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149УДК 811.318
АНТОНИМИЧЕСКИЙ ПЕРЕВОД
Утигенова А.Е., Жумагулова Н.С. Кокшетауский университет им. Абая Мырзахметова (г. Кокшетау, Республика Казахстан)
Аннотация. В статье рассматривается проблема адекватности перевода. Один из эффективных способов ее решения — антонимический перевод, как переводческая трансформация. Были рассмотрены основные два приёма антонимического перевода на примерах текстов художественного стиля.
Ключевые слова: антонимический перевод, антонимы, негативация, позитивация, адеквантность, эквивалентность
ANTONYMIC TRANSLATION
Utigenova A.E., Zhumagulova N.S. Kokshetau Abay Myrzakhmetov University (Kokshetau, The Republic Of Kazakhstan)
Аnnotation. The article deals with the problem of translation adequacy. One of the most effective ways to solve this problem is to use antonymic translation as a translation transformation. The main two methods of antonymic translation based on examples of artistic style texts were considered.
Keywords: antonymic translation, antonyms, negation, positivation, adequacy, equivalence
Translation studies have always been of great interest to linguists. Increasing attention is paid to the problems of distortion of the translated text and literature is printed with examples of false friends of the translator in order to avoid errors. One of these solutions is antonymic translation, which is the replacement of a negative construction with an affirmative one and Vice versa.
Interpretation of meaning from a foreign language to a translated one is an activity that is impossible without special knowledge in the field of translation.
V. S. Vinogradov the term translation defines both the process of transmitting content expressed in one language by means of another language, and its final product — the result that is expressed in an oral or written text [1, p. 3].
When translating, the text undergoes various changes, adapting to the subject situation, which will be able to convey information in the semantic form that the author intended. These translation transformations are necessary and have their origin in the differences between the systems of the two languages in the field of their sound (phonological) structure, vocabulary and grammatical structure [2, p.26].
Fedorov, A. V. believes that the fullness of the translation depends on the transfer of the semantic content of the original by reproducing the features of the latter (if possible under language conditions) or creating functional correspondences to these features [3, p.173].
If speech were simple and narrowly focused, everything would be reduced to literal translation, but the world of language tools is rich in colorful techniques, and the translator needs to achieve not complete accuracy of the text, its equivalence, but adequacy. It is possible to achieve translation adequacy by applying language transformations.
A. D. Schweitzer believes that translation transformation is a relationship between the source and final language expressions, a replacement in the process of translation of one form of expression by another and is understood in a metaphorical sense [4, p. 118].
At the moment, researchers have not come to a General agreement on the typology of translation transformations, and some classifications differ significantly from each other. Kazakova T. A. divides functional transformation into three categories:
1. Lexical and semantic transformations;
2. Grammatical transformations;
3. Stylistic transformations [5, p.51].
A. D. Schweitzer understands transformation as a " technology " of translation, in which there are functional and structural discrepancies in the process of translation itself [4, p. 11].
V. N. Komissarov believes that "translation transformations are transformations that can be used to make the transition from original units to translation units in the specified sense" [6, p.172].
Antonymic translation is one of the most effective means of solving translation difficulties and helps to avoid distortion of meaning when a literal translation turns it into an absurdity.
L. S. Barkhudarov under the term antonymic translation understands a complex lexical and grammatical replacement, the essence of which is the transformation of a negative construction into an affirmative, or, conversely, an affirmative into a negative, while replacing one of the words of the translated sentence of the source language with its antonym in the translating language. [7, p. 215].
According to V. N. Komissarov in the case of an antonymic translation, the unit of the source language can be replaced not only by the directly opposite unit of the translating language, but also by other words and combinations expressing the opposite idea [6, p.184].
Ya. I. Retsker believes that in the antonymic translation there is not only a negation of the concept, but also an opposition [8, p. 57].
A. D. Schweitzer distinguishes in antonymic translation-a reverse translation, which is a type of antonymic translation based on the interchangeability of multidirectional actions (start — start) and the rearrangement of octants [4, p.190].
A. D. Schweitzer distinguishes in antonymic translation-conversion translation, which is a type of antonymic translation based on the interchangeability of multidirectional actions (start — start) and the rearrangement of octants [4, p.190].
In his opinion, one of the most frequent motivations that make a translator resort to conversion transformations is differences in the language implementation of the communicative structure (actual articulation) of the utterance [4, p.142].
T. A. Kazakova explains the use of antonymic translation by creating a grammatical structure that will sound more natural in the translating language. The translator uses the antonymic method in cases when the grammatical form in the original language does not correspond to the rules of lexical compatibility in the translation language. The use of antonymic translation resolves the conflict of compatibility of language units in the translated text [5, p. 161].
Many researchers consider the antonymic technique to be an effective translator's tool, especially in cases where any other technique is not possible. N. K. Grabovsky sees antonymic translation as a means of achieving equivalence, which is performed by the formula of double negation. In His textbook, N. K. Garbovsky writes that antonymic translation can be caused by the asymmetry of lexical and semantic systems, which is manifested in the fact that a concept does not have a means of expression in one of the languages that collide in translation [9, p.466-467].
Most linguists classify three types of antonymic translation techniques:
1. The negation Strategy. In this case, the word or phrase does not contain a formally negative suffix or particle, but is replaced by a word with the prefix "не-" or a phrase with the particle "не", for example: to continue — не останавливаться.
2. A positivation strategy in which a word or phrase with a formally expressed negative SEMA is replaced when translated with a word or phrase without a formally expressed negative component, such as unabolished — такой, который остается действующим.
3. Cancellation strategy, when double negation occurs in the original language, and when translating these two components are canceled, for example, not impossible - возможный [10, p. 107112].
Let's look at examples of applying the negation strategy in an artistic style:
1. He evidently wished to return to his book — Ему явно не терпелось вернуться к книге. [11, с. 15]. In this example, the verb wished is replaced by the verb tolerate, to which the negative particle is added.
2. And he used another language. — И говорил он не на нашем языке. In this example, the adjective another is replaced with our, to which the negative particle is added.
3. "I think it's a good idea."- По-моему, неплохая мысль. [11, с. 17-18]. In this example, the adjective good is replaced by the antonym bad, which is prefixed with not-.
Most linguists believe that the positivation strategy is most common for English-Russian translations.
Let's look at examples of using this technique in art style texts:
1. He murmured a few tactful nothings and then managed unobtrusively to leave the two friends together. — Промычав что-то из приличия, он предупредительно вышел, оставив подруг вдвоем.
2. «What nonsense you talk, Jackie darling! — Какую чушь ты несешь, Джеки! [12, с. 11].
3. Not many people want to be cured. — Мало кто соглашается на лечение. [11, с. 43].
Antonymic translation is a relatively common type of translation transformation. Its value lies in
the adequate transmission of the author's idea. An antonymic translation is necessary in order to avoid the literal error of the translator. At the word level, the positivation technique can be implemented (morphemic negation, service and significant parts of speech). At the word level, a negation technique can be implemented (replacing a word with a negative color, translating verbs, adjectives, and adverbs). The successful use of antonymic translation depends on the understanding of the style features, the General tone of the work, and the understanding of the material or spiritual culture of the original text being translated by the translator. Also, achieving an adequate translation depends on the translator's experience and preferences.
So, this type of translation transformation is of direct interest to study, as it appears to be the most effective and accurate among translation transformations.
REFERENCES
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4. Schweitzer A. D. Theory of Translation. Status, problems, aspects M.: URSS, 2012-216 p.
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Utigenova A.E., Teacher of Foreign Languages and Translation Studies Department in Abai Myrzakhmetov Kokshetau University, The Republic of Kazakhstan, Kokshetau
Zhumagulova N.S., Candidate of Pedagogical Science, Associate Professor, Head of the Foreign Languages and Translation Studies Department in Abai Myrzakhmetov Kokshetau University, The Republic of Kazakhstan, Kokshetau.
Утигенова Айжан Ерлановна, преподаватель, Кокшетауский университет им.Абая Мырзахметова (Республика Казахстан, г. Кокшетау).
Жумагулова Наталья Станиславовна, кандидат педагогических наук, доцент, заведующая кафедрой иностранных языков и переводческого дела, Кокшетауский университет им.Абая Мырзахметова (Республика Казахстан, г. Кокшетау).
