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CONTRIBUTIONS OF CENTRAL ASIAN SCIENTISTS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING GRAPHICS SCIENCES
Ruzieva Sevara Ergash kizi Magistrate of Engineering Graphics and Design Theory, Termez State University.
E-mail: [email protected]
Annotatsiya. Ushbu maqolada Markaziy Osiyo olimlari tomonidan muhandislik grafikasi fanlari rivojiga qo'shgan ilmiy va amaliy xissalari haqida umumiy ma 'lumotlar berilgan.
Kalit so'z: sfera, asturlob, astronomik, algebra, algoritm, chizg'ich, sirkul, uchburchaklik, trigonometriya, Evklidpostuladi, Sakkeri to'rtburchagi.
Аннотация. В этой статье ученые Центральной Азии дали общую информацию о научном и практическом применении инженерной графики в развитии наук.
Ключевые слова: сфера, астурлоб, астрономия, алгебра, алгоритм, линия, циркуль, треугольник, тригонометрия, постулаты Евклида, четырехугольник Саккари.
Annotation. In this article, the scientists of Central Asia gave general information about the scientific and practical applications of engineering graphics to the development of Sciences.
Key word: sfera, asturlob, astronomical, algebra, algorithm, line, sirkul, triangle, trigonometry, Euclid postulates, Sakkari quadrilateral.
In the following years, important measures were developed in the field of establishing a single system of continuing education. A deeper significance began to be attached to the radical improvement of the effectiveness of teaching and the preparation of young people for independent life. It is known that as the history of the emergence and development of each science, there is a history of the emergence of the subjects of drawing geometry and engineering graphics, teaching in educational institutions and development in scientific methodological and scientific theoretical directions.
Turaev Khumoyiddin Abdugafforovich Scientific consultant, Termez State University. E-mail: xumoyiddin. turayev. [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE ANALYSIS AND TECHNIQUES
Since the emergence of the science of geometry, it has had a great influence on the development of the theoretical framework of technical and Fine Arts, along with Mathematics, Mechanics, physics, astronomy.
When studying literature related to the history of the science of geometry, the place and time of the emergence of this science is not determined. It is believed that in ancient Greece this science originated in Egypt. But the vavilonians and the Chinese did not do much less than the ancient Egyptians did about the spatial geometrical forms. Interesting facts from mathematics are presented on the Chinese tractor Chupey. The first part of this tractor is land. avv. It is written in the XII - XI centuries. In ancient Egypt, precise geometrical knowledge was given by Axmes among the first. Axmes basically cites the solution of geometrical issues by measuring the areas of the Earth. He performed all the calculations approximately. In addition, he was engaged in the calculation of pyramids and other simple bodies. This simple calculation of the Egyptians can not be called Geometry. Because there was no theorem in it and its proof or axioms and pastules
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
Ahmed Fergani. He is a great astronomer, mathematician and geographer. In European scientific literature, it was called Alfraganus.
The first work of Ferghana was called» Introduction to astronomy». With the same work, Fergani showed that he was a mature astronomer. Ferghana had previously proved that astronomy was deeply entrenched, predicting solar eclipses in 812-th year.
Another work of Ferghana is called» the book about the movement of Heaven and the science of astronomy». This work is considered one of the first books written in Arabic from astronomy. Draw and make drawings of astronomical instruments of the antiquity of the work. One of the most necessary tools for the techniques of using these instruments, in particular, astronomical observations, is the structure of the solar clock.1
He continued to write books on astronomical instruments an excellent book on «Asturlob» and also created works on «how to make Asturlob».
1 Tangirov I. X. et al. GRAPHIC AND METHODICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAKING A CIRCUIT //Science and Education. - 2021. - T. 2. - №. 2. - C. 94-98.
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Fergani gave the following concepts about stereographic projection in his work «about how to make Asturlob». The transfer of S from one point of S to that point of S to the opposite point of S1 is about the method of prying its diameter to the plane and describing its properties (Figure 1):
1. Circles lying in the sphere C are projected through circles to the center plane. If the circles pass through the center of the sphere, they are projected in the form of straight lines.
2. Projection to the stereos is equal to the angles between the curved lines that are in the sphere and their projection when the angles lying between the curved lines are projected onto the plane.
3. The Sfera S and S1 are twisted around the last diameter and the plane is also twisted around the same angle as the U Point when it is struck.
These figures were transferred from the Indians to the Arabs, then to the ROK, Europe, thanks to the pamphlet of Khorezmi in the XI century.
He is the founder of Khorezmi algebra science. The term «Algebra»came from the Latin spelling of the word «Al jabr» in his work «Al jabr Val Muqabala».
In this work, Khorezmi first divided linear and quadratic equations into classes and showed the methods of their solution.
The term «algorithm» in mathematics is also associated with the name of Khorezmi, it came from the Latin word» al Khorezmi «or» Algaritm.
s
Figure 1
Muhammad Al-Khorezmi. He is a famous mathematician and astronomer of Central Asia. Khorezmi contribution to the development of mathematics cannot be overemphasized. His treatise «Indian accounting» Decimal System numbers (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) ga filled it by entering the number «zero» as dedicated. Khorezmi simplified these figures, which were discovered in India, and explained for the first time in Arabic.
Khorezmi is the author of the very first zij-mathematical and astronomical tables created in the Middle East. He wrote a work on geography named doyr «a picture of the Earth». This work consists of several maps drawn by Khorezmi and reviews written on it. American Orientalist D.Sarton describes Khorezmi as «one of the greatest mathematicians of all time.
Abu Nasr Al Farabi. Forobi is a great encyclopedic scientist from Central Asia. He in his work» the origin and classification of Sciences « gives a description of more than 30 Sciences that existed in the Middle Ages and spoke about the role each of them occupies.
Forobi wrote many works of support in mathematics. «The word about volume and quantity»,» the book of abbreviations about the introduction to space geometry»,» The Book of applications «and» the book of subtle secrets of geometrical figures and methods of the clever mind « are in the sentence all.
The basic trigonometric lines in the Forobi «Book of applications» give the rules for their formation and drawing up trigonometric tables related to these lines. And in the «book of natural fine secrets of geometrical figures and methods of the wise Master» deals with the methods of making different geometrical figures: doyra, triangle, rectangle, square, sphere. In addition, Forobi wrote reviews on Euclid's book «The Foundations», Ptolemy's work «Almagest.2
Abu al-Wafa Buzjani. One of the great scientists who made a direct contribution to the development of graphics, Khurusan is a mathematician. In his works, the theoretical basis of drawing is given. His treatise, which consists of 13 chapters on geometrical geometric patterns for artisans, begins with the chapter» about the line»,» about the circus and the Triangle». It contains extensive information on these tools and how to make them. The content of this work was mainly devoted to geometrical constructions.
In his books, buzjoni wrote about a solution of about 200 geometrical patterns. Tirib understand some easy ways of tarx from these past. For example, in one of his books it is written about construction and the solution of a geometrical pattern. This
2 Akbar M. Y. Y. M., Turayev X. A. DESIGN OF A COMMERCIAL BUILDING IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE AREA I WANT (OLD FORTRESS IN TERMEZ CITY) //Science and Education. - 2021. - T. 2. - №. 2.
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book is now stored in one of the museums in Paris. Buzzhuni in his books bring the simplest ways to divide into three, five. This was of great importance for that period.
Abu Reyhan Beruni. Berani is a great encyclopedic scientist of the Middle Ages. He writes that in his work «Geodesy» he determined the geographical latitude of the city of Kiyot.
Beruni measured the length of one degree of the meridian of the Earth's sphere next to the Nandna fortress in Punjab and determined that it was 110,895 km. If this information is compared with the result of the current modern measurements 111,1 km, then the accuracy of the Beruni measurements is much closer.
One of the Royal works of Beruni is called «the law of Ma'sudiy». Although this work is mainly related to astronomy, the discoveries of Beruni in mathematics, that is, trigonometry, geometrics, spherical trigonometry, are described in this work with the help of drawings.
Beruni believes that if an object is placed in a cube and looked at it from the front, top, left, right, back and bottom sides, its image is formed on the sides of the cube. Based on these images of the item, it is possible to obtain complete information about the item or its elements (Figure 2).
Abu ali ibn Sina. He is a great encyclopedic scientist of Central Asia, who made a huge contribution to the development of World Science. In the West it is known by the name Avitsenna.
The largest and most important work of the scientist is «book ash-healing». In the field of mathematics, Ibn Sina developed Euclid's book «The Foundations», introduced comments and refills to it, applied arithmetic terminology to geometrical dimensions, significantly imparted the scope of the concept of «number» from «natural number».
Jordano Bruno, Gundisvalvo, Wilhelm Overnsky, Alexander Gelsky, Albert fon Bolshtedt, Foma Akvinsky, Roger Bacon, Dante and others, among the famous
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European philosophers and naturalists, took advantage of the progressive views of Ibn Sina in their works and voiced his name with contempt.
Mirzo Ulugbek. Great Uzbek scientist, astronomer and mathematician, statesman. Ulugbek says that the Lunar and solar eclipses can be determined in two ways: first, using the tables made by him, and secondly, directly calculated, and doyr gives examples of these methods.
Ulugbek's list of stars consists of 1018 stars, which are arranged according to the constellations. In the list, in addition to the number of each star in the constellation, a brief description of its place in the constellation, the length and width are given in relation to its equal-day point in 1437-th year.
Omar Khayyam. Omar Khayyom is a scientist who made great discoveries in mathematics, especially in the field of algebra and geometry. He first introduced the concept of number to a real positive number. In this Hak, he wrote his treatise on Al jabr and Al Muqabala proofs.
Omar Khayyom was engaged in solving cubic equations in a geometrical way and classifying them. The method of solving cubic equations is given in his above-mentioned work.
Omar Khayyom also made a great contribution to geometry. His work in the field of «proof» of Euclid's V postulate is very popular. Euclid says in his work «the bases» V postulate «when cutting two straight lines with the third straight line, on which side the sum of its internal one - sided corners is smaller than the two right angles, let them intersect on that side.» Since this definition of Euclid was not so reliable, it has been in doubt in mathematics since ancient times. They thought that this is not a postulate, it should be a theorem, mistakenly included in the series of postulates and tried to prove it.3
In the section devoted to the parallelism theory of the work «comments on the difficulties in the introductory part of the Euclidean book» Khayyom stopped on the same V postulate. He came to the conclusion that in order to prove that Euclid's postulate is a theorem, he looked at a straight rectangle in which the two angles on the base of the bottom are right, and if its two angles on the bottom are right, then the two
3 Abdiraxmonov S. N., Turayev X. A. THE ROLE OF GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS CREATIVE ABILITIES //Science and Education. - 2021. - T. 2. - №. 1.
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angles on the top should also be right. Omar Khayyom says «two straight lines that are perpendicular in one straight line cannot intersect on either side of a straight line.» The Italian mathematician J.Kheyom, who is not aware of this work, Omar Khayyom. Sakkeri also dealt with the V postulate, referring to a straight rectangle. To the basics of geometry, this rectangle entered the name «Khayyom - Sakkeri rectangle». The formula, which expresses the degree of two Hades in the form of the sum of individual Hades, refers to the name «Newton's painting». This formula was given by Omar Khayyam in the XI-XII century and then by the Middle Eastern mathematician Nasriddin Ghusi in 1265. At present, Khayyam is referred to as the Newton Building.
Mahmoud Giyosiddin Koshi. In folk architecture is an ^¿g^H^ outstanding mathematician, astronomer, awarded the title «Sultan of Engineers». He was the first to discover decimal places. His second WmjwS&BU? discovery was the practice of extracting roots from numbers by degrees II. The work of A1 Koshy's «treatise on a circle» is devoted fijj^Ml»^ to the calculation of the ratio of the length of the circle to its gJ^gMgl ||M: diameter, that is, the number «r». He composed 17-digit value of the ^ H number» r « (pi) more than 200 years ago of European scientists in this field. His works show that the level of development of Science in Central Asia in the Middle Ages was several hundred years later than Western Europe at that time.
Al Koshiy gives some general rules about the elements of geometry in his work «the Account Key» and «the brochure about the circle». His work «the key to the account», in addition to the introductory part, consists of 5 books. About the multiple corners in this game says: «Polygon» this is an expression from such a surface that more than a grid, draw straight lines. For example, a Pentagon, a hexagon, a seven-pointed, an eight-pointed, etc. They are equal-sided and equal-angled, or different-sided, or the same, and some are in different directions. In the first, it is possible to draw a circle with an emphasis on the sides of the Polygon, it is also possible to transfer it from one to another.
According to some historical sources, Al Koshiy participated in the construction of the Samarkand Observatory and was personally responsible for solving the astronomical aspects of the Observatory.
DISCUSSION.
The emergence of the science of geometrical graphics and the directions of its development in BC is associated with various research works of geometers and philosophers of Ancient Egypt and Greece. It was founded by the French scientist
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mathematician Gospar Monj (1746-1818) as a science. Monge wrote the first textbook from the drawing geometry (in 1798-th year), and he was originally taught as a science in some educational institutions of France. Since that time, it has also shown the practical application of this science in various fields of technical and construction works, as well as in the design of military equipment and various fortifications. With the passage of periods the graph has evolved with the application in industry and production of different directions of sections of science of geometrics.
The interest of students to our great spiritual and scientific heritage and science increases significantly by providing theoretical and practical information about the geometrical works of scientists who lived in Central Asia, excellently mastered several areas of Science and conducted large studies in different directions: Abu Nasir Forabi, Ahmad Fergani, Al Khorezmi, Ibn Sina, Abu Rayhon Beruni and others.
1. Murodov Sh.K., Tashimov N.E. O'zbekistonda chizma geometriyani rivojlantirish tarixidan. Pedagogik ta'lim// 2006-yil, № 5.
2. Murodov Sh.K., N.E. Tashimov. Egri chiziqlar tarixini o'rganish haqida// Pedagogik ta'lim, 2008-yil , № 5.
3. Murodov Sh., L.Xakimov, A.Xolmurzayev, Chizma geometriya, - T.: Iqtisod moliya, 2008
4. I.Rahmonov v.b. "Chizmachilik". T.: "Voris-nashriyot". 2016.
5. https://scholar.google.ru/
SUMMARY AND SUGGESTIONS
REFERENCES
