frazeologizmlar boshqa somatik frazeologik birliklar orasida muhim o'rin egallaganligi tasodif emas. Ko'zlar inson tanasining eng muhim organidir. Ular xuddi shunday ko'rish funksiyasini bajaradilar, somatik frazeologik birliklarda esa ular jozibali ko'rinishdan kelib chiqqan obyektga qaratilgan e'tiborni ramziy qilishlari mumkin: can't take/keep your eyes off sb/smth; to catch sb's eye; to be easy on the eye.
Ushbu somatik frazeologik birliklarni turli kontekstlarda aktuallashtirish misollarini tahlil qilish shuni ko'rsatadiki, u xuddi matnning o'zi tomonidan "dasturlashtirilgan" va matn semantikasining kontseptual asoslari bilan o'zaro ta'sir qiladi. Harakat, xulq-atvor harakatlarining kontseptual sohasiga kiritilgan somatik frazeologik birliklar misolida quyidagi idioma orqali ko'rib chiqishimiz mumkin: to be limp-wristed (inf.) 'a man who is limp-wristed seems weak and lacks the qualities that people usually admire in a man' (женoпoдoбный). Ushbu somatik frazeologik birliklarda komponentning limp 'not firm, stiff or strong' (мягкий; нежесткий; безвoльный; ona6bm) tahlil qilish uchun eng katta qiziqish uyg'otadi. Sifatning semantikasida o'ziga xos, ayollik, yoqimli xulq-atvori bilan ajralib turadigan "noodatiy" erkakning tasviri jamlangan.
Shunisi qiziqki, shaxsning aqliy qobiliyatini salbiy baholagan somatik frazeologik birliklarlar soni insonning kognitiv qobiliyatini ijobiy baholagan somatik frazeologik birliklarlar sonidan ko'p: a brain box 'a very intelligent person'; to have a good head on your shoulders 'to be clever'; to get your head on your shoulders 'to be clever'; to get your head around smth (inf.) 'to be able to understand smth'.
Lingvistik shaklda ifodalangan somatikani tahlil qilish insonning o'z tanasini va uning funksiyalarini qanday tushunishini anglab yetishi uchun kalit bo'lib, bu shaxsning o'zini o'zi bilishiga olib keladi: "Inson tanasi o'z-o'zini bilishga bir qator mazmunli xususiyatlarni qo'yadi, ya'ni inson tanasi o'zining faoliyat funksiyalarini, xatti-harakatlarini, ratsional va hissiy sohalarini, bir so'z bilan aytganda, ichki "men"ini - tashqi "men" bilan, tana va tananing qismlari bilan aniqlaydi ".
Shunday qilib, ikki tildagi frazeologik birliklarning turlari va ular orasidagi farq ko'rsatildi. Ingliz tilida frazeologik birliklar semantik tuzilishiga va struktura jihatdan professor Smirnitskiy turlarga ajratgan. U bir guruh frazeologik birliklarni bir ma'noviy qismlarga egalilarini ajratgan: to give up, to pull out kabi. Ammo ularni turli tizimli tillardagi tasnifi hali hamon tilshunoslikning dolzarb masalalaridan biri bo'lib qolmoqda.
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