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Section 3. Philosophy
https://doi.org/10.29013/ESR-21-7.8-9-12
Gaffarova Gulchehra Gulamjanovna, Department of social sciences, professor Chirchik state pedagogical institute E-mail: gafforovagulchehra3@gmail.com
MODERN PHILOSOPHICAL INTERPRETATION OF ABU RAYKHAN BERUNI GNOSEOLOGY
Abstract. This article describes the modern philosophical and methodological interpretation of some scientific ideas of the great medieval Central Asian scholar Abu Rayhan Beruni.
Keywords: Abu Rayhan Beruni, knowledge, medieval, science, idea, scientific ideas, symmetry.
It should be noted that the promotion of natural, scientific and social ideas in Central Asia is also reflected in the work ofAbu Rayhan Beruni. "Abu Rayhan Beruni is a great scientist and brilliant philosopher who amazes with the breadth of his knowledge and the evidence of his ideas. It is devoted to the current issues of natural science, philosophy, history and philology of that period" [10, 26]. Indeed, when I look at Beruni's work, we can find that there is a comprehensive mindset in the study of being. While Beruni was creating in various fields of science, he was far ahead of his time with his advanced ideas. His natural-scientific ideas were confirmed centuries later, and his views form the foundation of modern science.
It should be noted that Abu Rayhan Beruni described the continuous development of knowledge as follows: is a symptom. "It is the duty of those who rule over people to take care of the progress of science" [1, 188]. Indeed, it can be said that these ideas of the scholar have not lost their essence even today, but are relevant. This is due to the fact that today in the world there is a widespread trend of "lifelong learning" for lifelong learning.
It should also be noted that some of Beruni's scientific ideas were not taken into account in his time due to the limited philosophical approaches of the time, but over the centuries scientists have understood their essence and put them into practice.
In the Middle Ages, the development of mathematics and astronomy in Islamic culture was stimulated by vital needs and practical needs. Such a successful development of science has taken place on the basis of qualitatively new scientific approaches to world civilization, enriched with many scientific ideas and discoveries [5, 75].
In contrast to the Greek ideas and approaches, research has been conducted on the basis of new approaches, new concepts in geometry, astronomy, arithmetic, music, medicine and the doctrine of harmony.
The problem of symmetry has always been of interest to mankind. In modern philosophical concepts, symmetry is based on the study and explanation (development, order, and disorder) of complex problems for the present, ranging from simple issues.
In ancient Greece, the Pythagoreans had such approaches as harmony (harmony), the theory of
symmetry, Plato's theory of harmony in nature. The practical application of the symmetry approach in Greece was evident in the art of sculpture, in buildings built. They still amaze us today.
In Islamic culture, the immense diversity and beauty of the world created by Allah is embodied in calligraphy, calligraphy and ornamental patterns. With them they decorated mosques and minarets, roof paths and the walls of magnificent buildings. The notion of beauty is expressed in abstract geometric patterns.
Most of the patterns in Islamic architecture were based on traditional methods, but non-traditional methods, and the creation of symmetry in this form was based on new knowledge, new approaches. The development of science in Islamic culture has led to new discoveries based on new conceptual views and approaches that are different from Greek science.
The entrances in the wall of medieval architecture showed a change in the expression of symmetry, the limitation of Euclidean geometry. Central Asian scientists have discovered that there is a different type of symmetry than the classical one, and have put it into practice.
Later geometric patterns were based on symmetry and expressed beauty.
The discovery of "Penrose tiles" in the 1970 s confirmed the correctness of the nonlinear mathematical theory of shapes. This discovery determines the structure of quasicrystals in nature.
Based on the view of symmetry discovered in medieval Central Asia, in 1984 D. Shehtman experimentally obtained a quasicrystalline alloy. This led to the discovery of a new direction, new concepts in science. D. Shehtman was awarded the "Nobel" Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of quasicrystals.
It is known that at that time in the works of Central Asian thinkers great importance was attached to the concept of harmony. Emphasizing that the concept of harmony is universal, they emphasized that it is not only related to the Universe but also to the private sciences. Harmony has been described
as the heart of man, an essential component of his activity. At the same time, disharmony is a necessary element of the integrity of harmony. Harmony is formed through disharmony. Problems such as order and disorder, the transition from disorder to order are among the current problems of modern science.
Thoughts on the importance of experience in the process of learning in the work of the scientist who created during this period. For example, according to al-Beruni, "I have doubts: its elimination depends on experience and re-testing, and even if there is unity among the narrators, its truth is not confirmed by experience" [4, 247]. Hence, practice is a method of acquiring knowledge through experience and approbating its reality, a way of describing knowledge.
"Man," Beruni writes, "can think about any field of science when he is engaged in practice and has achieved precision in his research. At the same time, he must be a philosopher" [3, 90]. It is impossible not to agree with these views, because Beruni points out only one feature that is important for the development of science - development emphasizes that science should be based on philosophy, with philosophical methodology.
The existence of symmetry in living nature was also known in Ancient Greece. In the ninth century, Beruni scientifically proved that living nature could be represented in geometric shapes. At the same time he was able to show ornaments in morphology, crystals, beehives, snowflakes. Beruni points out that "the number ofleaves that form mirrors at the edges often conforms to the rules of geometry when the flower opens. In many cases they are equivalent to chords, determined by a geometric method rather than on the basis of conical works. It is impossible to find 7 or 9 leaves in a flower that can be inserted into a right triangular circle by geometric methods. Conversely, the number ofleaves in a flower will be 3, 4, 5 or 18. This condition is more common, but can sometimes be found in flower species with 7 or 9 leaves. "Flowers with such leaves can also be found in the above species" [2, 329]. Beruni discovered new forms of symmetry.
It is the idea of the existence of geometry in living nature and its product in philosophical observation in symmetrical configurations. In the twentieth century, according to Vernadsky, the symmetry that exists in living nature has not been well studied, and it is important to study this problem.
Modern science has confirmed Beruni's scientific views. Indeed, rotating symmetry has been confirmed to exist in the plant world, in simple animal organisms, and in some marine animals.
In the 19th century, some scientific works on symmetry in the plant and animal world were published. The symmetry found in the Beruni plant world does not exist in non-native nature. What is the reason why symmetry is necessary for survival and why does it appear. Living organisms have formed their own symmetry in the process of evolution.
"The fact that the organisms of the plant kingdom also have symmetry is related to their sunlight, natural (physical) endurance, and non-lying (the force of gravity of the whole universe )" [9, 192]. It is an adaptation to a specific external environment, a struggle for life.
In 1024, Beruni completed his work on astronomical and geographical problems, "Determining the final boundaries of places to check the distance between dwellings" - "Geodesy". In this work, for the first time in the world, geodesy distinguished between independent complex problems and geodetic astronomy [7, 15]. Indeed, Beruni advanced scientific ideas in mineralogy, geodesy, astronomy, and many other fields. For this reason, "the combi-
nation of astronomer-mathematical and historical-ethnographic needs allowed Beruni to create a work "Chronometry" [6, 353-354].
It is well known that Beruni points out that the Earth is constantly changing, that man can only observe the results of ancient geological processes. According to him, the formation of the Earth covers huge geological periods. However, Beruni put forward a higher idea than this, and this idea remained a mystery to his contemporaries and for a long time after that. This was the idea of geotectonic change of the Earth [8, 321]. Of course, Beruni's idea is widely studied in modern science, and geotectonic processes are studied in connection with the interaction of layers and crusts of the Earth's lithosphere, their seismicity. Also, the idea of inequality in the motion of the Sun and the planets moving around it, and the first research on this subject, belongs to Beruni.
In general, the ideas put forward by Central Asian thinkers have contributed to the development of world civilization and have a direct or indirect place in the achievements of modern science. That is why the natural-scientific and socio-political ideas put forward by Central Asian thinkers are essentially important for the development of modern society and the further development of science, and these ideas are used directly or indirectly by humanity. In particular, the ideas of differentiation and integration (interdisciplinary) can be confirmed in Beruni's work [11]. This is why the repeated study and analysis of the works of great scholars is of great importance for the process of cognition.
References:
1. Abu Rayhan Beruni. Izbrannye proizvedeniya.-T. 11. 1963.- 188 p.
2. Beruni Abu Rayhan. Izbrannye proizvedenie.- Tashkent, 1957.- 329 p.
3. Beruni Abu Rayhan. Izbrannye proizvedenie.- T. 3. Geodesy. 1966.- 90 p.
4. Beruni Abu Rayhan. Mineralogy.- M., 1963.- P. 247, 273.
5. Bulatov M. S. Geometric harmony in architecture of Central Asia.- Moscow, 1987.- 75 p.
6. Bulgakov P. G. Life and work Beruni.- T., 1992.- P. 353-354.
7. Bulgakov P. G., Akhmedov A. A. Astronomy in Central Asia in 1X-X5 vv. / Research on the history and culture of Sredney Azii.- T., 1993.- 15 p.
8. Klassicheskaya nauka Sredney Azii i sovremennaya mirovaya tsivilizatsiya / Pod red. P. K. Xabibullaeva and A. F. Fayzullaeva.- T.: Fan, 2000.- 321 p.
9. Kontseptsii sovremennogo estestvoznanie / Under ed. L. A. Mixaylova.- M., 2008.- 192 p.
10. Muminov I. Excerpts from the natural-scientific and socio-philosophical history of Uzbekistan.- Tashkent, 1999.- 26 p.
11. G'affarova G. G., Abdullaeva M. N. Abu Rayhan Beruni's scientific ideas in modern philosophical and methodological interpretation. The role of the written heritage of Eastern scholars in scientific, philosophical, spiritual thinking: a collection of scientific articles.- Tashkent: TDSHU,2020. - P. 49-53.
