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Вестник аграрной науки, 1(76), Февраль 2019, http://dx.doi.org/10.15217/48484 УДК / UDC 636.2.084.523.087.24
THE USE OF FODDER YEAST IN THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD OF LACTATION AS A FACTOR FOR REALIZATION OF THE PRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF COWS
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ КОРМОВЫХ ДРОЖЖЕЙ В ТРАНЗИТНЫЙ ПЕРИОД ЛАКТАЦИИ КАК ФАКТОР РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ПРОДУКТИВНОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА КОРОВ
Lyashuk A.R.*, Postgraduate Student
Ляшук А. Р., аспирант Andreychuk O.A., Graduate Student Андрейчук О. А., магистрант Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Orel State Agrarian University named after N.V. Parakhin", Orel, Russia ФГБОУ ВО «Орловский государственный аграрный университет имени Н.В. Парахина», Орел, Россия *E-mail: oceans777@yandex.ru
To realize the competitive advantages of the Orel region in milk production, it is important in short terms to develop and offer a scientifically-based program for the technological improvement of the production and processing of agricultural products, which will allow the region to take a worthy place in the food market. In relation to the dairy subcomplex, the solution of the problem lies in realizing the existing potential for productivity and enhancing the reproductive qualities by improving animal feeding. It is well-known that the transitional period is essential not only for the successful start of lactation, but also for the preservation of the normal physiological state of a cow. In this regard, it is relevant to develop feeding methods of the transitional period that increase milk production and improve reproductive qualities. According to the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of milk, cows of the first group (in their balanced ration the transitional period was introduced with the use of hydrolysis yeast as an additive), demonstrated significant superiority over the control group of the cows, in whose diet the transitional period was absent. In terms of dry basis, as well as nonfat milk solids, the cows of the experimental group exceeded the cows of the control group by 3.0 and 4.8%. For the rest of the indicators between the experimental and control cows, no significant differences were observed. The introduction of the transitional period with the inclusion of fodder yeast (1 kg per head per day) in the diet does not affect the physiological state of the animals. The dependence of the reproductive qualities of dairy cattle on the use of fodder yeast during the transitional period has been established. Thus, the service - period in the experimental group decreased by 15%, and the insemination index increased by 16.6%. Key words: cow feeding, transitional period, fodder yeast, dairy herd cows, chemical composition of milk, physiological indicators of cows
Для реализации конкурентных преимуществ Орловской области в производстве молока важно в короткие сроки разработать и предложить научно обоснованную программу технологического совершенствования производства и переработки сельскохозяйственной продукции, что позволит региону занять достойное место на рынке продуктов питания. В отношении молочного подкомплекса решение задачи лежит в плоскости реализации имеющегося потенциала продуктивности и улучшения воспроизводительных качеств, в том числе за счет совершенствования кормления животных. Общепризнано, что транзитный период является важнейшим не только для успешного старта лактации, но и для сохранения нормального физиологического состояния коровы. В связи с этим, разработка приемов кормления коров в транзитный период, увеличивающих показатели молочной продуктивности и улучшающих воспроизводительные качества, является, безусловно, актуальной. По некоторым показателям химического состава и физико-химических свойств молока коровы первой
группы, в кормовом рационе которых был выделен транзитный период за счет использования кормовой добавки в виде гидролизных дрожжей, продемонстрировали достоверное превосходство перед коровами контрольной группы, в рационе которых транзитный период отсутствовал. По показателям сухого вещества, а также сухого обезжиренного молочного остатка, коровы подопытной группы превосходили коров контрольной группы на 3,0 и 4,8%. По остальным показателям между коровами подопытной и контрольной групп достоверных отличий не наблюдалось. Выделение транзитного периода за счет включения в рацион кормовых дрожжей в количестве 1 кг на голову в сутки не влияет на физиологическое состояние животных. Установлена зависимость воспроизводительных качеств молочного скота от применения в транзитный период кормовых дрожжей. Так, сервис-период во подопытной группе сократился на 15%, индекс осеменения увеличился на 16,6%.
Ключевые слова: кормление коров, транзитный период, кормовые дрожжи, коровы дойного стада, химический состав молока, физиологические показатели коров.
Introduction. The Orel region as a producer of high-quality food products has significant untapped potential and quite a few competitive advantages, which include favorable weather and climate, a good transport and energy infrastructure, free production facilities and qualified personnel. To realize competitive advantages, it is important in short terms to develop and offer a scientifcally-based program of technological improvement in the production and processing of agricultural products, which will allow the region to take a worthy place in the food market. In relation to the dairy subcomplex, the solution of the problem lies in the realization of the existing potential for productivity and improvement of reproductive qualities by improving animal feeding.
It is recognized that the transit period is essential not only for the successful start of lactation, but also for the preservation of the normal physiological state of the cow. In this regard, it is relevant to develop feeding methods of the transit period that increase milk production and improve reproductive qualities [1-3].
Today, various feed additives, developed for increasing the nutritional value of fodder, are presented on the market in a wide range [4-6].
These components include protein-rich yeast. As a rule, hydrolysis yeast is introduced into the fodder. Feed yeast is a source of not only protein, but also essential amino acids and group B vitamins [7, 8].
Yeast cells represent the usual protein mass, which, in accordance with the working hypothesis of our study, should have a positive impact on the realization of the productive potential of lactating cows when introduced into the diet during the transit period [7-9].
Based on this, the purpose of our study was to explore the effect of introducing fodder yeast during the transit period of lactation on milk production and the reproductive qualities of cows.
Conditions, material and methods. The experimental part of the work was carried out in LLC Maslovo, Orel district, Orel region. This enterprise is typical for the Orel region in terms of economic, environmental conditions and land use structure.
The study of the effectiveness of fodder yeast in the transitional period, including their effects on milk production, some physiological parameters and reproductive qualities of animals took place from 2017 to 2019 in a scientific-business experiment according to the methodology of the Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry named after Academy Member L.K. Ernst. The breed of cows is Black-and-White, at the age of the third lactation.
Вестник аграрной науки, 1(76), Февраль 2019, http://dx.doi.org/10.15217/48484 The studies were conducted according to the plan presented in table 1.
Table 1 - Scheme of Experience
Group Number of animals (heads) Feeding conditions
Control 6 General ration for the dry period and lactation period
Experimental 6 Introduction of the transit period with additional feeding of fodder yeast
The fodder yeast used in the study was obtained from the "Biotechnology" centre for collective usage of Orlovsky GAU. Zootechnical analysis of fodder yeast is presented in table 2.
Table 2 - Zootechnical analysis of fodder yeast
Indicator Value
Crude protein,% 45
Exchange energy, Kcal / 100 g 216
Crude fiber,% 1.3-2.7
Crude ash,% 4.4-7.7
Crude fat,% 2.7-3.3
Mono and disaccharides, g / kg 3.2-5.1
Organic acids, g / kg 18
Unsaturated fatty acids, mg / kg 590
In the beginning of the experiment, average samples of feed on the farm were selected, a zootechnical analysis was conducted, and their quality was assessed. It was established that the main indicators of the feed corresponded to benign feed and the rations were balanced.
The differences in feed between the experimental groups of cows were as follows:
- cows of the first (control) group were on rations taken on the farm (dry period feed and lactating cow feed, by productivity);
- in the experimental group, additional feed was allocated: during the dry period, 3 weeks before calving - an increased amount of concentrated feed in the diet due to the addition of 1 kg of fodder yeast and the ration of feeding the cows during the milk out phase - 20 days after calving, with rationing not according to productivity, but advanced by the addition of 1 kg of fodder yeast (table 3).
Thus, in the experimental group, it was possible to increase the protein component of the diet during the transit period - that is, to make a gradual transition from a low-nutrition diet during the dry period to a high-nutritional diet during the lactation, while in the control group dry cows were kept on the diet of the dry period (60 days before calving), during the dry period - 60 days before calving; the second group of cows, for the first 40 days of the dry period, were kept on the same diet as the animals of the first group, and 20 days before calving gradually were transferred to a diet close to the diet of lactating cows, with an increase in protein nutritional value due to the inclusion in concentrated feed fodder yeast.
Table 3 - Average daily rations for cows in different parts of the experiment
Feed Dry cows Lactating cows
1 (control) group and 2 (exp.) group (Day 0-40) 2 (exp.) group (Day 40-60) 1 (control) group 2 (exp.) group
Corn silo, kg 8 7 20 20
Haylage grass, kg 7 6 7 7
Hay cereal and bean, kg 7 6 6 6
Concentrate mixture, kg 1.5 1.5 4 4
Feed yeast, kg - 1.0 - 1.0
Syrup 0.5 0.5 0.8 1
The diet contains:
Energy feed unit 10.6 10.5 15.7 17
Metabolizable energy, MJ 106 105 157 170
Dry basis, kg 12.0 11.4 16.2 17.3
Crude protein, g 1519 1566 2059 2247
Digestible protein, g 938 936 1329 1387
Crude fiber, g 2894 2520 3599 3608
Ca, r 90 90 89 91
P, r 50 50 63 65
ME:DM (MJ/1 kg) 8.9 9.2 9.7 9.8
DP:DM (g /1 kg) 127 129 127 130
CF:DM (%) 24 22.1 22.2 20.9
The study of the indicators of milk production, physiological parameters and reproductive qualities were carried out according to generally accepted methods with the calculation of the significance of differences by the Student's t-test.
Research results. When studying the effect of the feed yeast additive during the transit period on the subsequent milk production of cows, we noted an improvement in both the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of milk (Table 4)
Table 4 - Milk productivity of experimental cows
Indicators Group
1 control, n = 6 2 experimental, n = 6
Milk yield for 305 days, kg 5420±222 5768±178
The amount of milk fat, kg 231.9±10.7 244.6±6.2
The amount of milk protein, kg 167.0±6.0 183.4±3.8*
Note: * - P < 0.05.
As the table shows, there is a tendency to exceed the milk yield for 305 days of lactation in the experimental group compared to the control group by 6.4%. Also, a tendency to exceed the total amount of milk fat and a significant excess of protein over 305 days of lactation was found in the experimental group of the cows, by 5.2 and 9.8%, respectively.
The chemical composition and physico-chemical properties of milk in the experimental groups are presented in table 5.
As Table 5 shows according to some indicators the cows of the first group (in whose diet the transitional period was introduced with the use of hydrolysis yeast as an additive), demonstrated significant superiority over the control group of the cows, in whose diet the transitional period was absent. Thus, in terms of the dry basis, as well as nonfat milk solids, the cows of the experimental group exceeded the cows of the control group by 3.0 and 4.8%.
Table 5 - Chemical composition and physico-chemical properties of milk
Indicators Group
1 control, n = 6 2 experimental, n = 6
Fat content,% 4.26±0.12 4.24±0.14
Protein content,% 3.08±0.17 3.18±0.15
Including casein,% 2.80±0.05 2.92±0.05
Sugar,% 4.30±0.06 4.34±0.05
Calcium, mg% 133±0.8 140±0.5
Phosphorus, mg% 113±0.6 117±0.6
Dry matter,% 12.54±0.12 12.92±0.12*
SNF,% 8.28±0.13 8.68±0.10*
Acidity, °T 16.65±0.16 17.88±0.76
Density, °A 30.67±0.33 29.50±0.35
Somatic cells, thousand / cm3 277±4.60 296±8.11
Rennet coagulation, min. 25.22±2.68 24.42±0.32
Note: * - P < 0.05.
For the remaining indicators of the chemical composition and physico-chemical properties of milk between cows in the experimental and control groups, no significant differences were observed.
Physiological indicators of the state of the organism of animals are presented in the table in table 6.
Table 6 - Physiological indicators of the animal state
Indicators Units of measurement Group
1 control, n = 6 2 experimental, n = 6
the beginning of the transit period the end of the transit period the beginning of the transit period the end of the transit period
Temperature °C 37.8±0.21 37.7±0.29 37.8±0.25 37.8±0.43
Pulse beats per minute 66.3±0.82 67.0±1.41 66.3±1.08 67.3±2.27
Respiration rate respiratory movements per min. 25.0±0.71 25.7±1.08 24.7±1.47 25.3±1.78
As Table 6 shows the physiological indicators (temperature, pulse, respiration rate) of animals of both groups were within the normal range. Thus, the introduction of the transitional period with the inclusion of fodder yeast in the diet (1 kg per head per day) does not affect the physiological state of the animals.
Data analysis of table 7 shows the dependence of the reproductive qualities of dairy cattle on the use of fodder yeast during the transit period. The service period in the experimental group decreased by 15%, the insemination index increased by 16.6%.
Table 7 - Reproductive qualities o f cows under different feeding conditions
Indicators Group
1 control, n = 6 1 control, n = 6
Service period 109 ± 6.94 92 ± 7.09
Insemination index 1.8 ±0.07 1.5 ± 0.11
Findings. 1. In the experimental group, there is a tendency to exceed the milk yield for 305 days of lactation compared with the control group by 6.4%. In addition, a tendency for the total amount of milk fat and protein to be exceeded for 305 days of lactation was established in the experimental group of cows by 5.2 and 9.8%, respectively.
2. According to some indicators cows of the first group (in their diet the transitional period was introduced with the use of hydrolysis yeast as an additive), demonstrated significant superiority over the control group of cows, in whose diet the transitional period was absent. Thus, in terms of dry basis, well as nonfat milk solids, the cows of the experimental group exceeded the cows of the control group by 3.0 and 4.8%. For the rest of the indicators between the experimental and control cows, no significant differences were observed.
3. The physiological parameters of animals of both groups were within the normal range. The introduction of the transit period with to the inclusion of fodder yeast in the diet (for 1 kg per head per day) does not affect the physiological state of the animals.
4. The dependence of the reproductive qualities of dairy cattle on the use of fodder yeast during the transit period has been established. Thus, the service-period in the experimental group decreased by 15%, and the insemination index increased by 16.6%.
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