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ТРИБУНА АСПИРАНТОВ И МОЛОДЫХ УЧЕНЫХ
УДК / UDC 636.2.03:637.112
THE INFLUENCES OF CERTAIN FACTORS OF ORGANIC MILK PRODUCTION
ON COW PRODUCTIVITY
ВЛИЯНИЕ НЕКОТОРЫХ ФАКТОРОВ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ОРГАНИЧЕСКОГО МОЛОКА НА ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ КОРОВ
Lyashuk A.R., Postgraduate Student Ляшук А. Р., аспирант Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Orel State Agrarian University named after N.V. Parakhin", Orel, Russia
ФГБОУ ВО «Орловский государственный аграрный университет имени Н.В. Парахина», Орел, Россия E-mail: [email protected]
The use of animal breeds adapted to local conditions is one of the mandatory factors for the production of organic milk. Considering the mass crossing with Holstein breed carried out in recent decades, this condition should ensure the breed biodiversity and, as a result, contribute to the restoration and strengthening of the ecological balance. The potential of organic dairy farming in the Oryol region is represented by an array of black-and-white/Simmental cattle of local selection. Imported Holsteins and their mixtures are also widespread in the region. The prospect of transition of some dairy farms of the Oryol region to organic technology requires complex studies to determine the optimal dairy cattle genotypes from a zootechnical and environmental point of view. Another important aspect of the transition to the production of organic milk is the use of a certain type of feed that requires exclusion of inorganic fertilizers, plant protection products, etc., when growing them. Due to the research, we found that in a milk-producing farm that does not use chemical fertilizers and plant protection chemicals in feed cultivation, an increase in pedigree in Holstein breed does not lead to an increase in milk yields and milk fat for 305 days of lactation. On the other hand, in a farm that uses chemical fertilizers and plant protection products for growing fodder, an increase in the pedigree percentage of the Holstein breed leads to a significant increase in milk yields for 305 days of lactation, while no differences in milk fat were detected. In experimental farms, crossing with Holstein breed does not lead to a change in the bio-chemical composition of milk. Therefore, the differences between the control and experimental groups on the content of dry matter, protein and sugar in milk, as well as on the SOMO indicator, both under conditions of organic feed production and intensive animal husbandry, have not been established. In addition, Holstein milk of cows with pedigree of 50, 75 and 87.5% is characterized by a significantly lower content of casein protein in milk than analogs of the black and white breed. Key words: organic milk, adapted breeds of cattle, holsteinized hybrids, organic fodder production, dairy productivity, milk composition, casein content.
Одним из обязательных факторов производства органического молока является использование пород животных, адаптированных к местным условиям. На фоне проводимой в последние десятилетия массовой голштинизации, это условие должно обеспечить породное биоразнообразие и, как следствие, содействовать восстановлению и укреплению экологического баланса. Имеющийся в Орловской области потенциал органического молочного животноводства представлен массивом черно-пестрого и симментальского скота местной селекции. С другой стороны, в области широко распространены импортные голштины и их помеси различной кровности. Перспектива перехода некоторых молокопроизводящих хозяйств Орловской области на органические технологии требует проведения комплексных исследований по определению оптимальных с зоотехнической и экологической точки зрения генотипов молочного скота. Другим немаловажным аспектом перехода на производство органического молока является
использование определенного вида кормов, предполагающих исключение при их выращивании неорганических удобрений, средств защиты растений и т.п. В результате исследований выявлено, что в молокопроизводящем хозяйстве, не применяющем при выращивании кормов химические удобрения и средства защиты растений, увеличение кровности по голштинской породе не приводит к увеличению удоев и количеству молочного жира за 305 дней лактации. С другой стороны, в хозяйстве, использующем при выращивании кормов химические удобрения и средства защиты растений, увеличение кровности по голштинской породе приводит к достоверному росту удоев за 305 дней лактации, притом, что различия по количеству молочного жира не были выявлены. В подопытных хозяйствах скрещивание с голштинской породой не приводит к изменению биохимического состава молока. Так, не установлены различия между контрольными и подопытными группами по содержанию в молоке сухого вещества, белка и сахара, а также показателю СОМО, как в условиях органического кормопроизводства, так и в условиях интенсивного ведения животноводства. Кроме того, молоко голштинизированных коров с кровностью 50, 75 и 87,5% по голштинам характеризуется достоверно более низким содержанием в молоке белка казеина, чем аналоги черно-пестрой породы. Ключевые слова: органическое молоко, адаптированные породы КРС, голштинизированные помеси, органическое кормопроизводство, молочная продуктивность, состав молока, содержание казеина.
Introduction. In early January 2020, the law "On Organic Products" will come into effect in Russia; it will establish the legal standards for the production of organic agricultural products in the country [1].
One of the mandatory factors for the production of organic milk is the use of animal breeds adapted to local conditions. Against the background of the mass crossing with Holstein breed carried out in the last decades, this condition should ensure the breed biodiversity and, as a result, contribute to the restoration and strengthening of the ecological balance.
The potential of organic dairy farming in the Orel region is represented by an array of local black-and-white and Simmental cattle. Meanwhile, Holstein imps and their mixtures of various pedigrees are widespread in the region.
The prospect of the transition of some milk producing farms to organic technologies requires complex studies to determine the optimal dairy cattle genotypes from a zootechnical and ecological point of view [2-5]. Another important aspect of the transition to the production of organic milk is the use of a certain type of feed, suggesting the exclusion of inorganic fertilizers, plant protection products, etc., when growing them [6, 7].
In this regard, a comparative assessment of the milk productivity of local cows and Holstein hybrids in farms that differ in feed production technology seems relevant.
Conditions, material and methods. The studies were conducted on dairy farms of the Orel region in 2016-2018. The object of the research was the black-and-white and Holsteinized cows of 3 lactations. The number of animals in the experimental groups was established for each experiment separately. Totally 215 cows participated in the experiment.
Data on milk production and the composition of milk of cows served as research material.
Depending on the study of the food supply base, two farms of the Oryol region were selected, differing in the factor of the chemical fertilizer use and plant protection products. The average annual class of seed, silage and haylage in farms is 1 -2 grade.
The experimental part of the work was scientific and economic experience, the scheme of which is shown in Figure 1.
Breeding farm "Orlovskoye" FSUE "Streletskoe"
When growing feed, chemical fertilizers and plant protection products are not used When growing feed, chemical fertilizers and plant protection products are used
XL
Control group Testing groups
1 2 3 4
Black-and-white cows of local breeding Pedigree by introduced Holstein species,%
50 75 87.5
JX
Milk for
305 days of lactation, kg
Milk fat,
%
The amount of milk fat for 305 days of lactation, kg
Dry matter, % Protein, % Sugar, % Dry skimmed milk
residue
Fractional composition of casein
Figure 1 - The diagram of scientific experience
Research methods: zootechnical, biochemical, statistical.
Results. In recent decades, because of the ubiquitous crossbreeding of local cows with bulls-producers of the Holstein breed, breeding stock with a different pedigree of the introduced breed has been widespread.
From the organic animal husbandry's point of view, the use of Holsteins, which are highly demanding to the technological conditions, are not adapted to the introduction zone and consistently transmit these qualities to offspring, often, has negative consequences. We have carried out studies of the milk productivity of the local black-and-white cows in comparison with the holsteinized livestock of various heights in farms, which differ in the factor of chemical fertilizers and plant protection products used in feed production.
The following indicators estimated the milk productivity of cows of the studied genotypes: milk yield during the first 305 days of lactation, the percentage of fat in milk and the amount of milk fat obtained during the first 305 days of lactation (table 1).
rable 1 - Milk prod uctivity of cows
Breed n Milk yield during the first 305 days of lactation, kg Milk fat, % The amount of milk fat obtained during the first 305 days of lactation, kg
"Orlovskoye"
Black-and-white (control) 16 4572±90 3.80±0,14 173.7±6,6
Holstein pedigree, %
50 20 4558±116 3.61±0.04 164.1±10.8
75 22 4420±115 3.60±0.06 159.1±12.2
87.5 20 4105±128** 3.80±0.07 156.0±15.0
"Streletskoe"
Black-and-white (control) 19 4631±104 4,00±0,05 185,2±14,0
Holstein pedigree, %
50 23 5091±84** 3.80±0.02 193.5±13.3
75 25 5121±70** 3.72±0.02 190.5±12.2
87.5 27 5040±60** 3.90±0.04 196.5±10.2
Note: ** - P < 0.01.
As established on the farm "Orlovskoye", black-and-white cows of the local selection did not yield to the Holstein productivity for 305 days of lactation. Moreover, there is a superiority of black-and-white cows over 7/8-blooded Holstein mix by 10.2% (P < 0.01).
In turn, the analysis of milk production data on the "Streltskoe" showed that on the farm that uses intensive technologies during fodder procurement (including the use of fertilizers and plant protection products) Holsteinization has a positive effect on the growth of milk production.
Therefore, the yield of the Holstein breed of 50, 75 and 87.5% prevailed the yield of black-and-white cows for 305 days of lactation by 10.0; 10.6 and 8.8% (P<0.05). However, the differences in the total amount of milk fat for 305-day lactation were not significant.
According to the results of the research, it can be concluded that on a farm that does not use chemical fertilizers and plant protection agents in growing feed, an increase in Holstein breed does not lead to an increase in milk yields and milk fat for 305 days of lactation. While on a farm that uses chemical fertilizers and plant protection products for growing fodder, an increase in the blood content of the Holstein breed leads to a significant increase in milk yields for 305 days of lactation, though no differences in milk fat were detected.
Organic livestock is an integrated component of organic agriculture. Animals are grown and used on the principle of extensive animal husbandry [8].
High demands are also placed on feeds, at least 70% of which must be made of environmentally friendly components, and 50% of them must come from the enterprise itself or from another ecological economy.
In our studies, we estimated the composition of cows' milk depending on their pedigree in Holstein breeds in farms, which differ in the use of chemical fertilizers and plant protection products. (table 2).
able 2 - Biochemical composition of milk of cows
Breed n Dry matter, % Protein, % Sugar, % Dry skimmed milk residue
"Orlovs koye"
Black-and-
white 10 12.37±0.20 3.30±0.20 4.4±0.15 8.57±0.22
(control)
Holstein pedigree, %
50 10 12.05±0.15 3.20±0.06 4.40±0.12 8.25±0.15
75 10 12.10±0.20 3.25±0.10 4.14±0.24 8.50±0.22
87.5 10 12.15±0.10 3.25±0.07 4.28±0.12 8.35±0.16
"Streletskoe"
Black-and-
white 10 12.68±0.15 3.80±0.06 4.06±0.09 8.68±0.18
(control)
Holstein pedigree, %
50 10 12.00±0.15 3.28±0.25 4.20±0.10 8.20±0.20
75 10 12.02±0.20 3.50±0.15 4.10±0.15 8.30±0.25
87.5 10 12.05±0.20 3.40±0.15 4.0±0.13 8.15±0.20
As it was established in the experiment, on both farms crossing with the Holstein breed does not lead to a change in the biochemical composition of milk. Thus, no differences were established between the control and experimental groups on the content of dry matter, protein and sugar in milk, as well as on the dry skimmed milk
residue indicator, both under conditions of organic feed production and under conditions of intensive livestock production.
According to a recent large study published in the British Journal of Nutrition, organic foods are actually more useful to humans than ordinary industrial products. An international group of scientists came to this conclusion after reviewing and working at more than three hundred different studies comparing the nutritional value of organic and conventional products [9].
A Dutch study published in the British Journal of Food, says that the experience of more than 2.800 families showed a 36% reduction in the incidence of eczema by the children who consumed organic milk and cheese [10].
The products of organic milk processing impose high demands on its protein composition. The available scientific data on the protein content of organic milk do not provide a complete picture of its technological properties. In this regard, we studied the fractional composition of the main milk protein, casein (Table 3).
Table 3 - Fractional composition of casein in cows of different pedigrees in Holstein breed
Breed n Casein in Fraction (% of total casein in milk)
milk, % a-casein P- casein Y- casein a+ß
"Orlovskoye"
Black-
and-white 10 2.71±0.08 31.8±1.7 56.1±2.2 12.1±1.9 87.9±1.3
(control)
Holstein ped igree, %
50 10 2.55±0.04* 31.9±4.5 54.0±3.6 14.1±2.0 85.9±2.0
75 10 2.46±0.03*** 31.6±2.8 51.6±2.5 16.8±1.9 83.2±1.5*
87.5 10 2.40±0.04*** 31.4±3.8 51.4±3.3 17.2±2.8 82.8±2.0*
"Streletskoe"
Black-
and-white 10 3.03±0.03 32.8±3.8 50.6±5.0 16.6±1.9 83.4±4.6
(control)
Holstein ped igree, %
50 10 3.10±0.02 30.7±6.3 53.4±4.4 15.9±1.3 84.1±6.6
75 10 2.76±0.07*** 31.0±4.4 52.5±2.9 16.5±1.7 83.5±4.0
87.5 10 2.79±0.04*** 30.3±6.9 54.7±5.4 15.0±2.8 85.0±7.8
Note: *** - P < 0.001; * - P < 0.05.
As it follows from the data above, the main patterns associated with the amount of casein in milk in experimental cows bred in farms, differing in the factor of use in the cultivation of feeds of non-organic fertilizers and plant protection products, were of a similar nature. Regardless of the level of milk production, the amount of casein in the milk of Holsteinized black-and-white cows was lower than in the milk of local black-and-white cows.
In "Orlovskoye", according to the estimated indicator, the cows of Holstein pedigree of 50, 75, and 87.5% were 9.2-11.4% (P<0.05-0.001) inferior to black-and-white ones. Holsteinized cows in "Streletskoe" demonstrated similar features.
As it is well known, the yield of cheese and curd mass ultimately depends on the fractional structure of milk casein and, in particular, on the sum of a- and p- casein fractions. No differences were found between the groups of cows regarding to the percentage composition of the various casein fractions.
As it follows from the obtained results, Holstein cows' milk with pedigree of 75 and 87.5% is characterized by a significantly lower content of protein casein in milk than analogs of black-and-white breed.
Findings. As a result of the research, the following conclusions were formulated:
1. On the dairy farm that does not use chemical fertilizers and plant protection products for growing fodder; an increase in Holstein breeding does not lead to an increase in milk yields and milk fat in 305 days of lactation. Meanwhile on the farm that uses chemical fertilizers and plant protection products for growing fodder, an increase in the Holstein breed leads to a significant increase in milk production over 305 days of lactation, while differences in milk fat have not been detected ;
2. In experimental farms, crossing with Holstein breed does not lead to a change in the biochemical composition of milk. Thus, no differences have been established between the control and experimental groups on the content of dry substance, protein and sugar in milk, as well as on the dry skimmed milk residue indicator, both under conditions of organic fodder production and under conditions of intensive animal husbandry;
3. As it follows from the obtained results, Holstein cows with pedigree of 50, 75 and 87.5% are characterized by a significantly lower content of protein casein in milk than analogs of the black-and-white breed.
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