TRADITIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN THE STUDY OF ENGLISH COLLOQUALISTICS IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF MODERN PRINTED AND ELECTRONIC LEXICOGRAPHICAL SOURCES
Anastasiya Vadimovna Faleeva
Senior teacher (PhD) Department of Second Foreign Languages Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages E-pochta: faleyevanastya97@mail.ru
TRADITIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN THE STUDY OF ENGLISH COLLOQUALISTICS IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF MODERN PRINTED AND ELECTRONIC LEXICOGRAPHICAL SOURCES
ABSTRACT
The article examines the linguistic and extralinguistic features of the presentation of colloquial vocabulary of the English language in various types of printed and electronic English-language dictionaries.
Keywords: colloquialisms, electronic lexicographic sources, printed dictionaries, thematic dictionaries, explanatory dictionaries, dictionary entry
Nowadays editors and authors of printed and electronic versions of English-language lexicographic sources try to cover a large layer of not only the formal language, but also that part of English that borders between the standardized and non-standardized language. English colloquialisms have become established in modern linguistics as one of the most pressing problems. The main function of the usage of informal language is the transmission of living spoken English, inherent both to the community as a whole and to "individual minorities" [3; 11] that are limited in understanding of a specific lexical composition. Let us consider the features of the presentation of colloquialisms in various types of dictionaries.
Currently, the most commonly used specialized online versions of dictionaries of English colloquialisms include: "A Dictionary of English Slang & Colloquial isms Electronic Version" [7], "American Idioms and English Slang Dictionary Electronic Version" [8], "Aussie Slang Dictionary Electronic Version" [9], etc. They reflect data on the polysemy of colloquialisms, decipher some etymological data, contain voiced versions of pronunciation options, etc.
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The focus of the dictionary on a particular topic can be clarified both in: 1) the title itself, 2) on the main electronic page by explaining information about the purpose of the resource and 3) in the process of studying the dictionary entries themselves (including transitional links to additional sources with illustrative examples, related sites of online lexicographical sources and some additional materials as part of the electronic dictionary entry).
Thus, the subject of research in "Cockney Rhyming Slang Electronic Version" [11] is only a limited range of slang expressions, namely: rhyming slang, which consists of playing on a lexical fund with a similar "alphabetic and phonetic composition" [6; 71]. So, this information is obvious from the name of the dictionary. However, the "Collins English Dictionary Electronic Version" [12] is an explanatory dictionary, which also includes extensive information on colloquial vocabulary.
The features of English colloquialism are revealed in such printed dictionaries as: "Англо-русский словарь современного сленга и ненормативной лексики" ("English-Russian Dictionary of Modern Slang and non-normative lexis" [1; 220], J. Ayto "The Oxford Dictionary of Slang" [ 10; 474], etc. Each lexicographical source presents its own individual approach in reflecting various features of colloquialisms, including deciphering the hidden meaning of anthroponyms, toponyms, zoonyms, etc.
Authors (i.e. N. Moskovtsev and S. Shevchenko) of the dictionary "Вашу мать сэр! Иллюстрированный путеводитель по американскому сленгу" ("Your mother, sir! An Illustrated Guide to American Slang") consider orthographic options for colloquialisms and slangisms within the framework of dictionary entries.
Compare: fatso and fat-ass in the meaning of "fat man" [4; 198]. Thanks to the illustrative material, the dictionary user can study the functioning of English colloquial words and expressions in:
a) places, where individual groups gather, united by common interests (at demonstrations, at meetings, in slogans, etc.). Cp.: Legalize it! - "from a slogan supporting the legalization of marijuana products" [4; 130];
b) in the headlines (of magazines, newspapers). Compare: "New Study Reveals Everything Fuckin ' SucksГ (from "The Times" newspaper) [4; 76];
c) as elements of the context of greeting cards, posters, placards in honor of various holidays, special events and corporate events. Compare: "Has anyone seen Tony SommeseP" [4; 94];
d) in advertising texts (sometimes through fraud). Compare: Vitamin O in the meaning of "non-existent, false" [4; 99];
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e) when interpreting gestures language and other extralinguistic means (in the dictionary from pages 107 to 113). Compare: hitchhiking - "a gesture for braking various types of transport except taxis" [4; 113];
f) in the context of professional activities (on badges, membership cards). Compare: ACLU is an abbreviation (Model: 1) American ^ A 2) Civil ^ C 3) Liberties ^ L 4) Union ^ U = ACLU) [4; 113], etc.
The dictionary entries from various lexicographic sources clarify data on various levels of the English colloquial system and other current problems in the study of spoken language:
a) colloquialisms in variants of the English language. Compare: arse about (a colloquial phrasal verb that is used in British English) in the meaning of "playing the fool" [1; 12], ass (a colloquial noun that is used in American English) in the meaning of "fool" [1; 12];
b) lexical-semantic level: synonyms for ass - moon, butt, can [4; 113], etc.
Currently, crowdsourcing dictionaries, such as "Urban Dictionary Electronic
Version" (UDEV) [13], are becoming popular among young people. Such types of dictionaries not only collect a large database of examples and dictionary entries, but also continue to actively work with dictionary users. Dictionaries of this type open a new page in the history of the modern era of lexicographic research in the field of spoken English. Thus, the UDEV has its own style in the design and presentation of dictionary entries with the participation of users of this lexicographic source. The style of presentation is rich in itself with colloquial words and constructions. It seems that the dictionary entry is part of the description of a fragment of an explanatory conversation between participants in a speech act directly at the very moment of the dialogue. The practical and theoretical application of the dictionary leaves no doubt due to the deciphering of the "hidden subtext" [5; 540], presented in the speech of individual small and large subcultures [2; 15] (rappers, hippies, musicians, doctors, bikers, argot of prison inmates, colloquial speech of children, teenagers, youth, etc.) .
In the thematic dictionary "The Oxford Dictionary of Slang" [ 10; 474], by categorizing dictionary entries into the most productive groups of the active vocabulary of English colloquialistics, colloquial words and expressions related to the external characteristics of a person, a description of his character, relationships with friends, colleagues, material and spiritual values, nutrition, education, work, health, creativity, places for recreation, self-development, etc. are revealed. Linguistic information in a dictionary entry may reflect:
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a) dialectological features (Cp.: snoot refers to the dialectological variant of the spelling snout. Compare in contextual application: "Davin: At first I was all for poking the bloke in the snoot" [10; 3];
b) possible etymological versions of borrowing from other languages (Cp.: schnoz (schnozz) according to one of the versions from Yiddish. Compare in the context: "Gray hair, widow's peak, big schnozz, red ski parka and no luggage" [10; 3];
c) listing approximate constructions or parts of speech used with a given word, collocations (Cp.: rolling (in it, in money and so on) [10; 187], etc.
Thus, the richness of living colloquial speech of individual socio-corporate, socio-professional and other groups is demonstrated with the help of dictionaries. The process of decoding conversational semantics contributes to the understanding of the dynamic development of language with the participation of linguistic and extralinguistic factors.
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