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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/EJLL-17-1-31-35
Mirishova Ellada Fakhraddin AUL, Azerbaijan E-mail: [email protected]
Determination of contradictory meanings between phraseological antonymy and phraseological antonyms
Abstract: The article explores determination of contradictory meanings between phraseological antonymy and phraseological antonyms.
It consists of semi titles including introduction, internal and external oppositions, phraseological antonyms and phraseological antonymy, nature of creation of opposite attitude among the components of phraseological combinations, semasiological determination of antonyms, conclusion and references.
In the introduction the author makes attempts to substantiate the urgency of the investigation, its importance in linguistic study and some other issues linked with the research work.
In the part, dealing with internal and external oppositions within the phraseological combinations is explained, differences between antonyms and phraseological antonymy are pointed out and the views distinguishing these differences are illustrated with examples.
The author of the article in dealing with the nature of creation of opposite attitudes among the components of phraseological combinations makes attempts to coordinate philosophical view of contradictions, taking place in the substantial world, with the contradictions taking place among the components of phraseological combinations in linguistics.
In the part dealing with semasiological determination of antonyms the principles of determination are pointed out and substantiated with concrete examples.
In the conclusion the attained results in the process of investigation have been summarized.
Keywords: phraseological oppositions, contradictory meaning, phraseological antonyms, determination.
1. Introduction Oppositions as a whole are philosophical-logical, lin-
Semantic structure of phraseological combinations guistic and universal language phenomenon. The role of
belonging to different systems on the materials of the this phenomenon in the society is great. If in the human
languages, have not been well enough investigated. We thinking the associations deriving from this language
must mention that each phraseological combination phenomenon are studied in the phraseological layer of
has its self-belonging peculiarity in the antonymous at- the language, this issue may prove its greater importance
titude in different levels of languages. Revelation of these as well.
specific features, creation of systematic description of Method of Investigation:
antonymous meanings and antonymy are very important In the article typological comparative -contrastive
from the view of investigation of phraseological combi- method of investigation is used, for in many cases new
nations in the languages of different systems. elements can be discovered in the compared languages.
Phraseological combinations being the product of a This is the method which has found its justification in
certain social environment always develop, concretized linguistic study of different languages.
along with the development of living conditions of soci- 2. Internal and external oppositions
ety. Antonymy — contradiction is a language phenom- Oppositional meanings as the object of semasiology
enon and involves different fields of human society, that's are studied as a field of science both in lexicology and sty-
why it is impossible to imagine opposition in language listics. This field of science mainly investigates words and
apart from the oppositions taking place in the society. word combinations possessing different phraseological
So study of antonyms and antonymy in the language is compositions, expressing opposite features of notions,
closely coordinated with the philosophical cognition of having the contents of quantity, quality, time and place.
antagonism and contradictions. For e. g. at any hand (har ehtimala qarçi) — at no hand
(he$ vachla); to put one's neck into a noose (ozunu talaya salmaq) — to save one's neck (canini qurtarmaq) so on.
There exist two types of oppositions between objects and events: internal and external oppositions. Opposition, existing between the objects and events, is external opposition, but the opposition between the inner essences of events is internal opposition. On the basis of internal contradictions, opposite and contradictory features of an event are created. It is possible to discover inner contradictions, peculiar to the objects and events, by the way of opposing their opposite and contradictory features [5].
As we know notions are different from one another as to their sizes. In the contradictory notions two features show themselves: opposite and contradictory features.
Contradictory features of notions, as to the contents deny each-other. They don't possess transitional, intermediate stage, but their opposite features as to the contents do not deny each-other and possess an intermediate, transition stage. [3] For e. g. head in the clouds — down to earth or both feet on the ground. Though these phraseological combinations bear opposite meanings to each other, the second one is the intermediate combination. The phraseological combinations as to be down to earth/to have both feet on the ground which possess the opposite meanings in the translation into the Azerbaijani language as hu§suz olmaq, atrafinda olanlardan xabari olmaq, show that (atrafinda olanlardan xabari olmayan bir pxs) the person being unaware of the facts taking place around him is already surprised at the things taking place around him and looks around in the real state of things. For e. g. You can go to Susan for advice? She will give you practical solution to your love life? Because she is out of touch with the reality around her, her head is down to earth [8].
Only the opposite features of contradictions in the phraseological combinations can be expressed by the term antonym, which is used in linguistics, because their contents are similar with the contents of antonyms [10].
As we know from linguistics, the term antonym is of Greek origin consisting of anti-opposite, onoma-name, namely, words and word combinations having opposite meanings are called antonyms. Antonyms have been created to reflect contradictions existing in life. As in the thought, so in the language word and word combinations exist to express opposite meanings.
Antonymous meanings possess nearness to the meanings of opposite features of word combinations as to their essence. This nearness is linked with different opposite features of phraseological combinations, belonging to different categories. Certainly, the meaning itself is contradictory. Meanings reflect both contradictory and
oppositional features [2].
Phraseological combinations with contradictory meanings belong to one field of objective reality.
The antonymous phraseological combinations which are used in the language are linked with notions. If there are no objects and events, neither there would be antonyms indicating opposite features of notion or notions [1].
When we speak of phraseological antonyms we do not mean opposite meanings formed by the merely addition of negative suffixes to the components of the word combinations, we mean the confrontation of the expressions of contradictory meanings of phraseological combinations, possessing the contents of quantity, quality, time and place.
We should not equalize antonymous words with the words, bearing negative meanings, because while antonyms are expressed by opposite names (by two words or word combinations) negation is the usage of the same word or word combination in the opposite meaning. Here, we can come to the conclusion that the term of phraseological antonym is characteristic for the phraseological combinations, bearing opposite meanings. There is also a contradiction between the affirmative and negative components of the phraseological combinations of the same roots, but these components are not in the antonymous relation to each other, because the opposite meaning expressed by the words having the negative suffixes in the same root is not linked with the lexical meaning of these words, but it is linked with added to them suffixes. Thus, the suffixes added to the components of the phraseological combinations neither changes the internal meaning of the phraseological combination nor they can discover the opposite features in them. For e. g. if we use the expression "to mind one own business" as it is we shall have the semantic negation of the same phraseological combination but not its opposition. But when we say "to stick one's nose in" we shall have the opposite meaning of the phraseological combination "to mind one's own business". Here antonymous phraseological meaning establishes semantic opposition and this opposition semantically is more rough than it can be expressed grammatically (to stick one's nose in or to pry one's nose into — burnunu bir yera soxmaq).
Negative suffixes being added to the components of the phraseological combinations; negate them as to the contents [5].
In linguistics sometimes the notions of antonyms and antonymy (antonym being) seem as if they were the same. If antonyms express semantically opposite to one
another words and word combinations (as for e. g. on the wagon — i£kini targitmak, — to give up drinking — Peter used to drink alcohol to excess but now he doesn't drink any more, he is on the wagon) and the opposite to the first expression off the wagon (aludaolmaq) we can clearly see the true opposition. For e. g. He is off the wagon. He can't abstain from drinking (a^akabilmir), though there is commonness between these antonymous expressions, they are used for different from one another notions and for different purposes.
3. Phraseological antonym and phraseological antonymy
But antonymy denotes both antonymous word and word combinations semantically being of the same root and possessing suffixes with negative meaning.
For e. g. blue collar worker (ya§ayi§ini gucla tamin edan fahla, a worker who hardly keeps body and soul together) but the white collar worker (kontor i§^isi — office worker); or open mind (keep an open mind — qarazsiz, zakali, vicdanli — intelegent, honest) — close minded (narrow — mended, dishonest); take care (ehtiyatli olmaq, diqqat yetirmak — be cautious to pay attention) — to take care — not to take care, be indifferent to — diqqatyetirmamak; to lose one's face (adini batirmaq, to lose one's dignity) — to save one's face (abrinigozlamak — to keep what one is worth for) [9].
Despite the fact that both phraseological antonyms and phraseological antonymy from the view of forming contradiction are similar, they have got some distinctive features as well. Thus, the notion of antonymy is relatively wider than the notion of antonym. If phraseological antonyms are linked with only their contents, phraseological antonymy and word and word combinations not being in antonymous relations to each other are expressed by figurative meanings, contrastive situations, contrastive thoughts and texts.
In the meaning of phraseological antonym, quantity and quality are linked with the word combinations possessing the signs of place and time, but phraseological antonymy reflects the whole of differential signs of word and word combinations. Here semantically similar and different features of opposed words or word combinations are intended [4].
Phraseological antonyms, being different from phraseological antonymy indicate both the limit of creation of the features as quality, signs, movement, attitude and so on, and the coordination of ties of opposite signs [6].
Despite the fact that antonyms are linked with opposite feature, the phraseological antonymy is linked with both the opposite sign and the contradictory sign.
4. Nature of creation of opposite attitude among the components of phraseological combinations
When a phraseological combination is created its opposite meaning is created as well. Otherwise human beings while cognizing the occurrences around them could not tell the good from the bad, the positive notion from the negative one. Here for the oppositions of meanings the similarity of the common and important signs of meaning is basically taken as the main principle. Here we may come to the conclusion that words and word combinations opposed as to the common and main signs of meaning coordination can be considered as antonyms.
Opposite attitude among the phraseological combinations are created as a result of cognition, achieved by the way of confrontation of objects and events of substantial existence. Creation of opposite meanings — antonyms in the language, their development and formulation are linked with the contradictory attitudes of the things and events, which exist in the substantial world. Contradictions in the language are linked with the contents of phraseological combinations. Contradiction in their form and contents do not create obstacles for their unity, moreover, it proves their existence. These contradictions are expressed by the combinations, possessing contradictory meanings. Just for this reason they are considered as the main factor in the creation of antonyms.
Oppositions of common and individual features within the phraseological combinations stimulate the development of language system. For the revelation of opposite features of events, for the indication of transition of opposite quality of one to the other, usage of antonymous phraseological combinations is useful. By this way human beings, cognize and differentiate the signs and qualities of objects and events, existing in the substantial world.
5. Semasiological determination of antonyms
Determination of antonyms as a semasiological phenomenon is linked with a number of principles:
- phraseological antonymy expresses different opposite features of any word or word combination;
- phraseological antonymy denotes quality or quantity achieved by the way of confrontation of opposite features, characteristic to an event or object, belonging to one category. For e. g. to beat around the bush (qeyri-samimi daniçmaq/yazmaq, nala-mixa vurmaq — not to speak or write frankly, not to keep to the point) — to get (keep) to the point (matlaba keçmak, samimi dani§maq); to laugh in somebody's face (uzuna gulmak) — to laugh on the wrong side of one's face (arxasinca gulmak);
- confrontation of opposite features of any phraseological combination; for. E. g. to call a spade a spade (agiq dani§maq, bir §eyi oz adi ila gagirmaq/adlandirmaq, to speak frankly, to state the things or events in the true state, as truthfully even if they form unnecessary effect) — to beat around the bush. Here phraseological combinations expressing the opposite features of events are confronted and by this way, antonyms are formed;
- confrontation of phraseological antonyms as one unite of meaning, makes their existence necessary. Phraseological antonyms confronted within the text and out of, create antonymy. Such phraseological antonyms reflect their contradictions in our conscious even beyond the text. Any person speaking in the English language can easily understand and use the phraseological combinations on the wagon and its opposite meaning expressed by the word combination off the wagon. In the confronted phraseological combinations there must be opposite signs, inclinations, mutual attitudes between events and objects. Phraseological combinations must be confronted as to their meanings. For e. g. open minded — close minded so on.
- One of the main conditions for the phraseological combinations with opposite meanings is in the fact that one component of these phraseological combinations belongs to one and the same lexical phraseological field. Phraseological combinations express such notions which in all situations and in separately — taken situations as well, denote opposite meanings. For e. g. Such phraseological combinations as to hear (something) through the grapevine (har hansi bir xabari agizdan/or-dan-burdan e§itmak — to hear something orally from mouth) — to hear (something) straight from the horse's mouth (asas manbadan, motabar yerdan e§itmak — to hear something from the main source/the true source) in the isolated forms express opposite meanings as well.
Contextual antonyms act in the opposite function only within the text, namely, a number of phraseological combinations become antonyms in the opposed to one another situation, within a text. For e. g. the phraseological combination to keep one's shirt on (sakitol-maq, talasmamak, tamkinini saxlamaq — be calm, not to hurry, be patient) while being antonymous to the combinations to shake a leg or to step on it individually, but within the text they are not antonymous. See the sentences: I know you are hungry, but dinner will not be ready for another ten minutes, just keep you shirt on. Here the phraseological combination keep your shirt on is ant-onymous to the expressions possessing the opposite meaning such as shake a leg or step on it not within a text
but beyond it. We may set the following antonym as an example which is within the text.
The children put their money together to buy their mother a birthday present. The youngest child became so excited that he couldn't keep it under his hat (sirri saxlaya bilmamak) and told his mother about it. His brothers told him he shouldn't have let the cat out of the bag (sirri agmaq) [Shelly Vance Laflin, 1993]. The phraseological combinations in the text are contradictions within the text and deny each other.
In the determination of phraseological oppositions one of the principles lies in the fact of having a different root in one of the opposite components: for e. g. to open one's face (agzina galani demak) — to shut one's face (agzini yummaq, abrina qisilmaq).
- if parts of speech in the composition of phraseological combinations are in contradiction to each other, then they must belong to the same part ofspeech. For e. g. to keep one's footing (duz yolaget mak) — to lose one's footing (ayagi budramak, duzgun yol segmamak); to be in good hands (yax§i allarda olmaq) — to be in bad hands (pis allarda olmaq) — while determining the antonyms we must pay attention to their pair usage within one and the same text. For e. g. I don't know where my head is today. I can't keep my thoughts on my work. My head is in the clouds today (fikrimi camlaya bilmiram) — I can't concentrate my thoughts). I had to be down to earth (fikrimi bir yera toplamaliyam) — I have to focus my thoughts).
- In phraseological antonyms too antithesis, oxymoron, contrast may be formed. In such ways of literary expression laconic concise, concrete ways of expression, and other features are used, aimed at creating expressiveness in speech. Thus, usage of antonyms based on folk aphorisms in such ways of expressions plays a great role in the cognition of contradictions.
6. Conclusion
The article highlights the field of science dealing with words and word combinations possessing different phraseological combinations, expressing opposite features of notions, having the contents of quantity, quality, time and place. Investigations show that in the phraseological combinations exist two types of oppositions: internal and external oppositions.
Contradictory features of notions as to the contents deny each-other but their opposite features as to the contents do not deny each other and possess an intermediate transition stage.
Antonymous meanings possess nearness to the meanings of opposite features of word combinations as to their essence.
Oriental linguistic elements in Albanian. Baytajean creativity
We should not equalize antonymous words with the words bearing negative meanings.
Despite the fact that both phraseological antonyms and phraseological antonymy from the view of forming contradiction aredifferent, they have got some similar features as well.
In the meaning of phraseological antonym, quantity and quality are linked with the word combinations possessing the signs of place and time, but phraseological antonymy reflects the whole of differential signs of word and word combinations.
When a phraseological combination is created its opposite meanings are created as well. Opposite attitude among the phraseological combinations are created as a result of cognition, achieved by the way of confrontation of objects and events taking place in the substantial world.
Determination of antonyms as a semasiological phenomenon is linked with a number of principles each of which is explained in details and substantiated by examples in the article.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/EJLL-17-1-35-37
Mustafi Muhamed, As. Prof. of Arabic language PhD in Philology, Faculty of Islamic Sciences
Skopje, Macedonia Email: [email protected]
Oriental linguistic elements in Albanian. Baytajean creativity
Abstract: The issue of Oriental linguistic elements in Albanian literature is considered as a very sensitive and complex period because it has been abandoned for ideological and political reasons. Such approach cannot pass easily because we all now start from a later point. The name of this period is known as " The period of Baytajes", and it implies the fact that this literary school was formally and substantially under the influence of oriental languages and thoughts. Oriental words are numerous and can be divided into Arabic, Ottoman and Persian, but mostly in Arabic because it was treated as a lingua franca of the artistic expressions of this group ofAlbanian literary creators that lasted for almost two decades until the literary Albanian renaissance.
Keywords: oriental elements, influence, Albanian literature.
Access to a detailed study of Baytaj ean literature in not at all easy to deal with this creativity, and much more general, and oriental elements in this creative language in with oriental elements of its language, because there are particular, would not be so easy because this kind of many confrontations with different components. study is going to face various challenges. Baytajean cre- According to the well known Albanian researcher
ativity is a very wide branch as a deep sea which incor- Hajdar Salihu, the period if this kind of Albanian litera-porates many diverse issues. So, based on this aspect, it is ture, has its roots to the beginning of XVIII century. "The
