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UDC 81'42
Вестник СПбГУ Язык и литература. 2022. Т. 19. Вып. 1
Alexander A. Shuneyko
Komsomolsk-on-Amur State University,
27, pr. Lenina, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, 681013, Russia
a-shuneyko@yandex.ru
Olga V. Chibisova
Komsomolsk-on-Amur State University,
27, pr. Lenina, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, 681013, Russia
olgachibisova@yandex.ru
Three types of negation in Russian (on the example of A. V. Druzhinin's texts)
For citation: Shuneyko A. A., Chibisova O. V. Three types of negation in Russian (on the example of A. V. Druzhinin's texts). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2022, 19 (1): 210-222. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2022.112
The study is aimed at identifying the formal, substantive, and functional characteristics of negation-ambivalence, thereby expanding the traditional concept of negation. To achieve this goal, methods of semantic and functional analysis were used: within their framework, a matrix was developed for comparing various types of negations. As a result of using this matrix on the material of A. V. Druzhinin's texts, the following conclusions were drawn. Negation-ambivalence differs from standard negation and oxymoron in the way it reflects reality conveyed by semantics and the number of components involved in communication. It can be argued that there are four communicative reasons for using negation-ambivalence in texts: collisions of different points of view on one object; the multidimensionality of the object itself; the complexity of the description; and speech reasons associated with the level of linguistic competence of the speaker. Negation-ambivalence is always associated with situations of choice. It can also be assumed that it is a marker of boundary states. This research can lead to a local change in scholarly thinking and the practice of perceiving linguistic communicative forms. Using negation-ambivalence as a text analysis tool allows streamlining many cases, the status of which researchers argue to this day.
Keywords: A. V. Druzhinin, standard negation, oxymoron, negation-ambivalence. Introduction
Negation is a syntactic, semantic, and logical operator, without which any type of text of a natural language is not complete. Accordingly, the description, knowledge of grammar, and teaching the grammar of any language cannot be imagined without a full reproduction and understanding of the nature of negation. Meanwhile, there is still no complete description of the forms and methods of negation. The article is aimed at overcoming this state. Though standard negation has been the subject of scholarly analysis for thousands of years, researchers still focusi on it. Modern ideas about negation are aggregated to the following. Negation is a universal category of thinking present in all languages and characterized by many types and a high frequency of manifestations in speech practice. For
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this reason, it is the subject of logic, philosophy, theology, psychology, neurolinguistics, linguistics, computer science, and other sciences. Logically, negation is an operator that builds from a given sentence to another that is true when the given sentence is false and, conversely, false if the given sentence is true. Within the framework of linguistics, negation is a specialized language tool for expressing the idea that a certain state of affairs does not take place [Paducheva 2011]. M. Miestamo defines standard negation constructions as constructions which function is to transform a verbal declarative sentence containing a proposition p so that the modified sentence expresses a proposition with a truth value opposite to p [Miestamo 2008: 42]. Propositions are known to be semantic components of a predicative nature such as presumptions and assertions, and the standard negation nullifies assertion and preserves the presumption [Paducheva 2014: 21].
In linguistics, as a rule, standard negation is considered as a formal and/or pragmatic category. In the first case, attention is focused on the place, semantics and models of negation. Considering affirmation / negation as a grammatical category, A. A. Kalinina, analyzes the formal means of expressing it, and supposes the fact of their presence as confirmation that this is a grammatical category. These means include "negative words," the volume of which is specified by the author at the expense of units that can act as synonymous substitutions for each other when something is negated in identical constructions [Kalinina 2008; 119]. E. P. Kofman [Kofman 2012], perceiving negation as a cognitive phenomenon, reveals the totality of the means of its expression in the English language, from particles and prefixes, to entire syntactic constructions of various types. The semantics of negation in diplomatic texts is analyzed by D. A. Golovanova; she comes to the conclusion that the meaning of negation is relativistic, and that its content is determined by the opposition "friend or foe"; in particular, classifying the phrase as "foe" produces sharp explicit negations [Golovanova 2013: 272]. A single and separate spelling of the particle "not" with the noun "love" as a manifestation of mixed emotions is presented in the work of A. A. Steba. Taking into account the multivalence of emotions, the author conlcudes that the gap simplifies the presentation of the material and allows detailing the transmitted state from hatred to denying only one of the sides of love [Shteba 2015: 80]. I. Yu. Zino-vieva [Zinovieva 2009: 77] positively solves the question of whether negation is a modal unit; from her point of view, it is an element of the sentence meaning, which translates modal senses that are closely related to other types of modalities. V. P. Fesenko, on the basis of corpus material, concludes that the choice of the case form in the constructions of transitive verbs with negation depends on the position of the name, reference factor, and predicate characteristics [Fesenko 2016: 21].
In the second case, the focus is on the functions of negation in narrative structures. Proverbs and sayings of the English language constructed according to the "all V neg that V" model are considered by A. I. Lyzlov, who concludes that they express an evaluation attribute which is ambivalent to a direct nomination and is formed due to the presence of formal negation in them [Lyzlov 2014: 61]. N. S. Barebina [Barebina 2013] rightly believes that the cognitive mechanism of counterargument is closely related to the category of negation. She considers various language means of implementing this category with the help of lexical-morphological and syntactic units that form a negative assessment in the discussion process.
The functions and role of negation in conflict interaction on talk show materials are examined by V. E. Ershova, who notes the variety of roles of negation, among which there
is provocation, avoiding the answer, and introducing a different value system [Ershova 2012: 13]. According to the observations of Ye. N. Vorobiova, the presence of negation in a perplexed question creates its special communicative status: the sentence is both interrogative and narrative [Vorobiova 2015: 16].
Despite the wide distribution of constructions with standard negation in the language, E. V. Paducheva draws attention to the fact that there are also an additional number of constructions with non-standard negation [Paducheva 2014: 21]. The researcher distinguishes sentences with displaced negation, with global, i. e. expanded negation and with radical negation. In our opinion, at least two more stable types of expression of negation must be added to them: oxymoron and negation-ambivalence.
Oxymoron is a descriptive means that has been known since ancient rhetoric. Since that time, it has been described in all possible ways, but at the same time it is considered apart from the standard negation in grammatical meaning. Grammars and rhetoric, studying negation and oxymoron, respectively, have partially different tools even though they are sections of linguistics. This established the boundary between two semantically homogeneous phenomena and prevents us from seeing different types of realization of one phenomenon in them.
The basis of oxymoron, according to V. P. Moskvin, constitutes an intentional violation of the law of contradiction, which states that a judgment and its negation, in particular opposing assessments of the same object, cannot be true at the same time [Moskvin 2006: 208]. The formation of oxymoron occurs due to a deliberate breach of lexical compatibility, based not on semantic mismatch, but on the presence of polar functional-stylistic selective semes in its components [Vlavatskaia 2017: 55]. Combining words and concepts opposite in lexical meaning leads to the explicitly expressed or implicitly implied negation between the two parts. In the first case, the noun and its modifiers represent direct antonyms; in the second case, one of the elements is the hyponym of its antonym [Flayih 2009: 32].
The interaction of the components of oxymoron with each other receives a different interpretation in some studies. G. N. Lenko believes that they preserve the full volume of their values, without leveling each other, and reflect a new phenomenon or previously unknown state of a familiar object [Lenko 2019: 46]. S. B. Kozinets agrees by clarifying that the elements of oxymoron correlate among themselves as the main and dependent word, with the main word determining the meaning of the oxymoron combination and the dependent word creating a new concept through the actualization of conflicting semes [Kozinets 2018: 428]. V. F. Petrenko and E. A. Korotchenko make a different suggestion: a confrontation of lexical units with diametrically opposite connotations creates, as in physics, the effect of annihilation of a particle and antiparticle, invariably neutralizing the shades of the values of both units [Petrenko, Korotchenko 2012: 550]. In addition, Ruth Glynn writes that the oxymoron is fraught with its own denial, expressing a general meaning and at the same time disavowing it; that is, it introduces the concept only to refute it. In this regard, the most important is the establishment of the sequence of its elements, namely, which term takes the main place and which is secondary [Glynn 2017: 167].
We focus not so much on disputes as on the results achieved by these scholars. It is believed that the oxymoron is generated by the desire to make up for vocabulary deficiency; it is a consequence of the desire to give an exact nomination of the object in a situation where the vocabulary does not represent the opportunity to do this with a single lexeme.
This introduces an oxymoron into the multitude of many compensatory means of the language, covering all methods and types of nomination, and makes it one of the methods of semantic nomination or semantic word formation.
Basically, oxymoron is considered via its use in literary texts and the effects achieved through it [Kuznetsova 2017; Alefirenko, Chumak-Zhun 2017; Zakharova 2015]. It is logical that a number of authors strive to place an oxymoron in the context of similar phenomena, in particular among stylistic figures based on antonymy [Krylova 2014]. J. H. Ruiz states that the oxymoron is very close to the paradox [Ruiz 2015: 199]. S. Yu. Vorobiova believes that an oxymoron can be internally heterogeneous, and subdivides it into a style oxymoron, combining stylistically heterogeneous vocabulary within a single sentence, and into a semantic oxymoron, which is an expression built on a paradox [Vorobiova 2011: 18]. N. V. Iudina explores the oxymoron as the result of the functioning of people's cognitive abilities and justifies its widespread usage in the modern language by reassessing a number of values, changing stereotypes of thinking, and breaking some worldviews [Iudina 2006: 66]. In this case, among the ways of implementing oxymoron it is logical to see not only speech formulas, but also units of a much larger size. Thus, descriptive scenarios implemented in texts of neo-romantic poets may suggest that the components of which they are composed are interconnected as parts of oxymoron [Lipovetskii 2018: 18]. According to N. V. Zlydneva, the whole cultures can be oriented toward the rhetoric of oxymoron [Zlydneva 2008: 212].
Negation-ambivalence is a type of negation widespread in speech that has not yet become an object of scientific consideration. The aim of the study is to identify the formal, semantic, and functional features of negation-ambivalence.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks are set:
• the development of a general description model;
• the collection of facts;
• the characteristic of negation-ambivalence according to general parameters and the identification of its differential features;
• a summary representation of all types of negation;
• the identification of the communicative nature and role in the self-organization of the text.
Our hypothesis is as follows: Negation-ambivalence is a special type of negation quite common in the texts, which has specific characteristics and functions by which particular tasks are realized.
Method, Materials and Procedure
Negation is a unit that directly regulates communication; that is why it is most effective to use methods of semantic and functional analysis to study it. The first allows considering the content side, directly and indirectly involved in the negation of speech components. The second makes it possible to reveal the nature of its implementation in the process of interaction. The disclosure of the semantic and functional nature of negation permits a number of formal generalizations. The summation of the formal and substantial features of negation offers an ample opportunity to formulate a set of characteristics that gives a complete picture of the various aspects of negation.
Based on these characteristics, a negation analysis model includes seven parameters:
• If the considered phenomenon explicit and / or implicit.
• If the phenomenon suggests a choice when replacing the unit with the opposite one.
• The semantics of the statement.
• On what logical operator the negation is based.
• What the verbalized unit is replaced by.
• What may be negated.
• How many components can be involved in implementation.
The negation analysis model reproduced above is a matrix that assists not only in detecting, but also in verifying, certain facts as relating specifically to negation. Each of the parameters suggests the possibility of being completed with various characteristics. A set of certain characteristics opposed to other ones is an indicator of a typologically unified, but in a specific aspect, independent linguistic phenomenon.
To test the characteristics and demonstrate the stability of the phenomenon, a continuous selection was made from a textual volume that included prose works of art, memoirs, and dramaturgy [Povesti]1. The total volume of texts is 1,360,000 characters. For the first two types, standard negation and oxymoron, the characteristics will be simply listed because they are well described in the literature, and for the third type, negation-ambivalence, everything is analyzed in detail.
Results
Standard negation has the following characteristics
1. Standard negation is always explicit and expressed through various negative means. ...nobody read it except me. So you didn't write for so long because you didn't know where I live (Povesti. P. 10). Do not be angry with me... (Povesti. P. 10). Negations are expressed by a particle and a pronoun.
2. Standard negation does not imply or impose the possibility of choice between two mutually exclusive senses. The choice is predetermined or dictated by the wording itself, made at the time of speaking. Such a choice always concerns one of the opposite characteristics. And I thought you started to hate me because I did not marry your brother (Povesti. P. 10). The word "hate" implies only the absence of love and its opposite, and the particle "didn't" before the verb "marry" implies exclusively the absence of this action, that is, its opposite — inactivity. ...there are not many who love him... (Povesti. P. 10). The statement assumes only the opposite reading: few.
3. Standard negation semantically is always the statement of completely or partially opposite to what was said with the help of a denied word or a larger segment of the narrative. All relatives were against this marriage... (Povesti. P. 10). The subject of the description is the attitude of relatives to this marriage, its possibility is denied. .I didn't miss a minute (Povesti. P. 10). It is hyperbolically stated that the heroine was constantly having fun.
4. Standard negation is based on the logical operator "or." The effect is created by virtue of or on the basis of the assertion or statement of the choice made between oppos-
1 Druzhinin A. V. Povesti. Dnevnik. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1986. Further Povesti.
ing meanings. ...Dad didn't want to hear anything (Povesti. P. 10). A statement is possible only in a situation where Dad wants to hear something or does not want to hear anything; in a different situation, it becomes meaningless. And I do not regret that I married him... (Povesti. P. 10). A statement is possible only in a situation where the heroine has the opportunity to regret or not to regret; in other cases, it is senseless.
5. When perceived, standard negation implies the obligatory substitution of (1) one antonym by another regardless of what type of antonyms they are: counter or graded (young — old), complementary or additional (war — peace), conversion or vector (ignite — extinguish); (2) in the case of complementary antonyms, the antonym by the middle component; (3) in the case of words that are not part of the antonymic relationship, by other units conditioned by the semantics of the context. . two years ago she didn't say that (Povesti. P. 10). The demonstrative pronoun "that" has the antonym "this". ...why is he not a military man? (Povesti. P. 10). The word "military" has a complementary antonym "civilian."
6. Any categorematic word can be subjected to standard negation, regardless of whether it has an antonymic pair. ...you will not see it anywhere (Povesti. P. 10). The verb see has no antonym, but it is negated.
7. A total of two to an indefinite number of components can be involved in the implementation of standard negation. For example, a statement of the presence of any object in the world can serve as the affirmative equivalent of the negation "In front of me there was not a chair." The presence of two components can be framed using an opposing relationship: My love is not in words but in life... (Povesti. P. 11). The presence of many components suggests an open list: There is no end to his other miracles (Povesti. P. 11). The affirmative equivalent of this negation can be a long list of miracles that the mentioned character is capable of.
Oxymoron has the following characteristics
1. Oxymoron is always an implicit negation because it is expressed through the statement of mutually exclusive attributes. For example, the name of one of N. Gumilyov's most famous poems, "Lost Tram," suggests that if we are talking about a tram, it cannot get lost, and if the object gets lost, it is not a tram.
2. There is an availability of choice. Oxymoron assumes and sets the possibility of choosing an interpretation or reading. The choice is not predetermined by the wording itself, not made at the time of speaking. When a person is confronted with the phrase "living corpse," it confronts him or her with the need to select the possible characteristics of the object: either it is a living creature similar to a corpse, or it is a corpse resembling a living creature, or it is a half-corpse, comatose, a vegetable, and the like.
3. Oxymoron semantically is always the statement of partially opposite to what was said. The breadth of the range of the statement perception is enhanced in cases where one of the components can be understood in both direct and figurative meaning. For example, . the iron baron could not stand it and stepped aside... (Povesti. P. 108) suggests the following. If the baron is made of iron, he is not alive; if the baron is alive, he is not made of iron; if the baron is alive, he can be stern and cannot be mild.
4. Oxymoron is based on the logical operator "and." The effect is created by virtue or on the basis of the statement of the simultaneous presence of opposing qualities. For
example, the title of Y. Bondarev's novel "The Hot Snow" suggests that the story is about an object that is both snow and hot.
5. When perceived, oxymoron does not imply the replacement of one antonym by another, since both of them are already present in the nomination; for example, all-natural artificial flavor, assistant supervisor or authoritarian anarchy.
6. Oxymoron can be composed only by antonyms, contextual antonyms or units that are included in semantic fields that are in antonymic relations and therefore contain anto-nymic semes in their semantics; for example, accurate horoscope, astronomically small or alone in a crowd. At that, oxymorons with vector antonyms are not fixed.
7. Oxymoron can produce many metaphorical and associative substituents; therefore, its implementation may involve an indefinite number of components. For example, the title character of L. N. Tolstoy's play Living Corpse is Fyodor Vasilievich Protasov. He is called, given only direct nominations: barin, godless man, generous man, his wife's enemy, skunk, naked man, good man, friend, fool, bad husband, bad man, living person, candidate, superfluous man, dear Fedya, dear youth, spendthrift, husband, not a hero, unsuitable man, villain, unkind man, accused, child's father, very cute man, leader, obstacle, empty man, drunkard, drunk man, profligate, depraved husband, his own enemy, a pig, a weak man, completely fallen man, defendant, capable man, passionate man, lucky man, such a man, comrade, corpse, rag, wonderful man, terrible man, clever man, Fedor, Fedor Protasov, Fyodor, good guest. All these nominations can be considered partial replacement of one oxymoron. Their number is not exclusive. In Dead Souls by N. V. Gogol, the number of substitutions is even greater.
Negation-ambivalence has the following characteristics
Before revealing them, it must be emphasized that negation-ambivalence as a standard negation and oxymoron is directly related to antonymy. In addition to the classical antithesis (thick — thin), three main transformations are based on it. They are: antithesis, which is the statement of two opposite signs (day and night = always); diathesis, which is the statement of the average indicator (neither day nor night = morning or evening); and acrothesis, which is the statement of one of the indicators (not in reality, but in a dream). Negation-ambivalence is not identical to these transformations, cannot be reduced to them and, strictly speaking, is in a different dimension.
1. Negation-ambivalence may be both an explicit and implicit negation.
Explicit negation-ambivalence is formed with the help of various adversative and concessive relations, expressed by the conjunctions "and," "but," "though," "nevertheless," their synonymous substitutions or asyndetically. Hereinafter, contexts are reproduced in such a way as to concentrate on the analyzed phenomenon and abstract from the information accompanying it. For example: Aleksey Dmitrich was a military man — though, a military man only according to his uniform (Povesti. P. 59). Here it is denied that the person is a military man and at the same time it is affirmed that "Alexey Dmitrich was both a soldier and a civilian." Implicit negation-ambivalence is expressed by asserting mutually exclusive attributes. For example, the statement It was impossible to attack or parry blows: I swung my arm, and our cavalry swords met with incredible strength (Povesti. P. 101) denies that it was possible to attack and defend, and at the same time means that attack and defense were equally acceptable. Compare, on the one hand, with an identical case .I could
neither save her nor decide to die with her (Povesti. P. 125), and on the other hand, a typical case of a standard negation Then, without praising or blaming his subordinates, he drove away and gave complete rest to his detachment (Povesti. P. 105).
2. Negation-ambivalence implies no choosing. As in the case of standard negation, negation-ambivalence does not suggest or imply the possibility of choice when interpreting or reading between two mutually exclusive senses. The absence of reading options is predetermined or dictated by the wording itself, made at the time of speaking. Incidentally, unlike standard negation, the reading itself includes two opposite components at once. For example, Suddenly I jumped up like a madman; only there was no madness; on the contrary, the fog that roamed in my head instantly dissipated... (Povesti. P. 105). The listener has no opportunity to choose the assessment of the speaker's behavior: he acted simultaneously as a normal and inadequate person, that is, he had opposite characteristics. Or ...in an instant I recalled the past, realized the present and looked ahead (Povesti. P. 105). The listener is given no chance to settle on what the speaker did: recollected, realized or predicted as the latter simultaneously performed three actions, each of which denies the other two.
3. Semantically in summary terms, negation-ambivalence is always a statement in full or in direct accordance with what has been said. For example, .unnecessary virtue is not better than vice, crazy virtue causes enmity... (Povesti. P. 112). Both dissimilar qualities in this case are expressed directly: virtue is equal to vice; they do not need to be perceived through the search for the antonym of the denied word. Or . Vera Nikolaevna's room rather looked like a hermit's cell, the office of a person engaged in hard mental work (Povesti. P. 121). Three contradictory characteristics are identified in one object: a room, cell, office.
4. Negation-ambivalence is based on the logical operator "and." The effect is created by virtue of or on the basis of stating the unity of two opposite meanings, characteristics, states. This unity is so significant that in some cases it is expressed explicitly with the help of the union "and." For example, All your life you have been preparing for something and are not ready for anything (Povesti. P. 111) means that you have carried out certain actions and do not demonstrate their results. .I can love and hate and be calm (Povesti. P. 112) signifies "I can worry and be at peace with the world at the same time."
5. When perceived, negation-ambivalence does not imply the replacement of one antonym by another, since both of them are already present in the nomination. For example, It was a creature extremely malicious, incorrigible, which aroused not only disgust, but also pity (Povesti. P. 122). Both opposite characteristics are named: disgust and pity. Or: ...I listened very attentively, but could not resist and yawned (Povesti. P. 99). Here it is stated: "The author listened carefully and absent-mindedly."
6. Negation-ambivalence can include only antonyms, contextual antonyms, or units that enter semantic fields which are in antonymic relationships: ...a man can temporarily become a woman, even a child... (Povesti. P. 69) (antonyms); ...my dream was more like fainting (Povesti. P. 125) (contextual antonyms); ...the poor victim was radiant with health... (Povesti. P. 67) (units from antonymic fields). There are no negation-ambivalences which include vector antonyms.
7. In the implementation of negation-ambivalence, usually two components are involved, but three components can be used as well. For example, the statement Her actions were beyond praise; but the reason for these actions was unreasonable, arousing not sympathy, but frustration, turning into hatred (Povesti. P. 115) contains two components:
admiration and hatred. Likewise, in the sentence The strongest cigars did not fog my head: their pungent smoke seemed soft and tasteless to me (Povesti. P. 125) there are named three opposite characteristics: pungent, soft, and tasteless.
In texts, negation-ambivalence can become very complicated due to the fact that contrasting features can receive a detailed description. In such cases, one of the components of the antonymic pair is either duplicated or replaced by the reproduction of its semantics or attributes. For example, anger is both a disease and a blessing: For a stepmother, anger was both a disease and a consolation; her unhealthy flush, constant trembling in her voice proved how destructively acted upon her the habit of raving and tormenting her close ones; and with all this, two or three days of calm could have completely killed this woman (Povesti. P. 122). Such and more widespread detailed descriptions can become independent components of the text and constitute ambivalent antitheses. This allows drawing a parallel with oxymoron, on which the whole plots can be founded.
Discussion
Mandatory conditions for the implementation of negation-ambivalence are the simultaneity of the evaluation operation, the absence of gradation in attributed signs, the ultimate certainty or complete abstractness of the appraiser, and the ultimate certainty or complete abstractness of the evaluation object. As soon as one of these conditions is violated, there arise other semantic effects that allow fixing a wide range of characteristics. In the following examples one characteristic does not deny the other. I still suffered fatigue while I was on my feet, but the short last minutes of rest, as usual, relaxed me completely (Povesti. P. 104), that is, at first the person was precise, then deconcentrated. Or, ...he said more with annoyance than with pity... (Povesti. P. 136), that is, in his action there were varying degrees of frustration and pity. The same four conditions are a prerequisite for detecting negation-ambivalence in a specific text.
At the present stage of our study, we can only talk about the relative statistics of distribution of various types of negations in the texts. Of course, the leading position is occupied by standard negation. The second most common is negation-ambivalence. Oxymoron is least likely to occur. Moreover, the difference in occurrence is determined not by times, but by orders of magnitude. In the analyzed texts with the total volume of 1,360,000 characters, we recorded 5,473 standard negations, 125 negation-ambivalences, and 3 oxymorons. There is no doubt that in various functional styles, negation in general and its three types are represented differently. It can be assumed that the language of fiction, colloquial speech, and journalism admit all three types of negations tentatively in the ratio indicated above. At the same time, the scientific style and the official business style do not allow using negation-ambivalences and oxymorons. The scholarly tradition presents a different breadth of understanding of oxymoron, which can confuse the certification of certain linguistic facts. It seems that the proposed notion of negation-ambivalence will remove the contradictions arising in these cases and help to avoid unnecessarily piling up of terms.
Conclusion
Standard negation, oxymoron, and negation-ambivalence are three independent and closely related ways and types of denial. The proliferation of integral and differential fea-
tures allows stating that none of them is a variant of the other. Negation-ambivalence is a typical, widespread phenomenon which possesses formal and substantial specificity and is predetermined by a set of external communicative causes. It plays a significant role in the self-organization of the text and the cognitive processes connected with the language.
The study analyzed texts of two genre types: fiction (stories) and memoirs (diary and autobiography). Based on their comparison, one can say that there is a correlation between the type of negation and the genre of the text. But it is not unequivocal. Standard negation with the same degree of frequency is present in various genres; this reflects the frequency characteristics of its main formal expression — the "ne" particle, which is included in the top ten most frequent words of the Russian language. Oxymoron and negation-ambivalence are much more common in literary texts, reflecting their desire for visualization, and less often in memoirs, which are generally characterized by a desire for descriptiveness and accuracy. That is, one can say that the type of negation is not indifferent to the genre, or the nature of the genre partially determines the type of negations used in it.
Actually, there are four communicative causes of the negation of this type. Firstl it is collisions of different points of view on one or the same object, for example, its assessment by different people from different positions or by one person from different positions. What seems to you grief, probably is not grief yet (Povesti. P. 97). Second, it is the multidi-mensionality of the object itself, when it assumes diametric estimates or various types of description in synchrony or in diachrony. This is good in the book, not in practice... (Povesti. P. 197). Third, it is the complexity of the description, which suggests that the arsenal of tools allows formulating an ambivalent assessment, but does not allow identifying its cause. .the terrifying forest looked so friendly (Povesti. P. 108). Fourth, it is speech reasons associated with the level of linguistic competence of the speaker. Kostya was the greatest pantheist, of course, never thinking what pantheism meant (Povesti. P. 81). These four types of causes can be combined in different ways in the same contexts. For example, And a strange thing: possessing an extraordinary beauty, he considered himself a freak (Povesti. P. 81). Here, the external and internal assessments of one person clash: handsome from the point of view of others and a freak from his own point of view.
Negation-ambivalence is always linked to the situations of choice. These are situations of internal choice that are opposite to situations of external forced choice: You have a choice: love or struggle, husband or father (Povesti. P. 119). Such a situation may be the subject of a detailed description in a separate text. It is this description that unfolds in the story of A. V. Druzhinin "The Story of Alexei Dmitrich." In the process of making choices, along with certain characteristics there are formed the ones opposite to them: Next to love, a feeling developed in me that was hostile to the poor girl (Povesti. P. 113). At that moment, when the antonymical characteristics are balanced, a negation-ambivalence arises. Then it leads to one of the scenarios: I could be surprised at Verinka, but I couldn't love her... hostile feeling... began to... take on a gigantic volume, strangle all remnants of love, friendship and compassion in me (Povesti. P. 125).
From the point of view of semantic filling, negation-ambivalence is a fixation of such qualities or states of an object in which their opposite characteristics are simultaneously balanced, presented in the same amount without the predominance of anything. That is, the object is equally, for example, military and civilian, ordinary and exclusive, beloved and hated, repulsive and attractive. This state is identical to the characteristics of bifurcation points. Balance implies that it will necessarily be followed by an increase in the num-
ber of any characteristics and one of several variants of the pace of events will take place. Negation-ambivalence fixes the bifurcation points in the perception of something or in the narration of something. Accordingly, an idea of it can serve to detect these points, the knowledge of which is very important for an adequate assessment of perception or narration.
It can be assumed that negation-ambivalence is a marker of texts oriented towards the transfer of boundary states. For example, the description I smoked a cigar, lighting it from both ends. (Povesti. P. 121) clearly indicates that the character is in a borderline state. In reality, it is possible that he either smoked lighting the cigar from one end; either he lit it from both ends, but then he didn't smoke. It can also be assumed that if in a person's speech the number of negation-ambivalences exceeds the average norm, this is an indicator that the person is currently at the point of choice. For example, a remark: .the upbringing that her exemplary parents gave her... I hope they burst with it! (Povesti. P. 7) may indicate that a person is choosing how to treat the girl's parents.
All this clearly indicates that negation-ambivalence plays a significant role in texts and in the identification of various components of communication.
Sources
Povesti — Druzhinin A. V. Povesti. Dnevnik. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1986. References
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Received: September 26, 2020 Accepted: November 29, 2021
Шунейко Александр Альфредович
Комсомольский-на-Амуре государственный университет, Россия, 681013, Комсомольск-на-Амуре, ул. Ленина, 27 a-shuneyko@yandex.ru
Чибисова Ольга Владимировна
Комсомольский-на-Амуре государственный университет, Россия, 681013, Комсомольск-на-Амуре, ул. Ленина, 27 olgachibisova@yandex.ru
Три вида отрицания в русском языке (на примере текстов А. В. Дружинина)
Для цитирования: Shuneyko A. A., Chibisova O. V. Three typ es of negation in Russian (on the example of A. V. Druzhinin's texts). Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Язык и литература. 2022, 19 (1): 210-222. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2022.112
Цель исследования — выявить формальные, содержательные и функциональные характеристики амбивалентного отрицания и тем самым расширить традиционные представления об отрицании как одном из самых частотных логических и модальных операторов естественного языка. Для реализации данной цели были использованы методы семантического и функционального анализа: в их рамках была разработана матрица для сопоставления различных типов отрицаний, позволяющая формализовать их характеристики. В результате использования матрицы на материале текстов А. В. Дружинина были сделаны следующие выводы. Амбивалентное отрицание отличается от традиционного отрицания и оксюморона способом отражения реальности, передаваемой семантикой, количеством вовлекаемых в коммуникацию компонентов. По частотности амбивалентное отрицание стоит после традиционного отрицания, но перед оксюмороном, и используется преимущественно в художественных текстах. Можно утверждать, что существуют четыре коммуникативные причины использования в тексте амбивалентного отрицания: столкновения различных точек зрения на один объект; многомерность самого объекта, когда он в синхронии или в диахронии предполагает диаметральные оценки или различные типы описания; сложности описания, которые предполагают, что арсенал средств позволяет сформулировать амбивалентную оценку, но не позволяет выявить ее причину; речевые причины, связанные с уровнем языковой компетентности говорящего. Амбивалентное отрицание всегда связано с ситуациями выбора и поэтому может рассматриваться как один из маркеров коммуникативных ситуаций такого типа и людей, которые в них оказались. Можно также предположить, что оно является маркером пограничных состояний. Проделанное исследование может привести к локальному изменению научного мышления и практики восприятия языковых коммуникативных форм. Использование амбивалентного отрицания как инструмента анализа текста позволяет упорядочить множество случаев, относительно статуса которых исследователи спорят по сей день, и расширить представления о способах опосредованной трансляции информации и передачи семантики крайних степеней неопределенности.
Ключевые слова: А. В. Дружинин, стандартное отрицание, оксюморон, отрицание-амбивалентность.
Статья поступила в редакцию 26 сентября 2020 г.
Статья рекомендована к печати 29 ноября 2021 г.
