13THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SCIENTIFIC, CULTURAL HERITAGE OF AL-BERUNI AND ITS ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE
Muyassar Shamansurovna Makhamadjanova
Tashkent Medical Academy, Teacher of the Department of Uzbek and Foreign
Languages
Mokhinakhon Muslimova
Student of 101-dental faculty of Tashkent Medical Academy
ANNOTATION
This article will talk about the great Khorezm thinker Abu Raykhan Beruni, rightfully recognized by historians of world science as the greatest mind of his time (late 10th-first half of the 11th century). Beruni's main area of research was natural science, primarily astronomy, geodesy, mathematics, as well as mineralogy and other natural sciences. His achievements in all these areas of knowledge laid a solid foundation for the further development of rational thought in the East, and some of his discoveries became the property of world science. The main goal is to clearly convey to the reader the most complete image of Beruni - the scientist.
Keywords: astronomy, astrology, Earth, map, globe, mineralogy, Moon, geodesy, stereometry, trigonometry, arithmetic.
All my desires, my whole body is aimed at spreading knowledge, and I consider it as
the greatest happiness of mine.
Beruni.
Beruni's first scientific steps.
Abu Rayhan Beruni was born on September 4, 973 in a village near Kot, the ancient capital of Khorezm. The social origin of the scientist is still unclear, because he does not provide any information about his parents in his works. Beruni has been making astronomical measurements since he was a teenager. Abu Rayhan acquired knowledge in the fields of mathematics and astronomy from a young age. This gives reason to believe that one of the scientists who lived at that time must have played a major role in his upbringing and education, and in the formation of his worldview. Size and shape of the Earth.
Beruni, in his work "India", Indian astronomers stated that the Earth is spherical, its northern half is dry, and its southern half
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is covered with water. He writes that the earth is heavier than water, and water is fluid like air. It is a natural necessity for the Earth to be spherical. According to this, the Earth cannot flow towards the north, and the water towards the south, Beruni writes. He expresses all the critical comments that he made on all Indian thoughts.
Beruni's determination of the length of the Earth's circumference is another proof that the scientist recognizes the sphericity of the Earth.
In the book "Al-Qanun al-Masudi" Beruni writes: "In measuring the degree of the Earth's meridian, I used the method that I found before from the methods of
Greek, Indian scientists and Ma'mun astronomers. For this purpose, I found a high
mountain in India with a wide pasture. The surface of the meadow was even more flat than the surface of the sea. I measured the angle from the top of the vine to the point where the earth meets the sky, and it turned out to be 34 minutes. Then I measured the height of the string, which is 652.05 inches (one inch is 49.33 centimeters). Then, using these two results, Beruni explains how he determined the radius of the Earth. It is easy to understand his method through drawing.
The length of one-degree meridian arc defined by Beruni is 110,275 kilometers in current units. According to current data, the length of one-degree meridian arc is 110,895 kilometers. The error made by Beruni is only 620 meters, that is, only about half a percent. This is an unprecedented achievement of medieval astronomy.
Earth map and globe.
Beruni's views on projection and his proposals on general mathematical cartography are described in his work "Constellation Projection and Countries". In drawing geographic maps, a separate projection is described, which can be used to completely depict the Earth's hemisphere on a plane. This projection method is called "spherical" or "globular" projection.
Then Beruni describes in detail the mathematical method of creating a projection of a sphere on a plane based on the method of geometric construction.
About the size of the moon and planets and their distances. About lunar and solar eclipses.
Beruni describes the lunar eclipse in his work "Konuni Mas'udi". The figure shows the scheme of the lunar eclipse according to Beruni, which differs from the current schemes. The large circle on it represents the shadow of the Earth, and the straight line passing through the
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Volume 3 | TMA Conference | 2022 Abu Rayhon Beruniy ilmiy-madaniy merosining ahamiyati va uning fan ^^^^^^^^^^araqqiyotidagi^o'rn^
center of the circle shows the plane where the center of the globe is located. The straight line crossing the lower part of the great circle is the plane of the Moon's motion.
Beruni gives a table of values of the distances from the Earth to the Moon and to the planets and their diameters in the book «Indian». For
instance, to the Moon: the average distance is 46.9 times the radius of the Earth, and the greatest distance is 56 times more, and according to current data, 60 times more.
Astronomy and astrology.
Abu Rayhan was skeptical about astrology. Despite the strong belief that astrology could do anything at that time.
Beruni did not follow a direct path in rejecting astrology. At times, he believed to some extent in the correctness of certain opinions in the field of astrology. But it did not last long, as a result, his scientific understanding won.
Beruni's contribution to mineralogy.
Beruni divides minerals into categories according to their hardness, color, taste and, most importantly, specific gravity. He was the first to determine the relative weight of many minerals and metals so accurately that his information on this matter is less surprising to modern experts. Beruni takes blue ruby sapphire as a measure for minerals and sets its specific gravity as 100. Many times pure gold is accepted as a standard for metals. Thus, Beruni was the first in the history of mineralogy to determine the constant quantities of minerals. Beruni's detailed information about the conditions of geological location of minerals and their extraction is noteworthy. Beruni's information about several minerals and other minerals and their extraction is of great importance for the mining history of Central Asia.
Beruni's contribution to the math.
Beruni wrote about 20 treatises on mathematics, including 8 dedicated to arithmetic, 7 to geometry, 4 to stereometry and 1 to
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Tashkent Medical Academy The significance of the scientific, cultural heritage of Abu Rayhon Beruni and its role in the development of science
taraqqiyotidagi o'rni
'qqtyonda^
trigonometry. His works in the fields of astronomy, mathematical geodesy and cartography are closely related to mathematics.
REFERENCES
1. G. Umarov Abu Rayhan Beruni, Nicolas Copernicus and the science of the present time 1973
2. P.G. Bulgakov Life and work of Beruni 1972
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