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Seventh. In English, unlike Russian, there are articles - a certain - the, and an indefinite - a / an.
This seemingly trivial matter often causes language difficulties for the students, since the articles bear not only the semantic load in the sentence, but also are used in a number of stable phrases and expressions, the misuse of which can create a lot of unpleasant situations.
Eighth. As in any other language, in English, in colloquial speech, deviations from classical rules, simplifications, and phonetic differences are often observed.
Nevertheless, owning the basic classical variant, you can perceive various non-standard variants of the English language (for example, regional dialects) without much difficulty.
This is not all the features of the English language, but they are enough to get a general idea of the language and confidently move on.
References:
1. I.I. Popov, P.B. Khramtsov, N.V. Maksimov. Introduction to network information resources and technologies. Tutorial. Moscow: RPGU, 2001, 207 p.
2. Official site "AKDI Economics and Life" - www.akdi.ru
3. F.V. Shutilov, M.V. Zelinskaya, M.F. Bovykina Types of information technology
UDC 616.441
Muminiva G.A.
Andijan State Medical Institute Uzbekistan, Andijan THYROID GLAND AND ITS MAIN PROPERTIES
Abstract: This article discusses the thyroid gland and its main properties.
Key words: Thyroid gland, organism, iodine, hormone
Thyroid gland (Latin glandula thyr (e) oidea) is an endocrine gland in vertebrates that stores iodine and produces iodine-containing hormones (iodothyronines) involved in the regulation of metabolism and the growth of individual cells, as well as the body as a whole - thyroxine (tetriodothyronine, T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The synthesis of these hormones occurs in epithelial follicular cells, called thyrocytes.
Calcitonin, a peptide hormone, is also synthesized in the thyroid gland: in parafollicular or C-cells. It compensates for bone deterioration by embedding calcium and phosphate in bone tissue, and also prevents the formation of osteoclasts, which in the activated state can lead to the destruction of bone tissue, and stimulates the functional activity and reproduction of osteoblasts. Thus, it participates in the regulation of the activity of these two types of formations, thanks to the hormone, new bone tissue is formed faster. The thyroid gland is located in the neck under the larynx in front of the trachea. In humans, it has the shape of a butterfly and is located on the surface of the thyroid cartilage. Diseases
of the thyroid gland can occur against the background of unchanged, low (hypothyroidism) or increased (hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis) endocrine function. Iodine deficiency found in certain areas can lead to the development of endemic goiter and even cretinism.
The thyroid gland consists of two lobes (lat. Lobus dexter and lobus sinister) connected by a narrow isthmus. This isthmus is located at the level of the second-third ring of the trachea. The lateral lobes enclose the trachea and are attached to it by connective tissue. The shape of the thyroid gland can be compared with the letter "H", with the lower horns short and wide, and the upper -tall, narrow and slightly divergent. Sometimes an additional (Pyramidal) thyroid lobe is determined.
On average, an adult human thyroid gland weighs 12-25 g and 2-3 g in a newborn. The dimensions of each lobe are 2.5-4 cm long, 1.5-2 cm wide, and 11.5 cm thick. A volume of up to 18 ml in women and up to 25 ml in men is considered normal. The weight and size of the thyroid gland is individual; so, women may have small variations in volume due to the menstrual cycle. [1]The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland, in the cells of which - thyrocytes - two hormones are produced (thyroxin, triiodothyronine) that control metabolism and energy, growth processes, maturation of tissues and organs. C-cells (parafollicular) related to the diffuse endocrine system, secrete calcitonin - one of the factors that regulate calcium metabolism in cells, a participant in the growth and development of the bone apparatus (along with other hormones). Both excessive (hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis) and insufficient (hypothyroidism) functional activity of the thyroid gland cause various diseases, some of which can cause side effects in the form of systemic degeneration or obesity.
For the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction, indicators T3, T4, TSH and the autoimmune process are examined.The blood supply to the gland is very abundant, carried out by the two upper (lat. Arteria thyroidea superior), extending from the external carotid artery (lat. Arteria carotis externa), and the two lower thyroid arteries (lat. Arteria thyroidea inferior), extending from the thyroid-neck (lat . truncus thyrocervicalis) of the subclavian artery (lat. arteria subclavia). In animals, the upper thyroid arteries are called cranial thyroid arteries (arteria thyroidea cranialis), and the lower ones are called caudal thyroid arteries (lat. Arteria thyroidea caudalis).
Approximately 5% of people have an unpaired artery (lat. Arteria thyroidea ima), extending directly from the aortic arch (may also depart from the brachiocephalic trunk (lat. Truncus brachiocephalicus), subclavian artery (lat. A. subclavia), as well as from the lower thyroid arteries (lat. A. thyroidea inferior). It enters the thyroid gland in the region of the isthmus or the lower pole of the gland. The thyroid tissue is also supplied by the small arterial branches of the anterior and lateral surface of the trachea. Inside the organ all small branches of the thyroid arteries are woven. After the arterial to Ov will give food and oxygen to the tissues of the thyroid gland, she, taking carbon dioxide, hormones and other metabolites, collects in small veins that are woven under the capsule of the thyroid gland. Thus,
the venous outflow occurs through the unpaired thyroid plexus (Latin plexus thyroidus impar), which opens in brachiocephalic veins (lat. vena brachiocephalica) through the inferior thyroid veins (lat. vena thyroidea inferior).
The interstitial fluid (lymph) located between the cells of the thyroid gland flows through the lymphatic vessels to the lymph nodes. This lymphatic outflow of the thyroid gland is provided with a well-organized system of lymphatic vessels. There are many branches between individual lymphatic vessels and nodes.
References:
1. A. Benninghoff, D. Drenckhahn (Hrsg.): Anatomie. 16. Auflage. Urban & Fischer bei Elsevier, München 2004. Band 2, ISBN 3-437-42350-9
2. J. Siewert, M. Rothmund, V. Schumpelick (Hrsg.): Praxis der Viszeralchirurgie. Endokrine Chirurgie. 2. Auflage. Springer, Heidelberg 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-22717-5.
UDC 352
Nosirova M.M.
Teacher of physics at school №10 of Yangikurgan district
of Namangan region KEY PARTIES OF TRAINING ON THE SUBJECT OF PHYSICS
Abstract: This article discusses the methods of teaching physics.
Keywords: physics, school, method, subject, synthesis, analysis
The main task of the school is to equip students with a solid knowledge of basic science, the formation of a scientific worldview, the development of creative abilities of students and their comprehensive education. The decisive role in the achievement of these tasks belongs to the teaching methods that are used in the classroom. Teacher's educational work is very diverse, and yet it is subject to certain patterns that can be understood only when systematizing the experience of many teachers and the results of special scientific and pedagogical research. In the educational process, the teacher participates with the students, he organizes their learning and cognitive activity in various ways and ways. And it is these methods of interrelated activities of the teacher and the students that are in a certain way ordered and aimed at achieving the goal of education, called methods of teaching. The development of teaching methods and their classification is engaged in didactics. It is believed that the assimilation of knowledge occurs at three levels: 1. meaningful perception and memorization; 2. application of knowledge on the model and in a similar situation; 3. creative application of knowledge.
In the process of teaching physics, the teacher in various ways guides the process of cognition by students taking into account the specifics of their subject. The methods he uses are called privately methodical. In the methodology of physics, these methods are classified according to the following features: 1. for the method of transmitting information from the teacher to the students;2. the nature of the teacher; 3. for the nature of the activities of students. Behind these signs, teaching methods are divided into three large groups: verbal, visual, and practical.
